401
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USP4 inhibits p53 through deubiquitinating and stabilizing ARF-BP1. EMBO J 2011; 30:2177-89. [PMID: 21522127 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour suppressor p53 levels in the cell are tightly regulated by controlled degradation through ubiquitin ligases including Mdm2, COP1, Pirh2, and ARF-BP1. The ubiquitination process is reversible via deubiquitinating enzymes, such as ubiquitin-specific peptidases (USPs). In this study, we identified ubiquitin-specific peptidase 4 (USP4) as an important regulator of p53. USP4 interacts directly with and deubiquitinates ARF-BP1, leading to the stabilization of ARF-BP1 and subsequent reduction of p53 levels. Usp4 knockout mice are viable and developmentally normal, but showed enhanced apoptosis in thymus and spleen in response to ionizing radiation. Compared with wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), Usp4-/- MEFs exhibited retarded growth, premature cellular senescence, resistance to oncogenic transformation, and hyperactive DNA damage checkpoints, consistent with upregulated levels and activity of p53 in the absence of USP4. Finally, we showed that USP4 is overexpressed in several types of human cancer, suggesting that USP4 is a potential oncogene.
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402
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Giordano FA, Sorg UR, Appelt JU, Lachmann N, Bleier S, Roeder I, Kleff V, Flasshove M, Zeller WJ, Allgayer H, von Kalle C, Fruehauf S, Moritz T, Laufs S. Clonal inventory screens uncover monoclonality following serial transplantation of MGMT P140K-transduced stem cells and dose-intense chemotherapy. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:697-710. [PMID: 21319998 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer of mutant O(6)-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT(P140K)) into hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) protects hematopoiesis from alkylating agents and allows efficient in vivo selection of transduced HSCs. However, insertional mutagenesis, high regenerative stress associated with selection, and the genotoxic potential of alkylating drugs represent considerable risk factors for clinical applications of this approach. Therefore, we investigated the long-term effect of MGMT(P140K) gene transfer followed by repetitive, dose-intensive treatment with alkylating agents in a murine serial bone marrow transplant model and assessed clonality of hematopoiesis up to tertiary recipients. The substantial selection pressure resulted in almost completely transduced hematopoiesis in all cohorts. Ligation-mediated PCR and next-generation sequencing identified several repopulating clones carrying vector insertions in distinct genomic regions that were ∼ 9 kb of size (common integration sites). Beside polyclonal reconstitution in the majority of the mice, we also detected monoclonal or oligoclonal repopulation patterns with HSC clones showing vector insertions in the Usp10 or Tubb3 gene. Interestingly, neither Usp10, Tubb3, nor any of the genes located in common integration sites have been linked to clonal expansion in previous preclinical or clinical gene therapy trials. However, a considerable number of these genes are involved in DNA damage response and cell fate decision pathways following cytostatic drug application. Thus, in summary, our study advocates ligation-mediated PCR and next generation sequencing as an effective and reliable method to identify gene products associated with clonal survival in specific experimental settings such as chemoselection using alkylating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Giordano
- Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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403
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Frappier L, Verrijzer CP. Gene expression control by protein deubiquitinases. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2011; 21:207-13. [PMID: 21411309 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitylation is involved in the regulation of virtually all aspects of eukaryotic cell biology, including gene expression. The central function of E3 ubiquitin ligases in target selection is well established. More recently, it has become appreciated that deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) are crucial components of ubiquitin-regulated cellular switches. Here, we discuss advances in our understanding of how DUBs regulate chromatin dynamics and gene expression. DUBs are integral components of the transcription machinery, involved in both gene activation and repression. They modulate the ubiquitylation status of histones H2A and H2B, which play pivotal roles in a cascade of molecular events that determine chromatin status. A DUB module in the SAGA coactivator complex is required for gene activation, whereas other DUBs are part of the Polycomb gene-silencing machinery. DUBs also control the level or subcellular compartmentalization of selective transcription factors, including the tumour suppressor p53. Typically, DUB specificity and activity are defined by its partner proteins, enabling remarkably versatile and sophisticated regulation. Recent findings not only underscore the pervasive and pivotal role of DUBs in gene expression control, but also raise paradoxical questions concerning the molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Frappier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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404
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Dai C, Gu W. p53 post-translational modification: deregulated in tumorigenesis. Trends Mol Med 2011; 16:528-36. [PMID: 20932800 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor protein has well-established roles in monitoring various types of stress signals by activating specific transcriptional targets that control cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, although some activities are also mediated in a transcription-independent manner. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of the wide spectrum of post-translational modifications that act as epigenetic-like codes for modulating specific functions of p53 in vivo and how deregulation of these modifications might contribute to tumorigenesis. We also discuss future research priorities to further understand p53 post-translational modifications and the interpretation of genetic data in appreciation of the increasing evidence that p53 regulates cellular metabolism, autophagy and many unconventional tumor suppressor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Dai
