401
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence that in addition to having major roles in morphogenesis, in some tissues Eph receptor and ephrin signaling regulates the differentiation of cells. In one mode of deployment, cell contact dependent Eph-ephrin activation induces a distinct fate of cells at the interface of their expression domains, for example in early ascidian embryos and in the vertebrate hindbrain. In another mode, overlapping Eph receptor and ephrin expression underlies activation within a cell population, which promotes or inhibits cell differentiation in bone remodelling, neural progenitors and keratinocytes. Eph-ephrin activation also contributes to formation of the appropriate number of progenitor cells by increasing or decreasing cell proliferation. These multiple roles of Eph receptor and ephrin signaling may enable a coupling between morphogenesis and the differentiation and proliferation of cells.
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Key Words
- Eph receptor
- Eph receptor, Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma cell receptor
- FGF, Fibroblast growth factor
- IGF-1, Insulin-like growth factor-1
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- MAPK, Mitogen activated protein kinase
- NFAT, Nuclear factor of activated T-cells
- RGS3, Regulator of G-protein signaling 3
- STAT3, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TAZ, Tafazzin
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TEC, Thymic epithelial cell
- TGF, Transforming growth factor
- ZHX2, Zinc fingers and homeoboxes 2
- ascidian development
- bone
- cell proliferation
- differentiation
- ephrin
- ephrin, Eph receptor interacting protein
- hindbrain
- keratinocytes
- neural progenitors
- p120GAP, GTPase activating protein
- thymocytes
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Wilkinson
- a Division of Developmental Neurobiology; MRC National Institute for Medical Research ; London , UK
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402
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Sumiya E, Negishi-Koga T, Nagai Y, Suematsu A, Suda T, Shinohara M, Sato K, Sanjo H, Akira S, Takayanagi H. Phosphoproteomic analysis of kinase-deficient mice reveals multiple TAK1 targets in osteoclast differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:1284-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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403
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Shiwaku Y, Neff L, Nagano K, Takeyama KI, de Bruijn J, Dard M, Gori F, Baron R. The Crosstalk between Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts Is Dependent upon the Composition and Structure of Biphasic Calcium Phosphates. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132903. [PMID: 26193362 PMCID: PMC4507990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biphasic calcium phosphates (BCPs), consisting of hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), exhibit good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity, maintaining a balance between resorption of the biomaterial and formation of new bone. We tested whether the chemical composition and/or the microstructure of BCPs affect osteoclasts (OCs) differentiation and/or their ability to crosstalk with osteoblasts (OBs). To this aim, OCs were cultured on BCPs with HA content of 5, 20 or 60% and their differentiation and activity were assessed. We found that OC differentiation is partially impaired by increased HA content, but not by the presence of micropores within BCP scaffolds, as indicated by TRAP staining and gene profile expression. We then investigated whether the biomaterial-induced changes in OC differentiation also affect their ability to crosstalk with OBs and regulate OB function. We found that BCPs with low percentage of HA favored the expression of positive coupling factors, including sphingosine-kinase 1 (SPHK1) and collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (Cthrc1). In turn, the increase of these secreted coupling factors promotes OB differentiation and function. All together our studies suggest that the chemical composition of biomaterials affects not only the differentiation and activity of OCs but also their potential to locally regulate bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Shiwaku
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Lynn Neff
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Kenichi Nagano
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ken-Ichi Takeyama
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Michel Dard
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Francesca Gori
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Roland Baron
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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404
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Hikita A, Iimura T, Oshima Y, Saitou T, Yamamoto S, Imamura T. Analyses of bone modeling and remodeling using in vitro reconstitution system with two-photon microscopy. Bone 2015; 76:5-17. [PMID: 25771421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bone modeling and remodeling are cellular events during which osteoblast lineage cells and osteoclasts interact. During these events, cells undergo drastic changes with time as they become differentiated. Their morphology, topology, and activity are affected by other cells and the extracellular matrices. Since the mechanisms underlying the cellular events of bone metabolism have not been elucidated, there is a need for systems to analyze these cellular networks and their microenvironments spatiotemporally at the cellular level. Here we report a novel in vitro system for reconstituting the bone cell network of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes in the mineralized nodule, allowing for observation of bone modeling and remodeling phenomena by 2-photon microscopy. Using this system, the change in morphology of osteoblasts from cuboidal to flat cells was observed and measured during the formation of mineralized nodules. Furthermore, the recruitment of osteoblasts to resorption pits and their replenishment by newly formed matrices were successfully observed, providing strong evidence for the coupling of bone resorption and bone formation at cellular level. During such remodeling cycle, flat osteoblasts that survived more than 7 weeks were recruited to resorption pits, where they became cuboidal osteoblasts that express osteocalcin. This novel system permitted the elucidation of cellular behavior during bone modeling and remodeling, and can be used to analyze cellular events involved in bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiko Hikita
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Ehime, Japan; Division of Bio-imaging, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan; Department of Cartilage & Bone Regeneration (Fujisoft), Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tadahiro Iimura
