Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes

The outstanding electrical, mechanical and chemical properties of graphene make it attractive for applications in flexible electronics. However, efforts to make transparent conducting films from graphene have been hampered by the lack of efficient methods for the synthesis, transfer and doping of graphene at the scale and quality required for applications. Here, we report the roll-to-roll production and wet-chemical doping of predominantly monolayer 30-inch graphene films grown by chemical vapour deposition onto flexible copper substrates. The films have sheet resistances as low as approximately 125 ohms square(-1) with 97.4% optical transmittance, and exhibit the half-integer quantum Hall effect, indicating their high quality. We further use layer-by-layer stacking to fabricate a doped four-layer film and measure its sheet resistance at values as low as approximately 30 ohms square(-1) at approximately 90% transparency, which is superior to commercial transparent electrodes such as indium tin oxides. Graphene electrodes were incorporated into a fully functional touch-screen panel device capable of withstanding high strain.

Controlled Synthesis of Monolayer Graphene Toward Transparent Flexible Conductive Film Application

We demonstrate the synthesis of monolayer graphene using thermal chemical vapor deposition and successive transfer onto arbitrary substrates toward transparent flexible conductive film application. We used electron-beam-deposited Ni thin film as a synthetic catalyst and introduced a gas mixture consisting of methane and hydrogen. To optimize the synthesis condition, we investigated the effects of synthetic temperature and cooling rate in the ranges of 850-1,000°C and 2-8°C/min, respectively. It was found that a cooling rate of 4°C/min after 1,000°C synthesis is the most effective condition for monolayer graphene production. We also successfully transferred as-synthesized graphene films to arbitrary substrates such as silicon-dioxide-coated wafers, glass, and polyethylene terephthalate sheets to develop transparent, flexible, and conductive film application.

Water-dispersible magnetite-reduced graphene oxide composites for arsenic removal

Magnetite-graphene hybrids have been synthesized via a chemical reaction with a magnetite particle size of approximately 10 nm. The composites are superparamagnetic at room temperature and can be separated by an external magnetic field. As compared to bare magnetite particles, the hybrids show a high binding capacity for As(III) and As(V), whose presence in the drinking water in wide areas of South Asia has been a huge problem. Their high binding capacity is due to the increased adsorption sites in the M-RGO composite which occurs by reducing the aggregation of bare magnetite. Since the composites show near complete (over 99.9%) arsenic removal within 1 ppb, they are practically usable for arsenic separation from water.

Large scale pattern graphene electrode for high performance in transparent organic single crystal field-effect transistors

High quality, large grain size graphene on polycrystalline nickel film on two inch silicon wafers was successfully synthesized by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamping method was used for graphene transferring in this experiment. The graphene transferred onto Al2O3/ITO substrates was patterned into macroscopic dimension electrodes using conventional lithography followed by oxygen plasma etching. Experimental results show that this graphene can serve as transparent source and drain electrodes in high performance organic semiconductor nanoribbon organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), facilitating high hole injection efficiency due to the preferred work function match with the channel material: single crystalline copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) nanoribbons. The nanoribbons were grown on top of the patterned graphene via evaporate-deposition to form the FET device. The carrier mobility and on/off current ratio of such devices were measured to be as high as 0.36 cm2/(V s) and 10(4).

Chemical doping of large-area stacked graphene films for use as transparent, conducting electrodes

Graphene is considered a leading candidate to replace conventional transparent conducting electrodes because of its high transparency and exceptional transport properties. The effect of chemical p-type doping on graphene stacks was studied in order to reduce the sheet resistance of graphene films to values approaching those of conventional transparent conducting oxides. In this report, we show that large-area, stacked graphene films are effectively p-doped with nitric acid. The doping decreases the sheet resistance by a factor of 3, yielding films comprising eight stacked layers with a sheet resistance of 90 Omega/(square) at a transmittance of 80%. The films were doped either after all of the layers were stacked (last-layer-doped) or after each layer was added (interlayer-doped). A theoretical model that accurately describes the stacked graphene film system as a resistor network was developed. The model defines a characteristic transfer length where all the channels in the graphene films actively contribute to electrical transport. The experimental data shows a linear increase in conductivity with the number of graphene layers, indicating that each layer provides an additional transport channel, in good agreement with the theoretical model.

