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Ferrazzano G, Crisafulli SG, Baione V, Tartaglia M, Cortese A, Frontoni M, Altieri M, Pauri F, Millefiorini E, Conte A. Early diagnosis of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: focus on fluid and neurophysiological biomarkers. J Neurol 2020; 268:3626-3645. [PMID: 32504180 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-09964-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Most patients with multiple sclerosis presenting with a relapsing-remitting disease course at diagnosis transition to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) 1-2 decades after onset. SPMS is characterized by predominant neurodegeneration and atrophy. These pathogenic hallmarks result in unsatisfactory treatment response in SPMS patients. Therefore, early diagnosis of SPMS is necessary for prompt treatment decisions. The aim of this review was to assess neurophysiological and fluid biomarkers that have the potential to monitor disease progression and support early SPMS diagnosis. METHODS We performed a systematic review of studies that analyzed the role of neurophysiological techniques and fluid biomarkers in supporting SPMS diagnosis using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses statement. RESULTS From our initial search, we selected 24 relevant articles on neurophysiological biomarkers and 55 articles on fluid biomarkers. CONCLUSION To date, no neurophysiological or fluid biomarker is sufficiently validated to support the early diagnosis of SPMS. Neurophysiological measurements, including short interval intracortical inhibition and somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold, and the neurofilament light chain fluid biomarker seem to be the most promising. Cross-sectional studies on an adequate number of patients followed by longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the diagnostic and prognostic value of these biomarkers. A combination of neurophysiological and fluid biomarkers may be more sensitive in detecting SPMS conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Ferrazzano
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Viola Baione
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Tartaglia
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Cortese
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Frontoni
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Altieri
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Pauri
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Conte
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. .,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
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352
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Dalenogare DP, Theisen MC, Peres DS, Fialho MFP, Lückemeyer DD, Antoniazzi CTDD, Kudsi SQ, Ferreira MDA, Ritter CDS, Ferreira J, Oliveira SM, Trevisan G. TRPA1 activation mediates nociception behaviors in a mouse model of relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Exp Neurol 2020; 328:113241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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353
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Cui QL, Lin YH, Xu YKT, Fernandes MGF, Rao VTS, Kennedy TE, Antel J. Effects of Biotin on survival, ensheathment, and ATP production by oligodendrocyte lineage cells in vitro. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233859. [PMID: 32470040 PMCID: PMC7259710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms implicated in disease progression in multiple sclerosis include continued oligodendrocyte (OL)/myelin injury and failure of myelin repair. Underlying causes include metabolic stress with resultant energy deficiency. Biotin is a cofactor for carboxylases involved in ATP production that impact myelin production by promoting fatty acid synthesis. Here, we investigate the effects of high dose Biotin (MD1003) on the functional properties of post-natal rat derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). A2B5 positive OPCs were assessed using an in vitro injury assay, culturing cells in either DFM (DMEM/F12+N1) or “stress media” (no glucose (NG)-DMEM), with Biotin added over a range from 2.5 to 250 μg/ml, and cell viability determined after 24 hrs. Biotin reduced the increase in OPC cell death in the NG condition. In nanofiber myelination assays, biotin increased the percentage of ensheathing cells, the number of ensheathed segments per cell, and length of ensheathed segments. In dispersed cell culture, Biotin also significantly increased ATP production, assessed using a Seahorse bio-analyzer. For most assays, the positive effects of Biotin were observed at the higher end of the dose-response analysis. We conclude that Biotin, in vitro, protects OL lineage cells from metabolic injury, enhances myelin-like ensheathment, and is associated with increased ATP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Ling Cui
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yun Hsuan Lin
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yu Kang T. Xu
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Timothy E. Kennedy
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jack Antel
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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354
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Recent Advances in Antigen-Specific Immunotherapies for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10060333. [PMID: 32486045 PMCID: PMC7348736 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10060333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system and is considered to be the leading non-traumatic cause of neurological disability in young adults. Current treatments for MS comprise long-term immunosuppressant drugs and disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) designed to alter its progress with the enhanced risk of severe side effects. The Holy Grail for the treatment of MS is to specifically suppress the disease while at the same time allow the immune system to be functionally active against infectious diseases and malignancy. This could be achieved via the development of immunotherapies designed to specifically suppress immune responses to self-antigens (e.g., myelin antigens). The present study attempts to highlight the various antigen-specific immunotherapies developed so far for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (e.g., vaccination with myelin-derived peptides/proteins, plasmid DNA encoding myelin epitopes, tolerogenic dendritic cells pulsed with encephalitogenic epitopes of myelin proteins, attenuated autologous T cells specific for myelin antigens, T cell receptor peptides, carriers loaded/conjugated with myelin immunodominant peptides, etc), focusing on the outcome of their recent preclinical and clinical evaluation, and to shed light on the mechanisms involved in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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355
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Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Multiple Sclerosis: Consequences for Therapy Development. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7191080. [PMID: 32454942 PMCID: PMC7240663 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7191080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CNS inflammation is a major driver of MS pathology. Differential immune responses, including the adaptive and the innate immune system, are observed at various stages of MS and drive disease development and progression. Next to these immune-mediated mechanisms, other mediators contribute to MS pathology. These include immune-independent cell death of oligodendrocytes and neurons as well as oxidative stress-induced tissue damage. In particular, the complex influence of oxidative stress on inflammation and vice versa makes therapeutic interference complex. All approved MS therapeutics work by modulating the autoimmune response. However, despite substantial developments in the treatment of the relapsing-remitting form of MS, approved therapies for the progressive forms of MS as well as for MS-associated concomitants are limited and much needed. Here, we summarize the contribution of inflammation and oxidative stress to MS pathology and discuss consequences for MS therapy development.
