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Palacios-Martinez D, Garcia-Alvarez JC, Montero-Santamaria N, Villar-Ruiz OP, Ruiz-Garcia A, Diaz-Alonso RA. Macrocytic anemia and thrombocytopenia induced by orlistat. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2013; 11:e6721. [PMID: 24719628 PMCID: PMC3968980 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.6721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The overall incidence of obesity and its prevalence is increasing continuously. The obesity is a cardiovascular risk factor whose importance is increasing too. It is associated with many chronic conditions such as type II diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular diseases. The obesity is also implicated as a risk factor for several kinds of cancer such as esophagus, pancreas, colon, rectum, breast cancer in menopausal women. The treatment of the obesity may reduce the incidence of these diseases. The mainstray of the treatment of obesity is changing the lifestyles, but obesity´s treatment may need drug therapy or even though surgical treatment. Orlistat is a specific inhibitor of gastrointestinal lipases, which stops fat absortion. It is used along with a hypocaloric diet, for obesity´s treatment. The beneficial effects of orlistat include weight loss, the improvement of blood pressure´s control, it may delay the development of diabetes mellitus, and it may reduce HbA1c. CASE REPORT Besides the interaction with other drugs (mainly warfarin and amiodarone). Orlistat´s mainly side effects are gastrointestinal disorders such as the existence of oily spotting from the rectum, abdominal pain or discomfort, fecal urgency. There are also side effects at other levels, like flu symptoms, hypoglycemia, heathache or upper respiratory infections. There are other side effects with very low incidence but clinically relevant like pancreatitis, subacute liver failure, severe liver disease, myopathy, or tubular necrosis secondary to oxalate nephropathy induced by Orlistat. DISCUSSION IN THIS CASE REPORT APPEARS A NEW ADVERSE EFFECT OF ORLISTAT THAT HAS NOT BEEN DESCRIBED ABOVE: thrombopenia and macrocytic anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Palacios-Martinez
- San Blas Health Center, Primary Health Care, SERMAS- Madrid Health Service, Parla, Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding author: David Palacios-Martinez, Los Angeles Avenue, 3-D. Getafe, Madrid, P.O.Box: 28903, Spain. Tel: 0034661529177, Fax: 0034916051429, E-mail:
| | - Juan Carlos Garcia-Alvarez
- Local Office of Serranillos del Valle, Primary Health Care, SERMAS- Madrid Health Service, Griñón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Olga Patricia Villar-Ruiz
- Service of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 12th October Universitary Hospital , SERMAS- Madrid Health Service, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Ruiz-Garcia
- Pinto Health Center, Primary Health Care: SERMAS- Madrid Health Service, Pinto, Madrid, Spain
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352
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes and obesity are intimately linked; reduction of bodyweight improves glycemic control, mortality and morbidity. Treating obesity in the diabetic is hampered as some diabetic treatments lead to weight gain. Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective antiobesity treatment and causes long-term remission of diabetes in many patients. However, surgery has a high cost and is associated with a significant risk of complications, and in practical terms only limited numbers can undergo this therapy. The choice of pharmacological agents suitable for treatment of diabetes and obesity is currently limited. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists improve glycemia and induce a modest weight loss, but there are doubts over their long-term safety. New drugs such as lorcaserin and phentermine/topiramate are being approved for obesity and have modest, salutary effects on glycemia, but again long-term safety is unclear. This article will also examine some future avenues for development, including gut hormone analogues that promise to combine powerful weight reduction with beneficial effects on glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kenkre
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Imperial College London, Sixth Floor, Commonwealth Building, London, W12 0HS, UK
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353
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Efficacy and Safety of Taeeumjowi-tang in Obese Korean Adults: A Double-Blind, Randomized, and Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:498935. [PMID: 24062784 PMCID: PMC3770019 DOI: 10.1155/2013/498935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of Taeeumjowi-tang (TJ001) as well as to estimate obesity-related factors. Methods. This was a 12-week trial with 5 visits. A total of 102 participants of both genders were randomized to either TJ001 (n = 57) group or the placebo group (n = 55). Subjects were administered 7 g of either TJ001 or placebo 3 times a day. The primary outcome was a rate of subjects who lost 5% or more of initial weight. Secondary outcomes included anthropometric parameters, lipid profiles, and body fat composition. Results. The subject response rate of ≥5% weight loss compared to baseline was similar in both groups, and no statistically significant difference was observed (P = 0.87). Changes in anthropometric parameters were greater during the first 4 weeks in the treatment group (P < 0.0001). There were no significant changes in both within groups and between groups for lipid profile and body fat composition. No adverse event was reported in either group. Conclusion. Although the difference between the groups regarding a rate of subjects who lost 5% or more of initial weight did not show statistical significance, TJ001 appears to be beneficial in safely controlling weight.