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
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405
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Szypowska AA, de Ruiter H, Meijer LAT, Smits LMM, Burgering BMT. Oxidative stress-dependent regulation of Forkhead box O4 activity by nemo-like kinase. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:563-78. [PMID: 20874444 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors are involved in various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, stress resistance, metabolism, and longevity. Regulation of FOXO transcriptional activity occurs mainly through a variety of post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination. Here we describe nemo-like kinase (NLK) as a novel regulator of FOXOs. NLK binds to and phosphorylates FOXO1, FOXO3a, and FOXO4 on multiple residues. NLK acts as a negative regulator of FOXO transcriptional activity. For FOXO4 we show that NLK-mediated loss of FOXO4 activity co-occurs with inhibition of FOXO4 monoubiquitination. Previously, we have shown that oxidative stress-induced monoubiquitination of FOXO4 stimulates its transactivation, which leads to activation of an antioxidant defensive program. Conversely, NLK-dependent inhibition of FOXO4 activity can provide a means to downregulate this defensive program, when oxidative stress reaches a level beyond which repair is no longer feasible and cells need to undergo apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Szypowska
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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406
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Emami S. Interplay between p53-family, their regulators, and PARPs in DNA repair. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2011; 35:98-104. [PMID: 21177056 DOI: 10.1016/j.gcb.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities of the p53 tumor suppressor gene are among the most frequent molecular events in human neoplasia. p53 is consequently one of the most studied proteins, and is the subject of over 55,500 scientific papers. In this review, attention is focused on the functions of p53 in DNA repair. We highlight the recent progress in the analysis of protein signals to p53, including PARPs, and ubiquitination cascade proteins MDM2, CRM1, USP10 and 14-3-3σ.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Emami
- Inserm UMR S938, centre de recherche Saint-Antoine, université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie (université Paris-6), 184, rue du faubourg-Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France.
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407
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Liu J, Chung HJ, Vogt M, Jin Y, Malide D, He L, Dundr M, Levens D. JTV1 co-activates FBP to induce USP29 transcription and stabilize p53 in response to oxidative stress. EMBO J 2011; 30:846-58. [PMID: 21285945 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
c-myc and p53 networks control proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis and are responsive to, and cross-regulate a variety of stresses and metabolic and biosynthetic processes. At c-myc, the far upstream element binding protein (FBP) and FBP-interacting repressor (FIR) program transcription by looping to RNA polymerase II complexes engaged at the promoter. Another FBP partner, JTV1/AIMP2, a structural subunit of a multi-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (ARS) complex, has also been reported to stabilize p53 via an apparently independent mechanism. Here, we show that in response to oxidative stress, JTV1 dissociates from the ARS complex, translocates to the nucleus, associates with FBP and co-activates the transcription of a new FBP target, ubiquitin-specific peptidase 29 (USP29). A previously uncharacterized deubiquitinating enzyme, USP29 binds to, cleaves poly-ubiquitin chains from, and stabilizes p53. The accumulated p53 quickly induces apoptosis. Thus, FBP and JTV1 help to coordinate the molecular and cellular response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhong Liu
- Gene Regulation Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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408
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Luise C, Capra M, Donzelli M, Mazzarol G, Jodice MG, Nuciforo P, Viale G, Di Fiore PP, Confalonieri S. An atlas of altered expression of deubiquitinating enzymes in human cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15891. [PMID: 21283576 PMCID: PMC3026797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) are proteases that process ubiquitin (Ub) or ubiquitin-like gene products, remodel polyubiquitin(-like) chains on target proteins, and counteract protein ubiquitination exerted by E3 ubiquitin-ligases. A wealth of studies has established the relevance of DUBs to the control of physiological processes whose subversion is known to cause cellular transformation, including cell cycle progression, DNA repair, endocytosis and signal transduction. Altered expression of DUBs might, therefore, subvert both the proteolytic and signaling functions of the Ub system. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we report the first comprehensive screening of DUB dysregulation in human cancers by in situ hybridization on tissue microarrays (ISH-TMA). ISH-TMA has proven to be a reliable methodology to conduct this kind of study, particularly because it allows the precise identification of the cellular origin of the signals. Thus, signals associated with the tumor component can be distinguished from those associated with the tumor microenvironment. Specimens derived from various normal and malignant tumor tissues were analyzed, and the “normal” samples were derived, whenever possible, from the same patients from whom tumors were obtained. Of the ∼90 DUBs encoded by the human genome, 33 were found to be expressed in at least one of the analyzed tissues, of which 22 were altered in cancers. Selected DUBs were subjected to further validation, by analyzing their expression in large cohorts of tumor samples. This analysis unveiled significant correlations between DUB expression and relevant clinical and pathological parameters, which were in some cases indicative of aggressive disease. Conclusions/Significance The results presented here demonstrate that DUB dysregulation is a frequent event in cancer, and have implications for therapeutic approaches based on DUB inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Luise