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356
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Evidence of retinal anterograde neurodegeneration in the very early stages of multiple sclerosis: a longitudinal OCT study. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:3175-3183. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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357
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Colombo E, Bassani C, De Angelis A, Ruffini F, Ottoboni L, Comi G, Martino G, Farina C. Siponimod (BAF312) Activates Nrf2 While Hampering NFκB in Human Astrocytes, and Protects From Astrocyte-Induced Neurodegeneration. Front Immunol 2020; 11:635. [PMID: 32322257 PMCID: PMC7156595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with heterogeneous pathophysiology. In its progressive course oligodendrocyte and neuroaxonal damage is sustained by compartmentalized inflammation due to glial dysregulation. Siponimod (BAF312), a modulator of two sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors (S1P1 and S1P5) is the first oral treatment specifically approved for active secondary progressive MS. To address potential direct effects of BAF312 on glial function and glia-neuron interaction, we set up a series of in vitro functional assays with astrocytes generated from human fibroblasts. These cells displayed the typical morphology and markers of astroglia, and were susceptible to the action of inflammatory mediators and BAF312, because expressing receptors for IL1, IL17, and S1P (namely S1P1 and S1P3). Targeting of S1P signaling by BAF312 inhibited NFκB translocation evoked by inflammatory cytokines, indicating a direct anti-inflammatory activity of the drug on the human astrocyte. Further, while glia cells exposed to IL1 or IL17 downregulated protein expression of glutamate transporters, BAF312-treated astrocytes maintained high levels of GLAST and GLT1 regardless of the presence of inflammatory mediators. Interestingly, despite potential glial susceptibility to S1P signaling via S1P3, which is not targeted by BAF312, NFκB translocation and downregulation of glutamate transporters in response to S1P were inhibited at similar levels by BAF312 and FTY720, another S1P signaling modulator targeting also S1P3. Accordingly, specific inhibition of S1P1 via NIBR-0213 blocked S1P-evoked NFκB translocation, demonstrating that modulation of S1P1 is sufficient to dampen signaling via other S1P receptors. Considering that NFκB-dependent responses are regulated by Nrf2, we measured activation of this critical transcription factor for anti-oxidant reactions, and observed that BAF312 rapidly induced nuclear translocation of Nrf2, but this effect was attenuated in the presence of an inflammatory milieu. Finally, in vitro experiments with spinal neurons exposed to astrocyte-conditioned media showed that modulation of S1P or cytokine signaling in astrocytes via BAF312 prevented neurons from astrocyte-induced degeneration. Overall, these experiments on human astrocytes suggest that during neuroinflammation targeting of S1P1 via BAF312 may modulate key astrocyte functions and thereby attain neuroprotection indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Colombo
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Bassani
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anthea De Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ruffini
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Ottoboni
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvito Martino
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinthia Farina
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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358
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Exploring the Etiological Links behind Neurodegenerative Diseases: Inflammatory Cytokines and Bioactive Kynurenines. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072431. [PMID: 32244523 PMCID: PMC7177899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), presenting a broad range of symptoms from motor dysfunctions to psychobehavioral manifestations. A common clinical course is the proteinopathy-induced neural dysfunction leading to anatomically corresponding neuropathies. However, current diagnostic criteria based on pathology and symptomatology are of little value for the sake of disease prevention and drug development. Overviewing the pathomechanism of NDs, this review incorporates systematic reviews on inflammatory cytokines and tryptophan metabolites kynurenines (KYNs) of human samples, to present an inferential method to explore potential links behind NDs. The results revealed increases of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurotoxic KYNs in NDs, increases of anti-inflammatory cytokines in AD, PD, Huntington's disease (HD), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders, and decreases of neuromodulatory KYNs in AD, PD, and HD. The results reinforced a strong link between inflammation and neurotoxic KYNs, confirmed activation of adaptive immune response, and suggested a possible role in the decrease of neuromodulatory KYNs, all of which may contribute to the development of chronic low grade inflammation. Commonalities of multifactorial NDs were discussed to present a current limit of diagnostic criteria, a need for preclinical biomarkers, and an approach to search the initiation factors of NDs.