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354
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Synthesis, characterization, and biological assessment of the four stereoisomers of the H3 receptor antagonist 5-fluoro-2-methyl-N-[2-methyl-4-(2-methyl[1,3′]bipyrrolidinyl-1′-yl)phenyl]benzamide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4044-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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355
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Functional food ingredients for the management of obesity and associated co-morbidities – A review. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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356
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Liang BA, Mackey TK, Archer-Hayes AN, Shinn LM. Illicit online marketing of lorcaserin before DEA scheduling. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:861-4. [PMID: 23512816 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antiobesity drugs have been marketed illicitly by "no prescription" online pharmacies after approval and scheduling by the drug enforcement agency. We assess whether antiobesity drug Belviq® (lorcaserin HCl) was available from illicit online vendors before DEA-scheduling when sales are unauthorized. DESIGN AND METHODS Online searches of "buy Belviq no prescription" examining first five result pages marketing the drug. Searches were performed from 11/5/2012-12/8/2012, prior to DEA scheduing. RESULTS Belviq® is actively marketed by "no prescription" online vendors despite official unavailability and prescription requirements. Approaches included direct-to-consumer advertising using descriptive website URLs; linking to illicit marketers; and directing customers to other weight-loss websites for additional marketing. Finally, large quantities were marketed by business-to-business vendors. CONCLUSION Illicit online "no prescription" pharmacies are marketing unauthorized, suspect antiobesity drugs before DEA scheduling and permitted marketing. Regulators must legally intercede to ensure patient safety, and providers must educate patients about online-sourcing risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Liang
- Institute of Health Law Studies, California Western School of Law, California, USA.
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357
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tert-Butylhydroquinone reduces lipid accumulation in C57BL/6 mice with lower body weight gain. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:897-904. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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358
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Linderborg KM, Kaur G, Miller E, Meikle PJ, Larsen AE, Weir JM, Nuora A, Barlow CK, Kallio HP, Cameron-Smith D, Sinclair AJ. Postprandial metabolism of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) in humans. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:313-9. [PMID: 23433939 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The study of the metabolism of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3) in humans has been limited by the unavailability of pure DPA and the fact that DPA is found in combination with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) in natural products. In this double blind cross over study, pure DPA and EPA were incorporated in meals served to healthy female volunteers. Mass spectrometric methods were used to study the chylomicron lipidomics. Plasma chylomicronemia was significantly reduced after the meal containing DPA compared with the meal containing EPA or olive oil only. Both EPA and DPA were incorporated into chylomicron TAGs, while there was less incorporation into chylomicron phospholipids. Lipidomic analysis of the chylomicron TAGs revealed the dynamic nature of chylomicron TAGs. The main TAG species that EPA and DPA were incorporated into were EPA/18:1/18:1, DPA/18:1/16:0 and DPA/18:1/18:1. There was very limited conversion of DPA and EPA to DHA and there were no increases in EPA levels during the 5h postprandial period after the DPA meal. In conclusion, EPA and DPA showed different metabolic fates, and DPA hindered the digestion, ingestion or incorporation into chylomicrons of the olive oil present in the meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa M Linderborg
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland.