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Ehime, Japan; Division of Bio-imaging, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yusuke Oshima
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Ehime, Japan; Division of Bio-imaging, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan; Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takashi Saitou
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Ehime, Japan; Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime, Japan
| | - Shin Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Metabiology, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Ehime, Japan; Division of Bio-imaging, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime, Japan; Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
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405
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Abstract
After it was proposed that the osteoblast lineage controlled the formation of osteoclasts, cell culture methods were developed that established this to be the case. Evidence was obtained that cytokines and hormones that promote osteoclast formation act first on osteoblast lineage cells to promote the production of a membrane-bound regulator of osteoclastogenesis. This proved to be receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL) a member of the tumor necrosis factor ligand family that acts upon its receptor RANK in the hematopoietic lineage, with interaction restricted by a decoy soluble receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG), also a product of the osteoblast lineage. The physiological roles of these factors were established through genetic and pharmacological studies, have led to a new physiology of bone, with complete revision of older ideas over the last 15 years, ultimately leading to the development of new pharmaceutical agents for bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T John Martin
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and The University of Melbourne, 9 Princes St, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia,
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406
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Erben RG. Hypothesis: Coupling between Resorption and Formation in Cancellous bone Remodeling is a Mechanically Controlled Event. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:82. [PMID: 26052311 PMCID: PMC4440405 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coupling is the process that links bone resorption to formation in a temporally and spatially coordinated manner within the remodeling cycle. In order to maintain skeletal integrity, it is of crucial importance that the amount of bone resorbed matches the amount of newly formed bone in each remodeling site. Although a number of different explanatory models have been developed, the mechanisms that couple bone resorption and formation in bone remodeling are still a matter of controversy. Here, I propose a model in which coupling is achieved by biomechanical strain sensed by osteocytes within the newly built bone package. In this model, the resorption cavity created by osteoclasts results in mechanical weakening of the structural element, and, thus, in increased strain under constant loading conditions. Subsequent bone formation is initiated by strain-sensitive osteocytes in the underlying bone matrix. After osteoblastic bone formation has started, the newly built osteocyte-osteoblast network detects strain. Once the mechanical strain within the newly built bone structural unit falls below a certain threshold, bone formation stops. In this biomechanical strain-driven model, osteoblasts do not need to "know" how much bone was previously resorbed in a given site. In addition, this model does not require the transfer of any information from bone-resorbing osteoclasts to bone-forming osteoblasts, because biomechanical strain "guides" osteoblasts through their job of re-filling the resorption cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold G. Erben
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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407
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Tower RJ, Campbell GM, Müller M, Glüer CC, Tiwari S. Utilizing time-lapse micro-CT-correlated bisphosphonate binding kinetics and soft tissue-derived input functions to differentiate site-specific changes in bone metabolism in vivo. Bone 2015; 74:171-81. [PMID: 25613175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The turnover of bone is a tightly regulated process between bone formation and resorption to ensure skeletal homeostasis. This process differs between bone types, with trabecular bone often associated with higher turnover than cortical bone. Analyses of bone by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) reveal changes in structure and mineral content, but are limited in the study of metabolic activity at a single time point, while analyses of serum markers can reveal changes in bone metabolism, but cannot delineate the origin of any aberrant findings. To obtain a site-specific assessment of bone metabolic status, bisphosphonate binding kinetics were utilized. Using a fluorescently-labeled bisphosphonate, we show that early binding kinetics monitored in vivo using fluorescent molecular tomography (FMT) can monitor changes in bone metabolism in response to bone loss, stimulated by ovariectomy (OVX), or bone gain, resulting from treatment with the anabolic bone agent parathyroid hormone (PTH), and is capable of distinguishing different, metabolically distinct skeletal sites. Using time-lapse micro-CT, longitudinal bone turnover was quantified. The spine showed a significantly greater percent resorbing volume and surface in response to OVX, while mice treated with PTH showed significantly greater resorbing volume per bone surface in the spine and significantly greater forming surfaces in the knee. Correlation studies between binding kinetics and micro-CT suggest that forming surfaces, as assessed by time-lapse micro-CT, are preferentially reflected in the rate constant values while forming and resorbing bone volumes primarily affect plateau values. Additionally, we developed a blood pool correction method which now allows for quantitative multi-compartment analyses to be conducted using FMT. These results further expand our understanding of bisphosphonate binding and the use of bisphosphonate binding kinetics as a tool to monitor site-specific changes in bone metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Tower
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - G M Campbell
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - M Müller
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - C C Glüer
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - S Tiwari
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany.