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359
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Pistono C, Monti MC, Marchesi N, Boiocchi C, Campagnoli LIM, Morlotti D, Cuccia M, Govoni S, Montomoli C, Mallucci G, Bergamaschi R, Pascale A. Unraveling a new player in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis: The RNA-binding protein HuR. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 41:102048. [PMID: 32200342 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ELAV-like proteins are a small family of RNA-binding proteins that are fundamental players in post-transcriptional mechanisms and are involved in the pathogenesis of neurologic and psychiatric disorders. HuR, the ubiquitously expressed member of the family, is also implicated in sustaining inflammation and inflammatory diseases, supporting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inflammation plays a central role in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), which represents the most common cause of permanent physical disability in young adults. MS is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the Central Nervous System, with a complex aetiology involving genetic, environmental and epigenetic factors. No data are available on the potential entanglement of HuR in MS pathogenesis in patients. In the present work, we aimed at exploring HuR protein levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from MS patients, compared to healthy controls. To further elucidate the possible involvement of HuR in MS, we also investigated the relationship between this specific RNA-binding protein and HSP70-2 protein, also considering the HSP70-2 rs1061581 polymorphism, given that HSP70-2 mRNA has been reported as a HuR target and this specific polymorphism to be associated with MS risk. METHODS Alleles and genotypes for HSP70-2 rs1061581 polymorphism were assessed, by using a Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism, followed by digestion with restriction enzyme, in MS patients and healthy controls. PBMCs from a subgroup of patients and controls were used to evaluate HuR and HSP70-2 protein content by Western blot. RESULTS PBMCs from 52 MS patients had a lower HuR and higher HSP70-2 protein content compared to 43 healthy controls. An increase of 100 units of HuR significantly decreased the risk of developing MS by 9.8% (OR: 0.902, 95% CI: 0.83-0.98), controlling for HSP70-2 protein expression, HSP70-2 rs1061581 genotype, age and sex. Moreover, holding HuR levels, an increase of 100 units of HSP70-2 protein significantly increased the MS risk by 18.1% (OR: 1.181, 95% CI: 1.03-1.36) and the genetic susceptibility of developing MS for HSP70-2 rs1061581 GG carriers is confirmed. Of interest, MS patients with a moderate to severe form of MS (MSSS ≥ 3) showed a trend towards a reduction of HuR protein levels compared to patients with mild disease severity (MSSS < 3). CONCLUSIONS HuR protein levels are reduced in MS patients compared to healthy subjects, and the protein amount may continue to decline with disease progression, suggesting a putative role of this RNA-binding protein. Moreover, our results suggest that MS pathology may have disrupted the link between HuR and its target transcript HSP70-2. It will be important to further explore the exact role of HuR in MS, considering the complex interplay with other RNA-binding factors and target mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Pistono
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Biology & Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Maria Cristina Monti
- Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Marchesi
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Boiocchi
- Inter-Department Multiple Sclerosis Research Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Danila Morlotti
- Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariaclara Cuccia
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Biology & Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Govoni
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Montomoli
- Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Mallucci
- Inter-Department Multiple Sclerosis Research Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Bergamaschi
- Inter-Department Multiple Sclerosis Research Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessia Pascale
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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360
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Biliktu M, Senol SP, Temiz-Resitoglu M, Guden DS, Horat MF, Sahan-Firat S, Sevim S, Tunctan B. Pharmacological inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase attenuates chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by modulating inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways in an inflammasome-dependent and -independent manner. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:1509-1524. [PMID: 32128702 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00691-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to determine the effect of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibition on chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS), associated with changes in inflammasome-dependent and -independent inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways in the CNS of mice. C57BL/6 mice were used to induce chronic EAE by using an injection of MOG35-55 peptide/PT. Animals were observed daily and scored for EAE signs for 25 days after immunization. Following the induction of EAE, the scores were increased after 9 days and reached peak value as determined by ≥ 2 or ≤ 3 with 8% mortality rate on day 17. On day 17, mice were administered daily PBS, DMSO, or TPPU (a potent sEH inhibitor) (1, 3, or 10 mg/kg) until the end of the study. TPPU only at 3 mg/kg dose decreased the AUC values calculated from EAE scores obtained during the disease compared to EAE and vehicle control groups. On day 25, TPPU also caused an increase in the PPARα/β/γ and NLRC3 proteins and a decrease in the proteins of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB p65, p-NF-κB p65, iNOS/nNOS, COX-2, NLRC4, ASC, caspase-1 p20, IL-1β, caspase-11 p20, NOX subunits (gp91phox and p47phox), and nitrotyrosine in addition to 14,15-DHET and IL-1β levels compared to EAE and vehicle control groups. Our findings suggest that pharmacological inhibition of sEH attenuates chronic EAE likely because of enhanced levels of anti-inflammatory EETs in addition to PPARα/β/γ and NLRC3 expression associated with suppressed inflammatory TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signalling pathway, NLRC4/ASC/pro-caspase-1 inflammasome, caspase-11 inflammasome, and NOX activity that are responsible for inflammatory mediator formation in the CNS of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Biliktu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Sefika Pinar Senol
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Meryem Temiz-Resitoglu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Demet Sinem Guden
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Furkan Horat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Seyhan Sahan-Firat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Serhan Sevim
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Bahar Tunctan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yenisehir Campus, Mersin University, 33160, Yenisehir, Mersin, Turkey.