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Capra
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Nuciforo
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Viale
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (PPDF); (SC)
| | - Stefano Confalonieri
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (PPDF); (SC)
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409
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Draker R, Sarcinella E, Cheung P. USP10 deubiquitylates the histone variant H2A.Z and both are required for androgen receptor-mediated gene activation. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:3529-42. [PMID: 21245042 PMCID: PMC3089478 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
H2A.Z, a variant of H2A, is found at the promoters of inducible genes in both yeast and higher eukaryotes. However, its role in transcriptional regulation is complex since it has been reported to function both as a repressor and activator. We have previously found that mono-ubiquitylation of H2A.Z is linked to transcriptional silencing. Here, we provide new evidence linking H2A.Z deubiquitylation to transcription activation. We found that H2A.Z and ubiquitin-specific protease 10 (USP10) are each required for transcriptional activation of the androgen receptor (AR)-regulated PSA and KLK3 genes. USP10 directly deubiquitylates H2A.Z in vitro and in vivo, and reducing USP10 expression in prostate cancer cells results in elevated steady-state levels of mono-ubiquitylated H2A.Z (H2A.Zub1). Moreover, knockdown of USP10 ablates hormone-induced deubiquitylation of chromatin proteins at the AR-regulated genes. Finally, by sequential ChIP assays, we found that H2A.Zub1 is enriched at the PSA and KLK3 regulatory regions, and loss of H2A.Zub1 is associated with transcriptional activation of these genes. Together, these data provide novel insights into how H2A.Z ubiquitylation/deubiquitylation and USP10 function in AR-regulated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Draker
- Ontario Cancer Institute, 610 University Avenue, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2M9
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410
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Ramakrishna S, Suresh B, Baek KH. The role of deubiquitinating enzymes in apoptosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:15-26. [PMID: 20730552 PMCID: PMC11115095 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It has become apparent that ubiquitination plays a critical role in cell survival and cell death. In addition, deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) have been determined to be highly important regulators of these processes. Cells can be subjected to various stresses and respond in a variety of different ways ranging from activation of survival pathways to the promotion of cell death, which eventually eliminates damaged cells. The regulatory mechanisms of apoptosis depend on the balanced action between ubiquitination and deubiquitination systems. There is a growing recognition that DUBs play essential roles in regulating several binding partners to modulate the process of apoptosis. Thus, the interplay between the timing of DUB activity and the specificity of ubiquitin attachment and removal from its substrates during apoptosis is important to ensure cellular homeostasis. This review discusses the role of a few ubiquitin-specific DUBs that are involved in either promoting or suppressing the process of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Ramakrishna
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA General Hospital, CHA University, 606-16 Yeoksam 1-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 135-081 Republic of Korea
| | - Bharathi Suresh
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA General Hospital, CHA University, 606-16 Yeoksam 1-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 135-081 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA General Hospital, CHA University, 606-16 Yeoksam 1-Dong, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul, 135-081 Republic of Korea
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411
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Yang WL, Zhang X, Lin HK. Emerging role of Lys-63 ubiquitination in protein kinase and phosphatase activation and cancer development. Oncogene 2010; 29:4493-503. [PMID: 20531303 PMCID: PMC3008764 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is an important post-translational modification that has a pivotal role in numerous biological functions, such as cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, DNA damage response, innate immune response and neuron degeneration. Although ubiquitination is thought to achieve these functions by targeting proteins for proteasome-dependent degradation, recent studies suggest that ubiquitination also has nonproteolytic functions, such as protein trafficking, kinase and phosphatase activation, which are involved in cell survival and cancer development. These progresses have advanced our current understanding of the novel functions of ubiquitination in signal transduction pathways and may provide novel paradigms for the treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lei Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hui-Kuan Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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412
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Regulation of the p53 pathway by ubiquitin and related proteins. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:1618-21. [PMID: 20601087 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The p53 tumour suppressor protein is subject to many levels of control, including modification with ubiquitin and related proteins such as SUMO and NEDD8. These modifications regulate p53 at a number of levels, including control of protein turnover, alterations in sub-cellular localization and changes in the ability to regulate gene expression. Numerous E3 ligases that can mediate these modifications of p53 have been described, some of which promote conjugation with more than one ubiquitin-like protein. Understanding the complexity of this mechanism of p53 regulation will help in the development of therapeutic drugs that function to modulate these events.