Direct low-temperature nanographene CVD synthesis over a dielectric insulator

Graphene ranks highly as a possible material for future high-speed and flexible electronics. Current fabrication routes, which rely on metal substrates, require post-synthesis transfer of the graphene onto a Si wafer, or in the case of epitaxial growth on SiC, temperatures above 1000 degrees C are required. Both the handling difficulty and high temperatures are not best suited to present day silicon technology. We report a facile chemical vapor deposition approach in which nanographene and few-layer nanographene are directly formed over magnesium oxide and can be achieved at temperatures as low as 325 degrees C.

Stacking-dependent optical conductivity of bilayer graphene

The optical conductivities of graphene layers are strongly dependent on their stacking orders. Our first-principle calculations show that, while the optical conductivities of single-layer graphene (SLG) and bilayer graphene (BLG) with Bernal stacking are almost frequency-independent in the visible region, the optical conductivity of twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) is frequency-dependent, giving rise to additional absorption features due to the band folding effect. Experimentally, we obtain from contrast spectra the optical conductivity profiles of BLG with different stacking geometries. Some TBG samples show additional features in their conductivity spectra, in full agreement with our calculation results, while a few samples give universal conductivity values similar to that of SLG. We propose that those variations of optical conductivity spectra of TBG samples originate from the difference between the commensurate and incommensurate stackings. Our results reveal that the optical conductivity measurements of graphene layers indeed provide an efficient way to select graphene films with desirable electronic and optical properties, which would greatly help the future application of those large-scale misoriented graphene films in photonic devices.

Spatially resolved spontaneous reactivity of diazonium salt on edge and basal plane of graphene without surfactant and its doping effect

The site-dependent and spontaneous functionalization of 4-bromobenzene diazonium tetrafluoroborate (4-BBDT) and its doping effect on a mechanically exfoliated graphene (MEG) were investigated. The spatially resolved Raman spectra obtained from both edge and basal region of MEG revealed that 4-BBDT molecules were noncovalently functionalized on the basal region of MEG, while they were covalently bonded to the edge of MEG. The chemical doping effect induced by noncovalently functionalized 4-BBDT molecules on a basal plane region of MEG was successfully explicated by Raman spectroscopy. The position of Fermi level of MEG and the type of doping charge carrier induced by the noncovalently adsorbed 4-BBDT molecules were determined from systematic G band and 2D band changes. The successful spectroscopic elucidation of the different bonding characters of 4-BBDT depending on the site of graphene is beneficial for the fundamental studies about the charge transfer phenomena of graphene as well as for the potential applications, such as electronic devices, hybridized composite structures, etc.

Thinnest two-dimensional nanomaterial-graphene for solar energy

Graphene is a rapidly rising star in materials science. This two-dimensional material exhibits unique properties, such as low resistance, excellent optical transmittance, and high mechanical and chemical stabilities. These exceptional advantages possess great promise for its potential applications in photovoltaic devices. In this Review, we present the status of graphene research for solar energy with emphasis on solar cells. Firstly, the preparation and properties of graphene are described. Secondly, applications of graphene as transparent conductive electrodes and counter electrodes are presented. Thirdly, graphene-based electron- (or hole) accepting materials for solar energy conversion are evaluated. Fourthly, the promoting effect of graphene on photovoltaic devices and the photocatalytic property of graphene-semiconductor composites are discussed. Finally, the challenges to increase the power conversion efficiency of graphene-based solar cells are explored.