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Abstract
The etiology and pathogenesis of MS is likely to involve multiple factors interacting with each other, and the role of infectious and viral agents is still under debate, however a consistent amount of studies suggests that some viruses are associated with the disease. The strongest documentation has come from the detection of viral nucleic acid or antigen or of an anti-viral antibody response in MS patients. A further step for the study of the mechanism viruses might be involved in can be made using in vitro and in vivo models. While in vitro models, based on glial and neural cell lines from various sources are widely used, in vivo animal models present challenges. Indeed neurotropic animal viruses are currently used to study demyelination in well-established models, but animal models of demyelination by human virus infection have only recently been developed, using animal gammaherpesviruses closely related to Epstein Barr virus (EBV), or using marmosets expressing the specific viral receptor for Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). The present review will illustrate the main potential mechanisms of MS pathogenesis possibly associated with viral infections and viruses currently used to study demyelination in animal models. Then the viruses most strongly linked with MS will be discussed, in the perspective that more than one virus might have a role, with varying degrees of interaction, contributing to MS heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Donati
- Neurologia e Neurofisiologia Clinica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese I 53100 Siena, Italy
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362
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Sellebjerg F, Blinkenberg M, Sorensen PS. Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibodies for Relapsing and Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. CNS Drugs 2020; 34:269-280. [PMID: 31994023 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00704-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) was previously thought to be a T-cell-mediated, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Disease-modifying therapies targeting T cells have, indeed, shown remarkable efficacy in patients with relapsing-remitting MS. However, these therapies do also target B cells, and a B-cell-depleting monoclonal antibody (ocrelizumab) has recently been approved for MS therapy and is efficacious not only in relapsing forms of MS but also in some patients with primary progressive MS. This suggests that B cells may play a more important role in the pathogenesis of MS than previously appreciated. We review the potential roles of B cells, which are the precursors of antibody-secreting plasma cells in the pathogenesis of MS. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the characteristics and clinical data for the four monoclonal antibodies (ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, rituximab, and ublituximab) that have been approved, are currently been used off-label or are being investigated as treatments for MS. These antibodies all target the cluster of differentiation (CD)-20 molecule and bind to distinct or overlapping epitopes on B cells and a subset of T cells that express CD20. This leads to B-cell depletion and, possibly, to depletion of CD20-positive T cells. The net result is strong suppression of clinical and radiological disease activity as well as slowing of the development of persisting neurological impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Sellebjerg
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Clinic, Department of Neurology 2082, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, 9 Blegdamsvej, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Blinkenberg
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Clinic, Department of Neurology 2082, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, 9 Blegdamsvej, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Soelberg Sorensen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Clinic, Department of Neurology 2082, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, 9 Blegdamsvej, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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363
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Olfactory identification associates with cognitive function and the third ventricle width in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 38:101507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.101507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Diem L, Bürge M, Leichtle A, Hakim A, Chan A, Salmen A, Evangelopoulos ME, Hoepner R. Pathological cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration and albumin quotient at relapse predicts short-term disability progression in multiple sclerosis: a retrospective single center observational study. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2020; 13:1756286420975909. [PMID: 33447262 PMCID: PMC7780321 DOI: 10.1177/1756286420975909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Blood–brain barrier dysfunction in active multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions leads to pathological changes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Theoretically, CSF analyses could help to predict relapse recovery and the course of disability. In this monocentric study, we investigated the impact of CSF findings assessed during the first relapse of MS on the short-term course of disability. Methods: We performed a retrospective observational study including MS patients with available CSF data after onset of first MS relapse. Clinical symptoms had to be accompanied by gadolinium-enhanced lesion on magnetic resonance imaging. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) assessments at timepoint of relapse and after relapse recovery were studied to analyze disability. A two-step multivariate linear regression analysis adjusted for EDSS at spinal tab, duration of symptoms, sex, time until post relapse EDSS assessment, immunotherapy post relapse, and relapse treatment with glucocorticoids/plasma exchange to predict relapse associated disability was run. Results: In the first step of the regression model, pathological albumin quotient (QAlb) [regression coefficient 0.