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408
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Marie PJ. Osteoblast dysfunctions in bone diseases: from cellular and molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1347-61. [PMID: 25487608 PMCID: PMC11113967 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1801-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Several metabolic, genetic and oncogenic bone diseases are characterized by defective or excessive bone formation. These abnormalities are caused by dysfunctions in the commitment, differentiation or survival of cells of the osteoblast lineage. During the recent years, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the osteoblast dysfunctions in osteoporosis, skeletal dysplasias and primary bone tumors. This led to suggest novel therapeutic approaches to correct these abnormalities such as the modulation of WNT signaling, the pharmacological modulation of proteasome-mediated protein degradation, the induction of osteoprogenitor cell differentiation, the repression of cancer cell proliferation and the manipulation of epigenetic mechanisms. This article reviews our current understanding of the major cellular and molecular mechanisms inducing osteoblastic cell abnormalities in age-related bone loss, genetic skeletal dysplasias and primary bone tumors, and discusses emerging therapeutic strategies to counteract the osteoblast abnormalities in these disorders of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre J Marie
- INSERM UMR-1132, Hôpital Lariboisière, 2 rue Ambroise Paré, 75475, Paris Cedex 10, France,
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409
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Jensen PR, Andersen TL, Hauge EM, Bollerslev J, Delaissé JM. A joined role of canopy and reversal cells in bone remodeling--lessons from glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Bone 2015; 73:16-23. [PMID: 25497571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Successful bone remodeling demands that osteoblasts restitute the bone removed by osteoclasts. In human cancellous bone, a pivotal role in this restitution is played by the canopies covering the bone remodeling surfaces, since disruption of canopies in multiple myeloma, postmenopausal- and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis is associated with the absence of progression of the remodeling cycle to bone formation, i.e., uncoupling. An emerging concept explaining this critical role of canopies is that they represent a reservoir of osteoprogenitors to be delivered to reversal surfaces. In postmenopausal osteoporosis, this concept is supported by the coincidence between the absence of canopies and scarcity of cells on reversal surfaces together with abortion of the remodeling cycle. Here we tested whether this concept holds true in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. A histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest biopsies from patients exposed to long-term glucocorticoid treatment revealed a subpopulation of reversal surfaces corresponding to the characteristics of arrest found in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Importantly, these arrested reversal surfaces were devoid of canopy coverage in almost all biopsies, and their prevalence correlated with a deficiency in bone forming surfaces. Taken together with the other recent data, the functional link between canopies, reversal surface activity, and the extent of bone formation surface in postmenopausal- and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, supports a model where bone restitution during remodeling demands recruitment of osteoprogenitors from the canopy onto reversal surfaces. These data suggest that securing the presence of functional local osteoprogenitors deserves attention in the search of strategies to prevent the bone loss that occurs during bone remodeling in pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Rosgaard Jensen
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology (KCB), Vejle Hospital, IRS, University of Southern Denmark, Kabbeltoft 25, 7100 Vejle, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Levin Andersen
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology (KCB), Vejle Hospital, IRS, University of Southern Denmark, Kabbeltoft 25, 7100 Vejle, Denmark
| | - Ellen-Margrethe Hauge
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Building 3, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens Bollerslev
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Medical Clinic B, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-Marie Delaissé
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology (KCB), Vejle Hospital, IRS, University of Southern Denmark, Kabbeltoft 25, 7100 Vejle, Denmark
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410
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Damaraju S, Matyas JR, Rancourt DE, Duncan NA. The role of gap junctions and mechanical loading on mineral formation in a collagen-I scaffold seeded with osteoprogenitor cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:1720-32. [PMID: 25752490 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fracture nonunions represent one of many large bone defects where current treatment strategies fall short in restoring both form and function of the injured tissue. In this case, the use of a tissue-engineered scaffold for promoting bone healing offers an accessible and easy-to-manipulate environment for studying bone formation processes in vitro. We have previously shown that mechanical prestimulation using confined compression of differentiating osteoblasts results in an increase in mineralization formed in a 3D collagen-I scaffold. This study builds on this knowledge by evaluating the short and long-term effects of blocking gap junction-mediated intercellular communication among osteogenic cells on their effectiveness to mineralize collagen-I scaffolds in vitro, and in the presence and absence of mechanical stimulation. In this study, confined compression was applied in conjunction with octanol (a general communication blocker) or 18-α-glycerrhetinic acid (AGA, a specific gap junction blocker) using a modified FlexCell plate to collagen-I scaffolds seeded with murine embryonic stem cells stimulated toward osteoblast differentiation using beta-glycerol phosphate. The activity, presence, and expression of osteoblast cadherin, connexin-43, as well as various pluripotent and osteogenic markers were examined at 5-30 days of differentiation. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, immunofluorescence, viability, histology assessments, and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assessments revealed that inhibiting communication in this scaffold altered the lineage and function of differentiating osteoblasts. In particular, treatment with communication inhibitors caused reduced mineralization in the matrix, and dissociation between connexin-43 and integrin α5β1. This dissociation was not restored even after long-term recovery. Thus, in order for this scaffold to be considered as an alternative strategy for the repair of large bone defects, cell-cell contacts and cell-matrix interactions must remain intact for osteoblast differentiation and function to be preserved. This study shows that within this 3D scaffold, gap junctions are essential in osteoblast response to mechanical loading, and are essential structures in producing a significant amount and organization of mineralization in the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Damaraju
- 1 McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary , Calgary, Canada
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411