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359
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Avraham Y, Katzhendler J, Vorobeiv L, Merchavia S, Listman C, Kunkes E, Harfoush F, Salameh S, Ezra AF, Grigoriadis NC, Berry EM, Najajreh Y. Novel Acylethanolamide Derivatives That Modulate Body Weight through Enhancement of Hypothalamic Pro-Opiomelanocortin (POMC) and/or Decreased Neuropeptide Y (NPY). J Med Chem 2013; 56:1811-29. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300484d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosefa Avraham
- Department of Human Nutrition
and Metabolism, Braun School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jehoshua Katzhendler
- Institute of Drug Research,
School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lia Vorobeiv
- Department of Human Nutrition
and Metabolism, Braun School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shira Merchavia
- Department of Human Nutrition
and Metabolism, Braun School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chana Listman
- Department of Human Nutrition
and Metabolism, Braun School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eithan Kunkes
- Department of Human Nutrition
and Metabolism, Braun School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Fida’ Harfoush
- Anticancer Drugs Research Lab,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Abu-Dies, P.O. Box 20002, Jerusalem, Palestinian Authority
| | - Sawsan Salameh
- Anticancer Drugs Research Lab,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Abu-Dies, P.O. Box 20002, Jerusalem, Palestinian Authority
| | - Aviva F. Ezra
- Institute of Drug Research,
School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nikolaos C. Grigoriadis
- Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elliot M. Berry
- Department of Human Nutrition
and Metabolism, Braun School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yousef Najajreh
- Anticancer Drugs Research Lab,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Abu-Dies, P.O. Box 20002, Jerusalem, Palestinian Authority
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360
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Kim D, Park JH, Kweon DJ, Han GD. Bioavailability of nanoemulsified conjugated linoleic acid for an antiobesity effect. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:451-9. [PMID: 23429301 PMCID: PMC3575163 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s38430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to enhance the bioavailability of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), which has low water solubility, using nanoemulsion technology and to evaluate the effects of its improved bioavailability as an antiobesity agent. Methods: The antiobesity effect of nanoemulsified water-soluble conjugated linoleic acid (N-CLA) was evaluated using in vitro and in vivo studies. Differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with CLA and N-CLA to assess their lipolytic effect. Further, to confirm the antiobesity effect of N-CLA, male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly separated into four groups, ie, a group fed a normal diet, a group fed a high-fat diet (obesity rat model), a CLA-treated group, and an N-CLA-treated group. Results: N-CLA showed a greater lipolytic effect on differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes compared with normal CLA. N-CLA enhanced the release of glycerol from triglycerides, which accumulated in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Further, N-CLA enhanced leptin secretion to an extent similar to that of orlistat, an antiobesity agent. In an animal obesity model fed a high-fat diet, N-CLA attenuated accumulation of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum, and also significantly decreased the volume of triglycerides and cholesterol in liver tissue. Conclusion: These results indicate that N-CLA has a greater antiobesity effect than CLA as a result of its improved bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyeop Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Natural Resources, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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361
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Kang JG, Park CY. Gender and age differences in obesity among Korean adults. Korean J Intern Med 2013; 28:19-21. [PMID: 23345991 PMCID: PMC3543955 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2013.28.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Goo Kang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Cheol-Young Park
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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362
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Wu T, Yu Z, Tang Q, Song H, Gao Z, Chen W, Zheng X. Honeysuckle anthocyanin supplementation prevents diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice. Food Funct 2013; 4:1654-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60251f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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363
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Nongonierma AB, Schellekens H, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, FitzGerald RJ. Milk protein hydrolysates activate 5-HT2C serotonin receptors: influence of the starting substrate and isolation of bioactive fractions. Food Funct 2013; 4:728-37. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo30309h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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364