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.07–0.92), p = 0.02, n = 99] and CSF protein concentration [regression coefficient 0.84, 95% CI (0.33–1.35), p = 0.001, n = 99] predicted EDSS after relapse recovery. In the second step, the sum score of both predictors [range 0–2; n per value: 0 ( n = 73), 1 ( n = 10), 2 ( n = 15)] confirmed the negative impact on course of disability after relapse [regression coefficient 0.38, 95% CI (0.13–0.62), p = 0.003, n = 98]. In this final multivariate linear regression model ( p < 0.001; R2 0.34), also EDSS at lumbar puncture [regression coefficient 0.58, 95% CI (0.35–0.81), p < 0.001, n = 98] and time between symptom onset and CSF evaluation [regression coefficient 0.03, 95% CI (0.006–0.048), p = 0.01, n = 98] forecast subsequent disability Discussion: Our study conducted in MS patients during first relapse confirmed that both increased CSF protein concentration and pathological QAlb have a negative impact on EDSS after relapse. As secondary finding, we identified time from symptom onset to lumbar puncture as predictor of disability recovery after relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Diem
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Maxine Bürge
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Leichtle
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
- Insel Data Science Center (IDSC), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arsany Hakim
- University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Chan
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anke Salmen
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria-Eleptheria Evangelopoulos
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Eginition University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Robert Hoepner
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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365
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Abstract
Emerging data point to important contributions of both autoimmune inflammation and progressive degeneration in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Unfortunately, after decades of intensive investigation, the fundamental cause remains unknown. A large body of research on the immunobiology of MS has resulted in a variety of anti-inflammatory therapies that are highly effective at reducing brain inflammation and clinical/radiological relapses. However, despite potent suppression of inflammation, benefit in the more important and disabling progressive phase is extremely limited; thus, progressive MS has emerged as the greatest challenge for the MS research and clinical communities. Data obtained over the years point to a complex interplay between environment (e.g., the near-absolute requirement of Epstein-Barr virus exposure), immunogenetics (strong associations with a large number of immune genes), and an ever more convincing role of an underlying degenerative process resulting in demyelination (in both white and grey matter regions), axonal and neuro-synaptic injury, and a persistent innate inflammatory response with a seemingly diminishing role of T cell-mediated autoimmunity as the disease progresses. Together, these observations point toward a primary degenerative process, one whose cause remains unknown but one that entrains a nearly ubiquitous secondary autoimmune response, as a likely sequence of events underpinning this disease. Here, we briefly review what is known about the potential pathophysiological mechanisms, focus on progressive MS, and discuss the two main hypotheses of MS pathogenesis that are the topic of vigorous debate in the field: whether primary autoimmunity or degeneration lies at the foundation. Unravelling this controversy will be critically important for developing effective new therapies for the most disabling later phases of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K. Stys
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Medicine University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shigeki Tsutsui
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Medicine University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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366
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TGFB1-Mediated Gliosis in Multiple Sclerosis Spinal Cords Is Favored by the Regionalized Expression of HOXA5 and the Age-Dependent Decline in Androgen Receptor Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235934. [PMID: 31779094 PMCID: PMC6928867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with a progressive form of the disease, spinal cord (SC) functions slowly deteriorate beyond age 40. We previously showed that in the SC of these patients, large areas of incomplete demyelination extend distance away from plaque borders and are characterized by a unique progliotic TGFB1 (Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1) genomic signature. Here, we attempted to determine whether region- and age-specific physiological parameters could promote the progression of SC periplaques in MS patients beyond age 40. An analysis of transcriptomics databases showed that, under physiological conditions, a set of 10 homeobox (HOX) genes are highly significantly overexpressed in the human SC as compared to distinct brain regions. Among these HOX genes, a survey of the human proteome showed that only HOXA5 encodes a protein which interacts with a member of the TGF-beta signaling pathway, namely SMAD1 (SMAD family member 1). Moreover, HOXA5 was previously found to promote the TGF-beta pathway. Interestingly, SMAD1 is also a protein partner of the androgen receptor (AR) and an unsupervised analysis of gene ontology terms indicates that the AR pathway antagonizes the TGF-beta/SMAD pathway. Retrieval of promoter analysis data further confirmed that AR negatively regulates the transcription of several members of the TGF-beta/SMAD pathway. On this basis, we propose that in progressive MS patients, the physiological SC overexpression of HOXA5 combined with the age-dependent decline in AR ligands may favor the slow progression of TGFB1-mediated gliosis. Potential therapeutic implications are discussed.