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Genêt F, Kulina I, Vaquette C, Torossian F, Millard S, Pettit AR, Sims NA, Anginot A, Guerton B, Winkler IG, Barbier V, Lataillade JJ, Le Bousse-Kerdilès MC, Hutmacher DW, Levesque JP. Neurological heterotopic ossification following spinal cord injury is triggered by macrophage-mediated inflammation in muscle. J Pathol 2015; 236:229-40. [PMID: 25712044 DOI: 10.1002/path.4519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurological heterotopic ossification (NHO) is the abnormal formation of bone in soft tissues as a consequence of spinal cord or traumatic brain injury. NHO causes pain, ankyloses, vascular and nerve compression and delays rehabilitation in this high-morbidity patient group. The pathological mechanisms leading to NHO remain unknown and consequently there are no therapeutic options to prevent or reduce NHO. Genetically modified mouse models of rare genetic forms of heterotopic ossification (HO) exist, but their relevance to NHO is questionable. Consequently, we developed the first model of spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced NHO in genetically unmodified mice. Formation of NHO, measured by micro-computed tomography, required the combination of both SCI and localized muscular inflammation. Our NHO model faithfully reproduced many clinical features of NHO in SCI patients and both human and mouse NHO tissues contained macrophages. Muscle-derived mesenchymal progenitors underwent osteoblast differentiation in vitro in response to serum from NHO mice without additional exogenous osteogenic stimuli. Substance P was identified as a candidate NHO systemic neuropeptide, as it was significantly elevated in the serum of NHO patients. However, antagonism of substance P receptor in our NHO model only modestly reduced the volume of NHO. In contrast, ablation of phagocytic macrophages with clodronate-loaded liposomes reduced the size of NHO by 90%, supporting the conclusion that NHO is highly dependent on inflammation and phagocytic macrophages in soft tissues. Overall, we have developed the first clinically relevant model of NHO and demonstrated that a combined insult of neurological injury and soft tissue inflammation drives NHO pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Genêt
- Blood and Bone Diseases Programme, Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, APHP, CIC-IT 1429, Garches, France.,Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, END:ICAP U1179 INSERM, UFR des Sciences de la Santé-Simone Veil, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Irina Kulina
- Blood and Bone Diseases Programme, Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Cedryck Vaquette
- Institute of Health Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Frédéric Torossian
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 972, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, Paris, France
| | - Susan Millard
- Blood and Bone Diseases Programme, Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Allison R Pettit
- Blood and Bone Diseases Programme, Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Adrienne Anginot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 972, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, Paris, France
| | - Bernadette Guerton
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 972, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, Paris, France
| | - Ingrid G Winkler
- Blood and Bone Diseases Programme, Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Valérie Barbier
- Blood and Bone Diseases Programme, Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Jean-Jacques Lataillade
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 972, Villejuif, France.,Centre de Transfusion Sanguine des Armées, Clamart, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Le Bousse-Kerdilès
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 972, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, Paris, France
| | - Dietmar W Hutmacher
- Blood and Bone Diseases Programme, Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Jean-Pierre Levesque
- Blood and Bone Diseases Programme, Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
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412
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Jerez S, Chen B. Stability analysis of a Komarova type model for the interactions of osteoblast and osteoclast cells during bone remodeling. Math Biosci 2015; 264:29-37. [PMID: 25784536 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to analyze theoretically the dynamics of osteoblast and osteoclast cells in the bone remodeling process we first consider a simplified Komarova model. The existence of periodic solutions, which is consistent with the biophysical phenomenon, has been observed only numerically for the general model. By a stability analysis of the simplified model we provide sufficient conditions to obtain existence and uniqueness of positive periodic solutions. Considering recent biological evidence about the participation of another cells like osteocytes in the regulation of bone remodeling, we incorporate to the simplified model a new term as a way to model the signaling of external agents in the remodeling process. Finally, we demonstrate that this new model has stable positive non-periodic solutions. All the theoretical results are accompanied by computational simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jerez
- Department of Applied Mathematics, CIMAT, Guanajuato, Gto. 36240, Mexico.
| | - B Chen
- University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
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413
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Martin TJ, Sims NA. Calcitonin physiology, saved by a lysophospholipid. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:212-5. [PMID: 25581311 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T John Martin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
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414
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Ségaliny AI, Tellez-Gabriel M, Heymann MF, Heymann D. Receptor tyrosine kinases: Characterisation, mechanism of action and therapeutic interests for bone cancers. J Bone Oncol 2015; 4:1-12. [PMID: 26579483 PMCID: PMC4620971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone cancers are characterised by the development of tumour cells in bone sites, associated with a dysregulation of their environment. In the last two decades, numerous therapeutic strategies have been developed to target the cancer cells or tumour niche. As the crosstalk between these two entities is tightly controlled by the release of polypeptide mediators activating signalling pathways through several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), RTK inhibitors have been designed. These inhibitors have shown exciting clinical impacts, such as imatinib mesylate, which has become a reference treatment for chronic myeloid leukaemia and gastrointestinal tumours. The present review gives an overview of the main molecular and functional characteristics of RTKs, and focuses on the clinical applications that are envisaged and already assessed for the treatment of bone sarcomas and bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude I Ségaliny
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes 44035, France ; Université de Nantes, Nantes atlantique universités, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Nantes, France
| | - Marta Tellez-Gabriel
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes 44035, France ; Université de Nantes, Nantes atlantique universités, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Heymann
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes 44035, France ; Université de Nantes, Nantes atlantique universités, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Nantes, France ; CHU de Nantes, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes 44035, France ; Université de Nantes, Nantes atlantique universités, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Nantes, France ; CHU de Nantes, France
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415
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Sims NA, Martin TJ. Coupling Signals between the Osteoclast and Osteoblast: How are Messages Transmitted between These Temporary Visitors to the Bone Surface? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:41. [PMID: 25852649 PMCID: PMC4371744 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A. Sims
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent’s Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence:
| | - T. John Martin
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent’s Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
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416
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Osteocytes as a record of bone formation dynamics: A mathematical model of osteocyte generation in bone matrix. J Theor Biol 2015; 364:418-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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417
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418