Enhancing the conductivity of transparent graphene films via doping

We report chemical doping (p-type) to reduce the sheet resistance of graphene films for the application of high-performance transparent conducting films. The graphene film synthesized by chemical vapor deposition was transferred to silicon oxide and quartz substrates using poly(methyl methacrylate). AuCl(3) in nitromethane was used to dope the graphene films and the sheet resistance was reduced by up to 77% depending on the doping concentration. The p-type doping behavior was confirmed by characterizing the Raman G-band of the doped graphene film. Atomic force microscope and scanning electron microscope images reveal the deposition of Au particles on the film. The sizes of the Au particles are 10-100 nm. The effect of doping was also investigated by transferring the graphene films onto quartz and poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates. The sheet resistance reached 150 Omega/sq at 87% transmittance, which is comparable to those of indium tin oxide conducting film. The doping effect was manifested only with 1-2 layer graphene but not with multi-layer graphene. This approach advances the numerous applications of graphene films as transparent conducting electrodes.

Low operating bias and matched input-output characteristics in graphene logic inverters

We developed a simple and novel method to fabricate complementary-like logic inverters based on ambipolar graphene field-effect transistors (FETs). We found that the top gate stacks (with both the metal and oxide layers) can be simply prepared with only one-step deposition process and show high capacitive efficiency. By employing such a top gate as the operating terminal, the operating bias can be lowered within 2 V. In addition, the complementary p- and n-type FET pairs can be also simply fulfilled through potential superposition effect from the drain bias. The inverters can be operated, with up to 4-7 voltage gains, in both the first and third quadrants due to the ambipolarity of graphene FETs. For the first time, a match between the input and output voltages is achieved in graphene logic devices, indicating the potential in direct cascading of multiple devices for future nanoelectronic applications.

Graphene transistors

Graphene has changed from being the exclusive domain of condensed-matter physicists to being explored by those in the electron-device community. In particular, graphene-based transistors have developed rapidly and are now considered an option for post-silicon electronics. However, many details about the potential performance of graphene transistors in real applications remain unclear. Here I review the properties of graphene that are relevant to electron devices, discuss the trade-offs among these properties and examine their effects on the performance of graphene transistors in both logic and radiofrequency applications. I conclude that the excellent mobility of graphene may not, as is often assumed, be its most compelling feature from a device perspective. Rather, it may be the possibility of making devices with channels that are extremely thin that will allow graphene field-effect transistors to be scaled to shorter channel lengths and higher speeds without encountering the adverse short-channel effects that restrict the performance of existing devices. Outstanding challenges for graphene transistors include opening a sizeable and well-defined bandgap in graphene, making large-area graphene transistors that operate in the current-saturation regime and fabricating graphene nanoribbons with well-defined widths and clean edges.

Dramatically enhanced photoresponse of reduced graphene oxide with linker-free anchored CdSe nanoparticles

A linker-free connected reduced graphene oxide/CdSe nanoparticle (R-GO/CdSe NP) nanocomposite was produced by directly anchoring CdSe NPs onto R-GO. The morphological and structural characterizations evidence that the single-crystal CdSe NPs with the size of a few tens of nanometers can be efficiently decorated on the R-GO. The photoresponse of this nanocomposite is drastically enhanced compared with that of the pure CdSe NPs, the bare R-GO, and the physically mixed R-GO/CdSe NPs, while the photoluminescence of the CdSe NPs in the composite is much quenched, indicating that the photoinduced carriers generated from the CdSe NPs can be transferred to the R-GO effectively and separately. This ability makes the R-GO/CdSe NP nanocomposite a great promise for wide potential applications in optoelectronics.