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367
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Oh J, Alikhani K, Bruno T, Devonshire V, Giacomini PS, Giuliani F, Nakhaipour HR, Schecter R, Larochelle C. Diagnosis and management of secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis: time for change. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2019; 9:301-317. [PMID: 31769344 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2019-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the transition of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) to the secondary-progressive MS form remains a clinical challenge due to the gradual nature of the transition, superimposed relapses, the heterogeneous course of disease among patients and the absence of validated biomarkers and diagnostic tools. The uncertainty associated with the transition makes clinical care challenging for both patients and physicians. The emergence of new disease-modifying treatments for progressive MS and the increasing emphasis of nonpharmacological strategies mark a new era in the treatment of progressive MS. This article summarizes challenges in diagnosis and management, discusses novel treatment strategies and highlights the importance of establishing a clear diagnosis and instituting an interdisciplinary management plan in the care of patients with progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Oh
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Katayoun Alikhani
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Tania Bruno
- Division of Physiatry, Department of Medicine, University Health Network - Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4G 1R7, Canada
| | - Virginia Devonshire
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia MS/NMO Center, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Paul S Giacomini
- Department of Neurology, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Fabrizio Giuliani
- Division of Neurology, Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | | | - Robyn Schecter
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Canada, Montreal, QC H9S 1A9, Canada
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368
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Lendahl U, Nilsson P, Betsholtz C. Emerging links between cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases-a special role for pericytes. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e48070. [PMID: 31617312 PMCID: PMC6831996 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases cause considerable human suffering, and therapy options for these two disease categories are limited or non-existing. It is an emerging notion that neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases are linked in several ways, and in this review, we discuss the current status regarding vascular dysregulation in neurodegenerative disease, and conversely, how cerebrovascular diseases are associated with central nervous system (CNS) degeneration and dysfunction. The emerging links between neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases are reviewed with a particular focus on pericytes-important cells that ensheath the endothelium in the microvasculature and which are pivotal for blood-brain barrier function and cerebral blood flow. Finally, we address how novel molecular and cellular insights into pericytes and other vascular cell types may open new avenues for diagnosis and therapy development for these important diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Lendahl
- Department of Cell and Molecular BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and SocietyDivision of NeurogeriatricsCenter for Alzheimer ResearchKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (ICMC)HuddingeSweden
| | - Per Nilsson
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and SocietyDivision of NeurogeriatricsCenter for Alzheimer ResearchKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (ICMC)HuddingeSweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyRudbeck LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Department of MedicineKarolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
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369
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Aged hind-limb clasping experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models aspects of the neurodegenerative process seen in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:22710-22720. [PMID: 31641069 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915141116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most common model of multiple sclerosis (MS). This model has been instrumental in understanding the events that lead to the initiation of central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity. Though EAE has been an effective screening tool for identifying novel therapies for relapsing-remitting MS, it has proven to be less successful in identifying therapies for progressive forms of this disease. Though axon injury occurs in EAE, it is rapid and acute, making it difficult to intervene for the purpose of evaluating neuroprotective therapies. Here, we describe a variant of spontaneous EAE in the 2D2 T cell receptor transgenic mouse (2D2+ mouse) that presents with hind-limb clasping upon tail suspension and is associated with T cell-mediated inflammation in the posterior spinal cord and spinal nerve roots. Due to the mild nature of clinical signs in this model, we were able to maintain cohorts of mice into middle age. Over 9 mo, these mice exhibited a relapsing-remitting course of hind-limb clasping with the development of progressive motor deficits. Using a combined approach of ex vivo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and histopathological analysis, we observed neurological progression to associate with spinal cord atrophy, synapse degradation, and neuron loss in the gray matter, as well as ongoing axon injury in the white matter of the spinal cord. These findings suggest that mild EAE coupled with natural aging may be a solution to better modeling the neurodegenerative processes seen in MS.
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370
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Lassmann H. Pathology of inflammatory diseases of the nervous system: Human disease versus animal models. Glia 2019; 68:830-844. [PMID: 31605512 PMCID: PMC7065008 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Numerous recent studies have been performed to elucidate the function of microglia, macrophages, and astrocytes in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. Regarding myeloid cells a core pattern of activation has been identified, starting with the activation of resident homeostatic microglia followed by recruitment of blood borne myeloid cells. An initial state of proinflammatory activation is at later stages followed by a shift toward an‐anti‐inflammatory and repair promoting phenotype. Although this core pattern is similar between experimental models and inflammatory conditions in the human brain, there are important differences. Even in the normal human brain a preactivated microglia phenotype is evident, and there are disease specific and lesion stage specific differences in the contribution between resident and recruited myeloid cells and their lesion state specific activation profiles. Reasons for these findings reside in species related differences and in differential exposure to different environmental cues. Most importantly, however, experimental rodent studies on brain inflammation are mainly focused on autoimmune encephalomyelitis, while there is a very broad spectrum of human inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, triggered and propagated by a variety of different immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Lassmann
- Institut fur Hirnforschung, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
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371
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Ng X, Sadeghian M, Heales S, Hargreaves IP. Assessment of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) Models of Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20204975. [PMID: 31600882 PMCID: PMC6829485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20204975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that involves the autoreactive T-cell attack on axonal myelin sheath. Lesions or plaques formed as a result of repeated damage and repair mechanisms lead to impaired relay of electrical impulses along the nerve, manifesting as clinical symptoms of MS. Evidence from studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models of MS strongly suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction presents at the onset of disease and throughout the disease course. The aim of this study was to determine if mitochondrial dysfunction occurs before clinical symptoms arise, and whether this is confined to the CNS. EAE was induced in C57B/L6 mice, and citrate synthase and mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complex I–IV activities were assayed at presymptomatic (3 or 10 days post first immunisation (3 or 10 DPI)) and asymptomatic (17 days post first immunisation (17 DPI) time-points in central nervous system (CNS; spinal cord) and peripheral (liver and jaw muscle) tissues. Samples from animals immunised with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) as EAE models were compared with control animals immunised with adjuvant (ADJ) only. Significant changes in MOG compared to control ADJ animals in MRC complex I activity occurred only at presymptomatic stages, with an increase in the spinal cord at 10 DPI (87.9%), an increase at 3 DPI (25.6%) and decrease at 10 DPI (22.3%) in the jaw muscle, and an increase in the liver at 10 DPI (71.5%). MRC complex II/III activity changes occurred at presymptomatic and the asymptomatic stages of the disease, with a decrease occurring in the spinal cord at 3 DPI (87.6%) and an increase at 17 DPI (36.7%), increase in the jaw muscle at 10 DPI (25.4%), and an increase at 3 DPI (75.2%) and decrease at 17 DPI (95.7%) in the liver. Citrate synthase activity was also significantly decreased at 10 DPI (27.3%) in the liver. No significant changes were observed in complex IV across all three tissues assayed. Our findings reveal evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction is present at the asymptomatic stages in the EAE model of MS, and that the changes in MRC enzyme activities are tissue-specific and are not confined to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulin Ng
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
- University Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
| | - Mona Sadeghian
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
- Global Clinical Development, Actelion, High Wycombe HP12 4DP, UK.