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Canalis E, Zanotti S. Hajdu-Cheney syndrome: a review. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:200. [PMID: 25491639 PMCID: PMC4269900 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hajdu Cheney Syndrome (HCS), Orpha 955, is a rare disease characterized by acroosteolysis, severe osteoporosis, short stature, specific craniofacial features, wormian bones, neurological symptoms, cardiovascular defects and polycystic kidneys. HCS is rare and is inherited as autosomal dominant although many sporadic cases have been reported. HCS is associated with mutations in exon 34 of NOTCH2 upstream the PEST domain that lead to the creation of a truncated and stable NOTCH2 protein with enhanced NOTCH2 signaling activity. Although the number of cases with NOTCH2 mutations reported are limited, it would seem that the diagnosis of HCS can be established by sequence analysis of exon 34 of NOTCH2. Notch receptors are single-pass transmembrane proteins that determine cell fate, and play a critical role in skeletal development and homeostasis. Dysregulation of Notch signaling is associated with skeletal developmental disorders. There is limited information about the mechanisms of the bone loss and acroosteolysis in HCS making decisions regarding therapeutic intervention difficult. Bone antiresorptive and anabolic agents have been tried to treat the osteoporosis, but their benefit has not been established. In conclusion, Notch regulates skeletal development and bone remodeling, and gain-of-function mutations of NOTCH2 are associated with HCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Canalis
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - Stefano Zanotti
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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419
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Sapir-Koren R, Livshits G. Osteocyte control of bone remodeling: is sclerostin a key molecular coordinator of the balanced bone resorption-formation cycles? Osteoporos Int 2014; 25:2685-700. [PMID: 25030653 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-014-2808-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes, entrapped within a newly mineralized bone matrix, possess a unique cellular identity due to a specialized morphology and a molecular signature. These features endow them to serve as a bone response mechanism for mechanical stress in their microenvironment. Sclerostin, a primarily osteocyte product, is widely considered as a mechanotranduction key molecule whose expression is suppressed by mechanical loading, or it is induced by unloading. This review presents a model suggesting that sclerostin is major mediator for integrating mechanical, local, and hormonal signals, sensed by the osteocytes, in controlling the remodeling apparatus. This central role is achieved through interplay between two opposing mechanisms: (1) unloading-induced high sclerostin levels, which antagonize Wnt-canonical-β-catenin signaling in osteocytes and osteoblasts, permitting simultaneously Wnt-noncanonical and/or other pathways in osteocytes and osteoclasts, directed at bone resorption; (2) mechanical loading results in low sclerostin levels, activation of Wnt-canonical signaling, and bone formation. Therefore, adaptive bone remodeling occurring at a distinct bone compartment is orchestrated by altered sclerostin levels, which regulate the expression of the other osteocyte-specific proteins, such as RANKL, OPG, and proteins encoded by "mineralization-related genes" (DMP1, PHEX, and probably FGF23). For example, under specific terms, sclerostin regulates differential RANKL and OPG production, and creates a dynamic RANKL/OPG ratio, leading either to bone formation or resorption. It also controls the expression of PHEX, DMP1, and most likely FGF23, leading to either bone matrix mineralization or its inhibition. Such opposing up- or down-regulation of remodeling phases allows osteocytes to function as an "external unit", ensuring transition from bone resorption to bone formation.Mini Abstract: The osteocyte network plays a central role in directing bone response either to mechanical loading, or to unloading, leading correspondingly to bone formation or resorption. This review shows a key role of the osteocyte-produced sclerostin as a major mediator of the molecular mechanisms involved in the process of adaptive bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sapir-Koren
- Human Population Biology Research Unit, Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
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420
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Recent developments in metabolic bone diseases: a gnathic perspective. Head Neck Pathol 2014; 8:475-81. [PMID: 25409845 PMCID: PMC4245412 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-014-0580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic bone diseases often are asymptomatic and progress sub clinically. Many patients present at a late stage with catastrophic skeletal and extra skeletal complications. In this article, we provide an overview of normal bone remodeling and a synopsis of recent developments in the following conditions: osteoporosis, rickets/osteomalacia, endocrine-induced bone disease, chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder and Paget's disease of bone. Our discussion will emphasize the clinical and microscopic manifestations of these diseases in the jaws.
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421
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Tevlin R, McArdle A, Chan CKF, Pluvinage J, Walmsley GG, Wearda T, Marecic O, Hu MS, Paik KJ, Senarath-Yapa K, Atashroo DA, Zielins ER, Wan DC, Weissman IL, Longaker MT. Osteoclast derivation from mouse bone marrow. J Vis Exp 2014:e52056. [PMID: 25407120 DOI: 10.3791/52056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are highly specialized cells that are derived from the monocyte/macrophage lineage of the bone marrow. Their unique ability to resorb both the organic and inorganic matrices of bone means that they play a key role in regulating skeletal remodeling. Together, osteoblasts and osteoclasts are responsible for the dynamic coupling process that involves both bone resorption and bone formation acting together to maintain the normal skeleton during health and disease. As the principal bone-resorbing cell in the body, changes in osteoclast differentiation or function can result in profound effects in the body. Diseases associated with altered osteoclast function can range in severity from lethal neonatal disease due to failure to form a marrow space for hematopoiesis, to more commonly observed pathologies such as osteoporosis, in which excessive osteoclastic bone resorption predisposes to fracture formation. An ability to isolate osteoclasts in high numbers in vitro has allowed for significant advances in the understanding of the bone remodeling cycle and has paved the way for the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies that combat these diseases. Here, we describe a protocol to isolate and cultivate osteoclasts from mouse bone marrow that will yield large numbers of osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Tevlin
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Adrian McArdle
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Charles K F Chan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University
| | - John Pluvinage
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Graham G Walmsley
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Taylor Wearda
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Owen Marecic
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Michael S Hu
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Kevin J Paik
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Kshemendra Senarath-Yapa
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - David A Atashroo
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Elizabeth R Zielins
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Derrick C Wan
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University;
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422