Chemically derived graphene oxide: towards large-area thin-film electronics and optoelectronics

Chemically derived graphene oxide (GO) possesses a unique set of properties arising from oxygen functional groups that are introduced during chemical exfoliation of graphite. Large-area thin-film deposition of GO, enabled by its solubility in a variety of solvents, offers a route towards GO-based thin-film electronics and optoelectronics. The electrical and optical properties of GO are strongly dependent on its chemical and atomic structure and are tunable over a wide range via chemical engineering. In this Review, the fundamental structure and properties of GO-based thin films are discussed in relation to their potential applications in electronics and optoelectronics.

Patterned growth of graphene over epitaxial catalyst

Rectangle- and triangle-shaped microscale graphene films are grown on epitaxial Co films deposited on single-crystal MgO substrates with (001) and (111) planes, respectively. A thin film of Co or Ni metal is epitaxially deposited on a MgO substrate by sputtering while heating the substrate. Thermal decomposition of polystyrene over this epitaxial metal film in vacuum gives rectangular or triangular pit structures whose orientation and shape are strongly dependent on the crystallographic orientation of the MgO substrate. Raman mapping measurements indicate preferential formation of few-layer graphene films inside these pits. The rectangular graphene films are transferred onto a SiO(2)/Si substrate while maintaining the original shape and field-effect transistors are fabricated using the transferred films. These findings on the formation of rectangular/triangular graphene give new insights on the formation mechanism of graphene and can be applied for more advanced/controlled graphene growth.

Carbon nanostructure-based field-effect transistors for label-free chemical/biological sensors

Over the past decade, electrical detection of chemical and biological species using novel nanostructure-based devices has attracted significant attention for chemical, genomics, biomedical diagnostics, and drug discovery applications. The use of nanostructured devices in chemical/biological sensors in place of conventional sensing technologies has advantages of high sensitivity, low decreased energy consumption and potentially highly miniaturized integration. Owing to their particular structure, excellent electrical properties and high chemical stability, carbon nanotube and graphene based electrical devices have been widely developed for high performance label-free chemical/biological sensors. Here, we review the latest developments of carbon nanostructure-based transistor sensors in ultrasensitive detection of chemical/biological entities, such as poisonous gases, nucleic acids, proteins and cells.

Auger electron spectroscopy: a rational method for determining thickness of graphene films

We report the determination of the thickness of graphene layers by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). We measure AES spectra of graphenes with different numbers of layers. The AES spectroscopy shows distinct spectrum shape, intensity, and energy characteristics with an increasing number of graphene layers. We also calculate electron inelastic mean free paths for graphene layers directly from these measurements. The method allows unambiguous and high-throughput determination of thickness up to six graphene layers and detection of defect and dopant in graphene films on almost any substrate. The availability of this reliable method will permit direct probing of graphene growth mechanisms and exploration of novel properties of graphenes with different thicknesses on diverse substrates.

Work function engineering of graphene electrode via chemical doping

In this work, we demonstrate that graphene films synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method can be used as thin transparent electrodes with tunable work function. By immersing the CVD-grown graphene films into AuCl(3) solution, Au particles were formed on the surface of graphene films by spontaneous reduction of metal ions. The surface potential of graphene films can be adjusted (by up to approximately 0.5 eV) by controlling the immersion time. Photovoltaic devices based on n-type silicon interfacing with graphene films were fabricated to demonstrate the benefit of an electrode with tunable work function. The maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) achieved was approximately 0.08%, which is more than 40 times larger than the devices without chemical doping.

Tearing graphene sheets from adhesive substrates produces tapered nanoribbons

Graphene is a truly two-dimensional atomic crystal with exceptional electronic and mechanical properties. Whereas conventional bulk and thin-film materials have been studied extensively, the key mechanical properties of graphene, such as tearing and cracking, remain unknown, partly due to its two-dimensional nature and ultimate single-atom-layer thickness, which result in the breakdown of conventional material models. By combining first-principles ReaxFF molecular dynamics and experimental studies, a bottom-up investigation of the tearing of graphene sheets from adhesive substrates is reported, including the discovery of the formation of tapered graphene nanoribbons. Through a careful analysis of the underlying molecular rupture mechanisms, it is shown that the resulting nanoribbon geometry is controlled by both the graphene-substrate adhesion energy and by the number of torn graphene layers. By considering graphene as a model material for a broader class of two-dimensional atomic crystals, these results provide fundamental insights into the tearing and cracking mechanisms of highly confined nanomaterials.