| | - Simon Heales
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
- Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Iain P Hargreaves
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
- Neurometabolic Unit, National Hospital, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Byrom Street, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
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372
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Buonvicino D, Ranieri G, Pratesi S, Guasti D, Chiarugi A. Neuroimmunological characterization of a mouse model of primary progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and effects of immunosuppressive or neuroprotective strategies on disease evolution. Exp Neurol 2019; 322:113065. [PMID: 31536728 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS) is a devastating disorder sustained by neuroimmune interactions still wait to be identified. Recently, immune-independent, neural bioenergetic derangements have been hypothesized as causative of neurodegeneration in PMS patients. To gather information on the immune and neurodegenerative components during PMS, in the present study we investigated the molecular and cellular events occurring in a Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In these mice, we also evaluated the effects of clinically-relevant immunosuppressive (dexamethasone) or bioenergetic drugs (bezafibrate and biotin) on functional, immune and neuropathological parameters. We found that immunized NOD mice progressively accumulated disability and severe neurodegeneration in the spinal cord. Unexpectedly, although CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes but not B or NK cells infiltrate the spinal cord linearly with time, their suppression by different dexamethasone treatment schedules did not affect disease progression. Also, the spreading of the autoimmune response towards additional immunogenic myelin antigen occurred neither in the periphery nor in the CNS of EAE mice. Conversely, we found that altered mitochondrial morphology, reduced contents of mtDNA and decreased transcript levels for respiratory complex subunits occurred at early disease stages and preceded axonal degeneration within spinal cord columns. However, the mitochondria boosting drugs, bezafibrate and biotin, were unable to reduce disability progression. Data suggest that EAE NOD mice recapitulate some features of PMS. Also, by showing that bezafibrate or biotin do not affect progression in NOD mice, our study suggests that this model can be harnessed to anticipate experimental information of relevance to innovative treatments of PMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Buonvicino
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Ranieri
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Pratesi
- Centre of Immunological Research DENOTHE, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Guasti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Chiarugi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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373
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Faissner S, Plemel JR, Gold R, Yong VW. Progressive multiple sclerosis: from pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:905-922. [PMID: 31399729 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that involves demyelination and axonal degeneration. Although substantial progress has been made in drug development for relapsing-remitting MS, treatment of the progressive forms of the disease, which are characterized clinically by the accumulation of disability in the absence of relapses, remains unsatisfactory. This unmet clinical need is related to the complexity of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in MS progression. Chronic inflammation, which occurs behind a closed blood-brain barrier with activation of microglia and continued involvement of T cells and B cells, is a hallmark pathophysiological feature. Inflammation can enhance mitochondrial damage in neurons, which, consequently, develop an energy deficit, further reducing axonal health. The growth-inhibitory and inflammatory environment of lesions also impairs remyelination, a repair process that might protect axons from degeneration. Moreover, neurodegeneration is accelerated by the altered expression of ion channels on denuded axons. In this Review, we discuss the current understanding of these disease mechanisms and highlight emerging therapeutic strategies based on these insights, including those targeting the neuroinflammatory and degenerative aspects as well as remyelination-promoting approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Faissner
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany. .,Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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374
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Rommer PS, Milo R, Han MH, Satyanarayan S, Sellner J, Hauer L, Illes Z, Warnke C, Laurent S, Weber MS, Zhang Y, Stuve O. Immunological Aspects of Approved MS Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1564. [PMID: 31354720 PMCID: PMC6637731 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common neurological immune-mediated disease leading to disability in young adults. The outcome of the disease is unpredictable, and over time, neurological disabilities accumulate. Interferon beta-1b was the first drug to be approved in the 1990s for relapsing-remitting MS to modulate the course of the disease. Over the past two decades, the treatment landscape has changed tremendously. Currently, more than a dozen drugs representing 1 substances with different mechanisms of action have been approved (interferon beta preparations, glatiramer acetate, fingolimod, siponimod, mitoxantrone, teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate, cladribine, alemtuzumab, ocrelizumab, and natalizumab). Ocrelizumab was the first medication to be approved for primary progressive MS. The objective of this review is to present the modes of action of these drugs and their effects on the immunopathogenesis of MS. Each agent's clinical development and potential side effects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulus S. Rommer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ron Milo
- Department of Neurology, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - May H. Han