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Wu Y, Yang M, Fan J, Peng Y, Deng L, Ding Y, Yang R, Zhou J, Miao D, Fu Q. Deficiency of osteoblastic Arl6ip5 impaired osteoblast differentiation and enhanced osteoclastogenesis via disturbance of ER calcium homeostasis and induction of ER stress-mediated apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1464. [PMID: 25321471 PMCID: PMC4237252 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation-like factor 6 interacting protein 5 (Arl6ip5), which belongs to the prenylated rab-acceptor-family, has an important role in exocytic protein trafficking, glutathione metabolism and involves in cancer progression. However, its expression pattern and functional role in bone are unknown. Here we demonstrate that Arl6ip5 knock-out mice (Arl6ip5 (Δ2/Δ2)) show marked decrease of bone mineral density, trabecular bone volume and trabecular thickness. Histomorphometric studies reveal that bone formation parameters are decreased but bone resorption parameters and mRNA level of osteoclast-specific markers are increased in Arl6ip5(Δ2/Δ2) mice. In osteoblast, we demonstrate that Arl6ip5 abundantly expresses in osteoblastic cells and is regulated by bone metabolism-related hormones and growth factors. In vitro analysis reveals that osteoblast proliferation and differentiation are impaired in Arl6ip5 knocked-down and deficient primary osteoblast. Arl6ip5 is also found to function as an ER calcium regulator and control calmodulin signaling for osteoblast proliferation. Moreover, Arl6ip5 insufficiency in osteoblast induces ER stress and enhances ER stress-mediated apoptosis. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (Chop) is involved in the regulation of apoptosis and differentiation in Arl6ip5 knocked-down osteoblasts. For osteoclastogenesis, Arl6ip5 insufficiency in osteoclast precursors has no effect on osteoclast formation. However, knocked-down osteoblastic Arl6ip5 induces receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) expression and enhances osteoclastogenesis. In addition, ER stress and Chop are involved in the RANKL expression in Arl6ip5 knocked-down osteoblasts. In conclusion, we demonstrate that Arl6ip5 is a novel regulator of bone formation in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - M Yang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - J Fan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Y Peng
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - L Deng
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Y Ding
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - R Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - D Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Nanjing, China
| | - Q Fu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
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423
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PDGF-BB secreted by preosteoclasts induces angiogenesis during coupling with osteogenesis. Nat Med 2014; 20:1270-8. [PMID: 25282358 PMCID: PMC4224644 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 616] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenesis during bone modeling and remodeling is coupled with angiogenesis. A recent study shows that the specific vessel subtype, strongly positive for CD31 and Endomucin (CD31hiEmcnhi), couples angiogenesis and osteogenesis. We found that preosteoclasts secrete platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), inducing CD31hiEmcnhi vessels during bone modeling and remodeling. Mice with depletion of PDGF-BB in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positive (TRAP+) cell lineage (Pdgfb–/–) show significantly lower trabecular and cortical bone mass, serum and bone marrow PDGF-BB concentrations, and CD31hiEmcnhi vessels compared to wild-type mice. In the ovariectomized (OVX) osteoporotic mouse model, concentrations of serum and bone marrow PDGF-BB and CD31hiEmcnhi vessels are significantly decreased. Inhibition of cathepsin K (CTSK) increases preosteoclast numbers, resulting in higher levels of PDGF-BB to stimulate CD31hiEmcnhi vessels and bone formation in OVX mice. Thus, pharmacotherapies that increase PDGF-BB secretion from preosteoclasts offer a novel therapeutic target for osteoporosis to promote angiogenesis for bone formation.
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424
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Gruber R. Molecular and cellular basis of bone resorption. Wien Med Wochenschr 2014; 165:48-53. [PMID: 25223736 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-014-0310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclast research has an exciting history and a challenging future. More than 3 decades ago, it became evident that bone-resorbing osteoclasts are of hematopoietic origin and are ultimately linked to the "basic multicellular unit," where they team up with the other cell types, including bone-forming osteoblasts. Since 2 decades, we have learned about the signaling pathways controlling genes relevant for osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. It took another decade until the hypothesized "osteoclast differentiation" factor was discovered and was translated into an approved pharmacologic strategy. Here, the focus is on another molecular target, cathepsin K, a cysteine protease being released by the osteoclast into the resorption compartment. Genetic deletion and pharmacological blocking of cathepsin K reduces bone resorption but with ongoing bone formation. This observation not only holds great promise to become a new pharmacologic strategy, but it also provides new insights into the coordinated work of cells in the "basic multicellular unit" and thus, bridges the history and future of osteoclast research. This article is a short primer on osteoclast biology for readers of the special issue on odanacatib, a cathepsin K inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Gruber
- Laboratory of Oral Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland,
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425
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Jung K, Lein M. Bone turnover markers in serum and urine as diagnostic, prognostic and monitoring biomarkers of bone metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:425-38. [PMID: 25220832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastases are characterized by increased osteoblastic and/or osteolytic processes depending on the tumor type. The altogether destructive effect of metastasis formation promoted by increased metabolic activity raises the release of components from the osseous metabolism into the blood stream. These components are either enzymes directly involved in the alteration processes, metabolites/proteins that develop during this or bone matrix proteins released during this. These biomarkers are categorized in relation to their involvement in the bone formation or resorption as bone formation and resorption markers. Based on a PubMed literature search, a critical appraisal of the various biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic, and monitoring purposes is given for patients with skeletal metastases caused by breast, prostate, lung, or renal cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Michael Lein
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, Berlin, Germany; Department of Urology, Sana Hospital Center, Offenbach, Germany
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426
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Mechanotransduction in musculoskeletal tissue regeneration: effects of fluid flow, loading, and cellular-molecular pathways. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:863421. [PMID: 25215295 PMCID: PMC4151828 DOI: 10.1155/2014/863421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
While mechanotransductive signal is proven essential for tissue regeneration, it is critical to determine specific cellular responses to such mechanical signals and the underlying mechanism. Dynamic fluid flow induced by mechanical loading has been shown to have the potential to regulate bone adaptation and mitigate bone loss. Mechanotransduction pathways are of great interests in elucidating how mechanical signals produce such observed effects, including reduced bone loss, increased bone formation, and osteogenic cell differentiation. The objective of this review is to develop a molecular understanding of the mechanotransduction processes in tissue regeneration, which may provide new insights into bone physiology. We discussed the potential for mechanical loading to induce dynamic bone fluid flow, regulation of bone adaptation, and optimization of stimulation parameters in various loading regimens. The potential for mechanical loading to regulate microcirculation is also discussed. Particularly, attention is allotted to the potential cellular and molecular pathways in response to loading, including osteocytes associated with Wnt signaling, elevation of marrow stem cells, and suppression of adipotic cells, as well as the roles of LRP5 and microRNA. These data and discussions highlight the complex yet highly coordinated process of mechanotransduction in bone tissue regeneration.