Selective chemical modification of graphene surfaces: distinction between single- and bilayer graphene

Graphene modifications with oxygen or hydrogen are well known in contrast to carbon attachment to the graphene lattice. The chemical modification of graphene sheets with aromatic diazonium ions (carbon attachment) is analyzed by confocal Raman spectroscopy. The temporal and spatial evolution of surface-adsorbed species allows accurate tracking of the chemical reaction and identification of intermediates. The controlled transformation of sp(2) to sp(3) carbon proceeds in two separate steps. The presented derivatization is faster for single-layer graphene and allows controlled transformation of adsorbed diazonium reagents into covalently bound surface derivatives with enhanced reactivity at the edge of single-layer graphene. On bilayer graphene the derivatization proceeds to an adsorbed intermediate, which reacts slower to a covalently attached species on the carbon surface.

Conductance anisotropy in epitaxial graphene sheets generated by substrate interactions

We present the first microscopic transport study of epitaxial graphene on SiC using an ultrahigh vacuum four-probe scanning tunneling microscope. Anisotropic conductivity is observed that is caused by the interaction between the graphene and the underlying substrate. These results can be explained by a model where charge buildup at the step edges leads to local scattering of charge carriers. This highlights the importance of considering substrate effects in proposed devices that utilize nanoscale patterning of graphene on electrically isolated substrates.

Direct chemical vapor deposition of graphene on dielectric surfaces

Direct deposition of graphene on various dielectric substrates is demonstrated using a single-step chemical vapor deposition process. Single-layer graphene is formed through surface catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbon precursors on thin copper films predeposited on dielectric substrates. The copper films dewet and evaporate during or immediately after graphene growth, resulting in graphene deposition directly on the bare dielectric substrates. Scanning Raman mapping and spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy confirm the presence of continuous graphene layers on tens of micrometer square metal-free areas. The revealed growth mechanism opens new opportunities for deposition of higher quality graphene films on dielectric materials.

Wedging transfer of nanostructures

We report a versatile water-based method for transferring nanostructures onto surfaces of various shapes and compositions. The transfer occurs through the intercalation of a layer of water between a hydrophilic substrate and a hydrophobic nanostructure (for example, graphene flakes, carbon nanotubes, metallic nanostructures, quantum dots, etc.) locked within a hydrophobic polymer thin film. As a result, the film entrapping the nanostructure is lifted off and floats at the air-water interface. The nanostructure can subsequently be deposited onto a target substrate by the removal of the water and the dissolution of the polymeric film. We show examples where graphene flakes and patterned metallic nanostructures are precisely transferred onto a specific location on a variety of patterned substrates, even on top of curved objects such as microspheres. The method is simple to use, fast, and does not require advanced equipment.

Thermal transport in suspended and supported monolayer graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition

Graphene monolayer has been grown by chemical vapor deposition on copper and then suspended over a hole. By measuring the laser heating and monitoring the Raman G peak, we obtain room-temperature thermal conductivity and interface conductance of (370 + 650/-320) W/m K and (28 + 16/-9.2) MW/m(2) K for the supported graphene. The thermal conductivity of the suspended graphene exceeds (2500 + 1100/-1050) W/m K near 350 K and becomes (1400 + 500/-480) W/m K at about 500 K.