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413
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USP32 is an active, membrane-bound ubiquitin protease overexpressed in breast cancers. Mamm Genome 2010; 21:388-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-010-9268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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414
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Sgorbissa A, Potu H, Brancolini C. Isopeptidases in anticancer therapy: looking for inhibitors. Am J Transl Res 2010; 2:235-247. [PMID: 20589164 PMCID: PMC2892408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Addition of polypeptides belonging to the ubiquitin family to selected lysines residues is a widespread post-translation modification (PTM) that controls many fundamental aspects of cell's life. Specific alterations in the normal turnover of this PTM are frequently observed in tumors. The conjugation/deconjugation cycle of ubiquitin (Ub) or ubiquitin-like (Ubl) proteins influences the activities of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Two families of enzymes work in antagonizing manner to add or remove Ub and Ubl-proteins on target proteins: the E3 ligases and the isopeptidases. These enzymes are the subjects of fervent research with the ambition to comprehend their regulation, their mechanisms of action, their involvement in human diseases, and to develop specific inhibitors for therapeutic intervention. Here we will discuss of isopeptidases, the deconjugating enzymes, with particular emphasis on the proapoptotic activities of the relative inhibitors identified so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sgorbissa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies (DSTB), University of Udine P.le Kolbe 4 3100 Udine, Italy
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415
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Collavin L, Lunardi A, Del Sal G. p53-family proteins and their regulators: hubs and spokes in tumor suppression. Cell Death Differ 2010; 17:901-11. [PMID: 20379196 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is a central hub in a molecular network controlling cell proliferation and death in response to potentially oncogenic conditions, and a wide array of covalent modifications and protein interactions modulate the nuclear and cytoplasmic activities of p53. The p53 relatives, p73 and p63, are entangled in the same regulatory network, being subject at least in part to the same modifications and interactions that convey signals on p53, and actively contributing to the resulting cellular output. The emerging picture is that of an interconnected pathway, in which all p53-family proteins are involved in the response to oncogenic stress and physiological inputs. Therefore, common and specific interactors of p53-family proteins can have a wide effect on function and dysfunction of this pathway. Many years of research have uncovered an impressive number of p53-interacting proteins, but much less is known about protein interactions of p63 and p73. Yet, many interactors may be shared by multiple p53-family proteins, with similar or different effects. In this study we review shared interactors of p53-family proteins with the aim to encourage research into this field; this knowledge promises to unveil regulatory elements that could be targeted by a new generation of molecules, and allow more efficient use of currently available drugs for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Collavin
- Laboratorio Nazionale CIB, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
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416
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Jung JH, Lee SM, Bae S, Lee SJ, Park IC, Jin YW, Lee JH, An S. Triad 1 induces apoptosis by p53 activation. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:1565-70. [PMID: 20226183 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Triad 1 (2 RING [really interesting new gene] fingers and DRIL [double RING finger linked] 1) is an E3 ligase that induces apoptosis and clonogenic inhibition in myeloid cells through Gfi-1 stabilization. Here we demonstrate that Triad 1 induces apoptosis in several cancer cell lines including MCF7, A549, U2OS, and HCT 116 p53(+/+) cells via its RING ligase activity. Interestingly, in these cancer cells, Triad 1-induced apoptosis is not mediated by Gfi-1 stabilization but is instead p53-dependent. Moreover, Triad 1 promotes transactivation of p53. These results suggest that Triad 1 can induce apoptosis through its ligase activity via p53 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyuk Jung
- Functional Genome Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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417
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Abstract
The role of the NF-κB signaling pathway in liver cancer is complex. While some evidence suggests that in the liver, like in many other organ systems, NF-κB is oncogenic, there is strong evidence showing that in certain liver cancer models NF-κB suppresses tumorigenesis. These contrasting findings cannot be dismissed on technicalities and are likely due to the complex nature of the NF-κB response. Similar contrasting findings regarding NF-κB activity are revealed in skin cancer models. Thus, it is possible that the contradictory role of NF-κB in tumorigenesis is a general phenomenon and not an oddity related solely to the liver. Further studies are indicated to decipher the underlying molecular mechanisms. Revealing these mechanisms may facilitate the identification of patient subgroups and specific situations in which NF-κB inhibition will be a preferred therapeutic option. Moreover, it is possible that specific interventions could boost the tumor suppressor functions of NF-κB in tumors that harbor mutations that render this pathway constitutively active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomi Finkin
- Department of Immunology and Cancer Research and Department of Pathology, IMRIC, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Ein Kerem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
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