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427
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The reversal phase of the bone-remodeling cycle: cellular prerequisites for coupling resorption and formation. BONEKEY REPORTS 2014; 3:561. [PMID: 25120911 PMCID: PMC4130129 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2014.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The reversal phase couples bone resorption to bone formation by generating an osteogenic environment at remodeling sites. The coupling mechanism remains poorly understood, despite the identification of a number of ‘coupling' osteogenic molecules. A possible reason is the poor attention for the cells leading to osteogenesis during the reversal phase. This review aims at creating awareness of these cells and their activities in adult cancellous bone. It relates cell events (i) on the bone surface, (ii) in the mesenchymal envelope surrounding the bone marrow and appearing as a canopy above remodeling surfaces and (iii) in the bone marrow itself within a 50-μm distance of this canopy. When bone remodeling is initiated, osteoprogenitors at these three different levels are activated, likely as a result of a rearrangement of cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions. Notably, canopies are brought under the osteogenic influence of capillaries and osteoclasts, whereas bone surface cells become exposed to the eroded matrix and other osteoclast products. In several diverse pathophysiological situations, including osteoporosis, a decreased availability of osteoprogenitors from these local reservoirs coincides with decreased osteoblast recruitment and impaired initiation of bone formation, that is, uncoupling. Overall, this review stresses that coupling does not only depend on molecules able to activate osteogenesis, but that it also demands the presence of osteoprogenitors and ordered cell rearrangements at the remodeling site. It points to protection of local osteoprogenitors as a critical strategy to prevent bone loss.
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428
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Charles JF, Aliprantis AO. Osteoclasts: more than 'bone eaters'. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:449-59. [PMID: 25008556 PMCID: PMC4119859 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As the only cells definitively shown to degrade bone, osteoclasts are key mediators of skeletal diseases including osteoporosis. Bone-forming osteoblasts, and hematopoietic and immune system cells, each influence osteoclast formation and function, but the reciprocal impact of osteoclasts on these cells is less well appreciated. We highlight here the functions that osteoclasts perform beyond bone resorption. First, we consider how osteoclast signals may contribute to bone formation by osteoblasts and to the pathology of bone lesions such as fibrous dysplasia and giant cell tumors. Second, we review the interaction of osteoclasts with the hematopoietic system, including the stem cell niche and adaptive immune cells. Connections between osteoclasts and other cells in the bone microenvironment are discussed within a clinically relevant framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia F Charles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Antonios O Aliprantis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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429
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Affiliation(s)
- T John Martin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, and University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Melbourne, Australia
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430
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Tonna S, Takyar FM, Vrahnas C, Crimeen-Irwin B, Ho PWM, Poulton IJ, Brennan HJ, McGregor NE, Allan EH, Nguyen H, Forwood MR, Tatarczuch L, Mackie EJ, Martin TJ, Sims NA. EphrinB2 signaling in osteoblasts promotes bone mineralization by preventing apoptosis. FASEB J 2014; 28:4482-96. [PMID: 24982128 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-254300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cells that form bone (osteoblasts) express both ephrinB2 and EphB4, and previous work has shown that pharmacological inhibition of the ephrinB2/EphB4 interaction impairs osteoblast differentiation in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of ephrinB2 signaling in the osteoblast lineage in the process of bone formation. Cultured osteoblasts from mice with osteoblast-specific ablation of ephrinB2 showed delayed expression of osteoblast differentiation markers, a finding that was reproduced by ephrinB2, but not EphB4, RNA interference. Microcomputed tomography, histomorphometry, and mechanical testing of the mice lacking ephrinB2 in osteoblasts revealed a 2-fold delay in bone mineralization, a significant reduction in bone stiffness, and a 50% reduction in osteoblast differentiation induced by anabolic parathyroid hormone (PTH) treatment, compared to littermate sex- and age-matched controls. These defects were associated with significantly lower mRNA levels of late osteoblast differentiation markers and greater levels of osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis, indicated by TUNEL staining and transmission electron microscopy of bone samples, and a 2-fold increase in annexin V staining and 7-fold increase in caspase 8 activation in cultured ephrinB2 deficient osteoblasts. We conclude that osteoblast differentiation and bone strength are maintained by antiapoptotic actions of ephrinB2 signaling within the osteoblast lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Tonna
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Farzin M Takyar
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christina Vrahnas
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Patricia W M Ho
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ingrid J Poulton
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Holly J Brennan
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Narelle E McGregor
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth H Allan
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Huynh Nguyen
- Griffith Health Institute and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark R Forwood
- Griffith Health Institute and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Liliana Tatarczuch
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Eleanor J Mackie
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - T John Martin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia;
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431