Contrasting behavior of carbon nucleation in the initial stages of graphene epitaxial growth on stepped metal surfaces

Using first-principles calculations within density functional theory, we study the energetics and kinetics of C nucleation in the early stages of epitaxial graphene growth on three representative stepped metal surfaces: Ir(111), Ru(0001), and Cu(111). We find that on the flat surfaces of Ir(111) and Ru(0001), two C atoms repel each other, while they prefer to form a dimer on Cu(111). Moreover, the step edges on Ir and Ru surfaces cannot serve as effective trapping centers for single C adatoms, but can readily facilitate the formation of C dimers. These contrasting behaviors are attributed to the delicate competition between C-C bonding and C-metal bonding, and a simple generic principle is proposed to predict the nucleation sites of C adatoms on many other metal substrates with the C-metal bond strengths as the minimal inputs.

Atomic-scale observation of rotational misorientation in suspended few-layer graphene sheets

Single or few-layer graphene (FLG) sheets offer extraordinary electronic, thermal and mechanical properties and are expected to find a variety of applications. Fully exploiting the properties of graphene will require a method for the production of high-quality graphene sheets (almost pristine graphene) in large quantities. In this regard, we report a two-step method for obtaining a homogenous colloidal suspension of single or FLG sheets up to 0.15 mg ml(-1) in N,N-dimethylformamide solution. The graphene nanostructures are directly imaged using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) operated at 200 kV with a point resolution of 0.16 nm. We observed rotational misorientation within the flake in the HRTEM images of 2, 4 and 6 layers of graphene sheets, giving rise to Moiré patterns. By filtering in the frequency domain using a Fourier transform, we reconstruct the graphene lattice of each sheet and determine the relative rotation between consecutive graphene layers up, to six separate sheets. Direct evidence is obtained for FLG sheets with packing that is different to the standard AB Bernal packing of bulk graphite. Furthermore, we observed periodic ripples in suspended graphene sheets in our TEM measurements. Electrostatic force microscopy was used to characterize the electric potential distribution on the surface of FLG sheets on SiO2/Si substrates in ambient conditions. The FLG sheets were found to exhibit a conducting nature with small potential variations on the surface.

Atomic layers of hybridized boron nitride and graphene domains

Two-dimensional materials, such as graphene and monolayer hexagonal BN (h-BN), are attractive for demonstrating fundamental physics in materials and potential applications in next-generation electronics. Atomic sheets containing hybridized bonds involving elements B, N and C over wide compositional ranges could result in new materials with properties complementary to those of graphene and h-BN, enabling a rich variety of electronic structures, properties and applications. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of large-area atomic layers of h-BNC material, consisting of hybridized, randomly distributed domains of h-BN and C phases with compositions ranging from pure BN to pure graphene. Our studies reveal that their structural features and bandgap are distinct from those of graphene, doped graphene and h-BN. This new form of hybrid h-BNC material enables the development of bandgap-engineered applications in electronics and optics and properties that are distinct from those of graphene and h-BN.

Large-scale patterned multi-layer graphene films as transparent conducting electrodes for GaN light-emitting diodes

This work demonstrates a large-scale batch fabrication of GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with patterned multi-layer graphene (MLG) as transparent conducting electrodes. MLG films were synthesized using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique on nickel films and showed typical CVD-synthesized MLG film properties, possessing a sheet resistance of [Formula: see text] with a transparency of more than 85% in the 400-800 nm wavelength range. The MLG was applied as the transparent conducting electrodes of GaN-based blue LEDs, and the light output performance was compared to that of conventional GaN LEDs with indium tin oxide electrodes. Our results present a potential development toward future practical application of graphene electrodes in optoelectronic devices.

High yield fabrication of chemically reduced graphene oxide field effect transistors by dielectrophoresis

We demonstrate high yield fabrication of field effect transistors (FET) using chemically reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets. The RGO sheets suspended in water were assembled between prefabricated gold source and drain electrodes using ac dielectrophoresis. With the application of a backgate voltage, 60% of the devices showed p-type FET behavior, while the remaining 40% showed ambipolar behavior. After mild thermal annealing at 200 degrees C, all ambipolar RGO FET remained ambipolar with increased hole and electron mobility, while 60% of the p-type RGO devices were transformed to ambipolar. The maximum hole and electron mobilities of the devices were 4.0 and 1.5 cm(2) V( - 1) s( - 1) respectively. High yield assembly of chemically derived RGO FET will have significant impact in scaled up fabrication of graphene based nanoelectronic devices.