- Neuroimmunology Division, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Sammita Satyanarayan
- Neuroimmunology Division, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Johann Sellner
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Larissa Hauer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Zsolt Illes
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Clemens Warnke
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University of Köln, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah Laurent
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University of Köln, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin S. Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yinan Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Olaf Stuve
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service Dallas, VA Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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375
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Ropele S, Fazekas F. Quantification of cortical damage in multiple sclerosis using DTI remains a challenge. Brain 2019; 142:1848-1850. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ropele
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Franz Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
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376
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Mittal K, Eremenko E, Berner O, Elyahu Y, Strominger I, Apelblat D, Nemirovsky A, Spiegel I, Monsonego A. CD4 T Cells Induce A Subset of MHCII-Expressing Microglia that Attenuates Alzheimer Pathology. iScience 2019; 16:298-311. [PMID: 31203186 PMCID: PMC6581663 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia play a key role in innate immunity in Alzheimer disease (AD), but their role as antigen-presenting cells is as yet unclear. Here we found that amyloid β peptide (Aβ)-specific T helper 1 (Aβ-Th1 cells) T cells polarized to secrete interferon-γ and intracerebroventricularly (ICV) injected to the 5XFAD mouse model of AD induced the differentiation of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII)+ microglia with distinct morphology and enhanced plaque clearance capacity than MHCII- microglia. Notably, 5XFAD mice lacking MHCII exhibited an enhanced amyloid pathology in the brain along with exacerbated innate inflammation and reduced phagocytic capacity. Using a bone marrow chimera mouse model, we showed that infiltrating macrophages did not differentiate to MHCII+ cells following ICV injection of Aβ-Th1 cells and did not support T cell-mediated amyloid clearance. Overall, we demonstrate that CD4 T cells induce a P2ry12+ MHCII+ subset of microglia, which play a key role in T cell-mediated effector functions that abrogate AD-like pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Mittal
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ekaterina Eremenko
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Omer Berner
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Yehezqel Elyahu
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Itai Strominger
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Daniella Apelblat
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Anna Nemirovsky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ivo Spiegel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alon Monsonego
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
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Elkjaer ML, Frisch T, Reynolds R, Kacprowski T, Burton M, Kruse TA, Thomassen M, Baumbach J, Illes Z. Unique RNA signature of different lesion types in the brain white matter in progressive multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:58. [PMID: 31023379 PMCID: PMC6482546 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0709-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis is reflected by dynamic changes of different lesion types in the brain white matter (WM). To identify potential drivers of this process, we RNA-sequenced 73 WM areas from patients with progressive MS (PMS) and 25 control WM. Lesion endophenotypes were described by a computational systems medicine analysis combined with RNAscope, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. The signature of the normal-appearing WM (NAWM) was more similar to control WM than to lesions: one of the six upregulated genes in NAWM was CD26/DPP4 expressed by microglia. Chronic active lesions that become prominent in PMS had a signature that were different from all other lesion types, and were differentiated from them by two clusters of 62 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). An upcoming MS biomarker, CHI3L1 was among the top ten upregulated genes in chronic active lesions expressed by astrocytes in the rim. TGFβ-R2 was the central hub in a remyelination-related protein interaction network, and was expressed there by astrocytes. We used de novo networks enriched by unique DEGs to determine lesion-specific pathway regulation, i.e. cellular trafficking and activation in active lesions; healing and immune responses in remyelinating lesions characterized by the most heterogeneous immunoglobulin gene expression; coagulation and ion balance in inactive lesions; and metabolic changes in chronic active lesions. Because we found inverse differential regulation of particular genes among different lesion types, our data emphasize that omics related to MS lesions should be interpreted in the context of lesion pathology. Our data indicate that the impact of molecular pathways is substantially changing as different lesions develop. This was also reflected by the high number of unique DEGs that were more common than shared signatures. A special microglia subset characterized by CD26 may play a role in early lesion development, while astrocyte-derived TGFβ-R2 and TGFβ pathways may be drivers of repair in contrast to chronic tissue damage. The highly specific mechanistic signature of chronic active lesions indicates that as these lesions develop in PMS, the molecular changes are substantially skewed: the unique mitochondrial/metabolic changes and specific downregulation of molecules involved in tissue repair may reflect a stage of exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Wekerle
- Max-Planck Institute of Neurobiology, and Biomedical Center, LMU Munich
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