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Sims NA, Quinn JMW. Osteoimmunology: oncostatin M as a pleiotropic regulator of bone formation and resorption in health and disease. BONEKEY REPORTS 2014; 3:527. [PMID: 24876928 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2014.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bone remodeling in health and disease is carried out by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which respectively produce bone matrix and resorb it. Endocrine and paracrine control of these cells can be direct, but they are also exerted indirectly, either by influencing progenitor cell differentiation or by stimulating paracrine signals from local accessory cells including osteocytes (which form a critical communication and regulation network within the bone matrix), macrophages and T lymphocytes. Here we review the osteotropic actions of the interleukin-6 family member cytokine oncostatin M (OSM), which is of particular interest because of its ability to stimulate bone accrual. OSM is produced within the bone microenvironment by cells of both mesenchymal and hematopoietic origin, including osteocytes, osteoblasts, macrophages and T lymphocytes, and can act via two receptor complexes: OSM receptor:gp130 and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR):gp130. Although OSM can directly stimulate osteoblast mineralization activity and differentiation, it can also stimulate mesenchymal stem cell osteoblastic commitment at the expense of adipogenesis. In osteocytes, OSM can suppress the production of the bone formation inhibitor sclerostin, an action that is mediated by LIFR:gp130. OSM also stimulates the production of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand by osteoblasts and thereby drives the formation of osteoclasts particularly in pathological conditions. Thus, cellular effects of OSM on bone metabolism include direct and indirect actions mediated by two related receptor/ligand complexes. OSM therefore provides an example of paracrine and endocrine control mechanisms that regulate bone mass by controlling both bone formation and resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Sims
- Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Medicine at St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian M W Quinn
- Prince Henry's Institute, Monash Medical Centre , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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432
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van de Peppel J, van Leeuwen JPTM. Vitamin D and gene networks in human osteoblasts. Front Physiol 2014; 5:137. [PMID: 24782782 PMCID: PMC3988399 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone formation is indirectly influenced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) through the stimulation of calcium uptake in the intestine and re-absorption in the kidneys. Direct effects on osteoblasts and bone formation have also been established. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed in osteoblasts and 1,25D3 modifies gene expression of various osteoblast differentiation and mineralization-related genes, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), osteocalcin (BGLAP), and osteopontin (SPP1). 1,25D3 is known to stimulate mineralization of human osteoblasts in vitro, and recently it was shown that 1,25D3 induces mineralization via effects in the period preceding mineralization during the pre-mineralization period. For a full understanding of the action of 1,25D3 in osteoblasts it is important to get an integrated network view of the 1,25D3-regulated genes during osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. The current data will be presented and discussed alluding to future studies to fully delineate the 1,25D3 action in osteoblast. Describing and understanding the vitamin D regulatory networks and identifying the dominant players in these networks may help develop novel (personalized) vitamin D-based treatments. The following topics will be discussed in this overview: (1) Bone metabolism and osteoblasts, (2) Vitamin D, bone metabolism and osteoblast function, (3) Vitamin D induced transcriptional networks in the context of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van de Peppel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bone and Calcium Metabolism Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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433
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Mutations in the vitamin D receptor and hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets. BONEKEY REPORTS 2014; 3:510. [PMID: 24818002 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2014.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous loss of function mutations in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) interfere with vitamin D signaling and cause hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets (HVDRR). HVDRR is characterized by hypocalcemia, secondary hyperparathyroidism and severe early-onset rickets in infancy and is often associated with consanguinity. Affected children may also exhibit alopecia of the scalp and total body. The children usually fail to respond to treatment with calcitriol; in fact, their endogenous levels are often very elevated. Successful treatment requires reversal of hypocalcemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism and is usually accomplished by administration of high doses of calcium given either intravenously or sometimes orally to bypass the intestinal defect in VDR signaling.
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434
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Sims NA, Ng KW. Implications of osteoblast-osteoclast interactions in the management of osteoporosis by antiresorptive agents denosumab and odanacatib. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2014; 12:98-106. [PMID: 24477416 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-014-0196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antiresorptive agents, used in the treatment of osteoporosis, inhibit either osteoclast formation or function. However, with these approaches, osteoblast activity is also reduced because of the loss of osteoclast-derived coupling factors that serve to stimulate bone formation. This review discusses how osteoclast inhibition influences osteoblast function, comparing the actions of an inhibitor of osteoclast formation [anti-RANKL/Denosumab (DMAB)] with that of a specific inhibitor of osteoclastic cathepsin K activity [Odanacatib (ODN)]. Denosumab rapidly and profoundly, but reversibly, reduces bone formation. In contrast, preclinical studies and clinical trials of ODN showed that bone formation at some skeletal sites was preserved although resorption was reduced. This preservation of bone formation appears to be due to effects of coupling factors, secreted by osteoclasts and released from demineralized bone matrix. This indicates that bone resorptive activities of osteoclasts are separable from their coupling activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Sims
- Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia,
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