Ultrafast transient absorption microscopy studies of carrier dynamics in epitaxial graphene

Transient absorption microscopy was employed to image charge carrier dynamics in epitaxial multilayer graphene. The carrier cooling exhibited a biexponential decay that showed a significant dependence on carrier density. The fast and slow relaxation times were assigned to coupling between electrons and optical phonon modes and the hot phonon effect, respectively. The limiting value of the slow relaxation time at high pump intensity reflects the lifetime of the optical phonons. Significant spatial heterogeneity in the dynamics was observed due to differences in coupling between graphene layers and the substrate.

Graphene on a hydrophobic substrate: doping reduction and hysteresis suppression under ambient conditions

The intrinsic doping level of graphene prepared by mechanical exfoliation and standard lithography procedures on thermally oxidized silicon varies significantly and seems to depend strongly on processing details and the substrate morphology. Moreover, transport properties of such graphene devices suffer from hysteretic behavior under ambient conditions. The hysteresis presumably originates from dipolar adsorbates on the substrate or graphene surface. Here, we demonstrate that it is possible to reliably obtain low intrinsic doping levels and to strongly suppress hysteretic behavior even in ambient air by depositing graphene on top of a thin, hydrophobic self-assembled layer of hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS). The HMDS serves as a reproducible template that prevents the adsorption of dipolar substances. It may also screen the influence of substrate deficiencies.

Graphene in a photonic metamaterial

We demonstrate a photonic metamaterial that shows extraordinary sensitivity to the presence of a single atomic layer of graphene on its surface. Metamaterial's optical transmission increases multi-fold at the resonance frequency linked to the Fano-type plasmonic mode supported by the periodic metallic nanostructure. The experiments were performed with chemical vapor deposited (CVD) graphene covering a number of size-scaled metamaterial samples with plasmonic modes at different frequencies ranging from 167 to 187 Thz.

Photodegradation of rhodamine B and methyl orange over boron-doped g-C3N4 under visible light irradiation

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C(3)N(4)) and boron-doped g-C(3)N(4) were prepared by heating melamine and the mixture of melamine and boron oxide, respectively. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV-vis spectra were used to describe the properties of as-prepared samples. The electron paramagnetic resonance was used to detect the active species for the photodegradation reaction over g-C(3)N(4). The photodegradation mechanisms for two typical dyes, rhodamine B (Rh B) and methyl orange (MO), are proposed based on our comparison experiments. In the g-C(3)N(4) photocatalysis system, the photodegradation of Rh B and MO is attributed to the direct hole oxidation and overall reaction, respectively; however, for the MO photodegradation the reduction process initiated by photogenerated electrons is a major photocatalytic process compared with the oxidation process induced by photogenerated holes. Boron doping for g-C(3)N(4) can promote photodegradation of Rh B because the boron doping improves the dye adsorption and light absorption of catalyst.

Surface-energy engineering of graphene

Contact angle goniometry is conducted for epitaxial graphene on SiC. Although only a single layer of epitaxial graphene exists on SiC, the contact angle drastically changes from 69 degrees on SiC substrates to 92 degrees on graphene. It is found that there is no thickness dependence of the contact angle from the measurements of single-, bi-, and multilayer graphene and highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). After graphene is treated with oxygen plasma, the level of damage is investigated by Raman spectroscopy and the correlation between the level of disorder and wettability is reported. By using a low-power oxygen plasma treatment, the wettability of graphene is improved without additional damage, which can solve the adhesion issues involved in the fabrication of graphene devices.