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Aitlhadj L, Stürzenbaum SR. The toxicological assessment of two anti-obesity drugs in C. elegans. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2tx20096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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365
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One-year effectiveness of a 3-week balneotherapy program for the treatment of overweight or obesity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:150839. [PMID: 23346190 PMCID: PMC3544175 DOI: 10.1155/2012/150839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To assess the one-year effectiveness on weight loss of a 3-week balneotherapy program (BT). Method. A Zelen double consent randomised controlled trial to compare one-year BMI loss between a 3-week BT program versus usual care (UC) for overweight or obese patients (BMI: 27–35 kg/m2), associated or not with a dietary motivational interview (DMI) during the follow-up, using a 2 × 2 factorial design. Main analysis was a per protocol analysis comparing patients attending BT to patients managed by UC, matched on sex, overweight or obese status, DMI randomisation and a propensity score to attend BT or to be managed by UC. Results. From the 257 patients who completed the follow-up, 70 patients of each group could be matched. Mean BMI loss was 1.91 kg/m2 [95%CI: 1.46; 2.35] for the BT patients and 0.20 kg/m2 [−0.24; 0.64] for the UC patients (P < 0.001), corresponding to a significant BT benefit of 1.71 kg/m2 [1.08; 2.33]. There was no significant effect of DMI and no interaction with BT or UC. No adverse reaction was observed for patients attending BT. Conclusion. A 3-week BT program provided a significant one-year benefit over the usual GP dietary advice for overweight and obese patients.
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366
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Rudorfer MV, Hillefors M. Assessing Psychiatric Adverse Effects during Clinical Drug Development. Pharmaceut Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03262382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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367
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Lim DW, Song M, Park J, Park SW, Kim NH, Gaire BP, Choi HY, Kim H. Anti-obesity effect of HT048, a herbal combination, in high fat diet-induced obese rats. Molecules 2012; 17:14765-77. [PMID: 23519251 PMCID: PMC6268346 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171214765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the anti-obesity effects of HT048, a combination of C. pinnatifida fruit and C. unshiu peel extracts, in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. 4-Week-old male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into normal and high fat diet (HFD) groups. The HFD groups were further divided into five groups treated with distilled water, orlistat (40 mg/kg, twice daily, p.o) and HT048 (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg, twice daily, p.o.) for 12 weeks. Orlistat, an anti-obesity drug, was used as positive control in the HFD-induced obese rats. We measured the food intake, body weight, epididymal adipose tissue and liver weights, and serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. The body weight and epididymal adipose tissue and liver weights of the HT048 100 and 300 mg/kg treated groups were significantly lower than that of the HFD control group. Also, serum TC, TG, ALT, and AST levels in the HT048 100 and 300 mg/kg treated groups were significantly decreased. Moreover, the orlistat treated group showed significantly reduced body weight and improved serum lipoprotein, compared with the HFD control group. These results show that HT048 supplements improved obesity-related body weight and serum lipoprotein parameters in a HFD-induced obese rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Lim
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - MiKyung Song
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Juyeon Park
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology for Eastern Medicine (KISTEM), NeuMed Inc., Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Sang Woug Park
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Nak Hoon Kim
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology for Eastern Medicine (KISTEM), NeuMed Inc., Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Ho-Young Choi
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
| | - Hocheol Kim
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-961-0419; Fax: +82-964-0325
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368
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Xiao D, Shi D, Yang D, Barthel B, Koch TH, Yan B. Carboxylesterase-2 is a highly sensitive target of the antiobesity agent orlistat with profound implications in the activation of anticancer prodrugs. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 85:439-47. [PMID: 23228697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Orlistat has been the most used anti-obesity drug and the mechanism of its action is to reduce lipid absorption by inhibiting gastrointestinal lipases. These enzymes, like carboxylesterases (CESs), structurally belong to the α/β hydrolase fold superfamily. Lipases and CESs are functionally related as well. Some CESs (e.g., human CES1) have been shown to hydrolyze lipids. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that orlistat inhibits CESs with higher potency toward CES1 than CES2, a carboxylesterase with little lipase activity. Liver microsomes and recombinant CESs were tested for the inhibition of the hydrolysis of standard substrates and the anticancer prodrugs pentyl carbamate of p-aminobenzyl carbamate of doxazolidine (PPD) and irinotecan. Contrary to the hypothesis, orlistat at 1 nM inhibited CES2 activity by 75% but no inhibition on CES1, placing CES2 one of the most sensitive targets of orlistat. The inhibition varied among some CES2 polymorphic variants. Pretreatment with orlistat reduced the cell killing activity of PPD. Certain mouse but not rat CESs were also highly sensitive. CES2 is responsible for the hydrolysis of many common drugs and abundantly expressed in the gastrointestinal track and liver. Inhibition of this carboxylesterase probably presents a major source for altered therapeutic activity of these medicines if co-administered with orlistat. In addition, orlistat has been linked to various types of organ toxicities, and this study provides an alternative target potentially involved in these toxicological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Therapy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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369
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Corkey BE. Diabetes: have we got it all wrong? Insulin hypersecretion and food additives: cause of obesity and diabetes? Diabetes Care 2012; 35:2432-7. [PMID: 23173132 PMCID: PMC3507569 DOI: 10.2337/dc12-0825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E Corkey
- Evans Department of Medicine, Obesity Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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370
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Crawford A, Kreys TJ. Was it worth the weight? - Drug review on two new weight loss agents: lorcaserin (Belviq®) and phentermine/topiramate ER (QsymiaTM). Ment Health Clin 2012. [DOI: 10.9740/mhc.n129047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity in the United States (U.S.) is currently at 34%. This article will review two of the newer weight loss agents: lorcaserin and phentermine/topiramate. Mechanism of action, dosing, adverse events, and drug interactions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Crawford
- 1University of the Incarnate Word, Feik School of Pharmacy, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Tiffany-Jade Kreys
- 1University of the Incarnate Word, Feik School of Pharmacy, San Antonio, Texas
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371
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Inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes as anti-infective, anticancer and anti-obesity drugs. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1113-51. [PMID: 22709254 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a large range of diseases, such diabetes and cancer, which are connected to abnormal fatty acid metabolism in human cells. Therefore, inhibitors of human fatty acid synthase have great potential to manage or treat these diseases. In prokaryotes, fatty acid synthesis is important for signaling, as well as providing starting materials for the synthesis of phospholipids, which are required for the formation of the cell membrane. Recently, there has been renewed interest in the development of new molecules that target bacterial fatty acid synthases for the treatment of bacterial diseases. In this review, we look at the differences and similarities between fatty acid synthesis in humans and bacteria and highlight various small molecules that have been shown to inhibit either the mammalian or bacterial fatty acid synthase or both.
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372
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Abstract
Although continuous positive airway pressure, oral appliances and surgical modifications of the airway are considered as part of the routine management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea, many new and unconventional therapies exist. Many of the trials using these new alternatives have been limited by insufficient data, poor trial design, small sample size, unclear inclusion criteria, lack of randomization, and lack of blinding, and on occasion are biased by retrospective design. Bariatric surgery, positional therapy, auto-titrating positive airway pressure, serotonin agents, wake promoting agents, genioglossus stimulation surgery, supplemental oxygen, nasal dilators, nasal expiratory resistor devices and oropharyngeal exercises will be reviewed. As obstructive sleep apnea impacts the individual and society at large, further research is needed to explore new therapeutic treatment options for obstructive sleep apnea. Therapeutic trials for obstructive sleep apnea must be of rigorous design to prove clinical effectiveness while taking into account both patient satisfaction and cost effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Angelo A. De Dios
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA USA
- The Medical Group, Carolina Pines Regional Medical Center, 701 Medical Park Drive, Suite 303, Hartsville, SC 29550 USA
| | - Steven D. Brass
- Department of Neurology, UC Davis Health System, 4860 Y Street — Suite 3700, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
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Outcomes of Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Versus Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding in Adolescents. Obes Surg 2012; 22:1859-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-012-0742-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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