401
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Pierpont ME, Basson CT, Benson DW, Gelb BD, Giglia TM, Goldmuntz E, McGee G, Sable CA, Srivastava D, Webb CL. Genetic basis for congenital heart defects: current knowledge: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Congenital Cardiac Defects Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young: endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Circulation 2007; 115:3015-38. [PMID: 17519398 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.183056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 554] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The intent of this review is to provide the clinician with a summary of what is currently known about the contribution of genetics to the origin of congenital heart disease. Techniques are discussed to evaluate children with heart disease for genetic alterations. Many of these techniques are now available on a clinical basis. Information on the genetic and clinical evaluation of children with cardiac disease is presented, and several tables have been constructed to aid the clinician in the assessment of children with different types of heart disease. Genetic algorithms for cardiac defects have been constructed and are available in an appendix. It is anticipated that this summary will update a wide range of medical personnel, including pediatric cardiologists and pediatricians, adult cardiologists, internists, obstetricians, nurses, and thoracic surgeons, about the genetic aspects of congenital heart disease and will encourage an interdisciplinary approach to the child and adult with congenital heart disease.
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402
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Jang SI, Lee EJ, Hart PS, Ramaswami M, Pallos D, Hart TC. Germ line gain of function with SOS1 mutation in hereditary gingival fibromatosis. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:20245-55. [PMID: 17510059 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701609200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of human SOS1 is responsible for hereditary gingival fibromatosis type 1, a benign overgrowth condition of the gingiva. Here, we investigated molecular mechanisms responsible for the increased rate of cell proliferation in gingival fibroblasts caused by mutant SOS1 in vitro. Using ectopic expression of wild-type and mutant SOS1 constructs, we found that truncated SOS1 could localize to the plasma membrane, without growth factor stimuli, leading to sustained activation of Ras/MAPK signaling. Additionally, we observed an increase in the magnitude and duration of ERK signaling in hereditary gingival fibromatosis gingival fibroblasts that was associated with phosphorylation of retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein and the up-regulation of cell cycle regulators, including cyclins C, D, and E and the E2F/DP transcription factors. These factors promote cell cycle progression from G(1) to S phase, and their up-regulation may underlie the increased gingival fibroblast proliferation observed. Selective depletion of wild-type and mutant SOS1 through small interfering RNA demonstrates the link between mutation of SOS1, ERK signaling, cell proliferation rate, and the expression levels of Egr-1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. These findings elucidate the mechanisms for gingival overgrowth mediated by SOS1 gene mutation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyh-Ing Jang
- Section of Human and Craniofacial Genetics, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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403
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Bertola DR, Pereira AC, Brasil AS, Albano LMJ, Kim CA, Krieger JE. Further evidence of genetic heterogeneity in Costello syndrome: involvement of the KRAS gene. J Hum Genet 2007; 52:521-526. [PMID: 17468812 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-007-0146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Costello syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder comprising growth deficiency, mental retardation, curly hair, coarse facial features, nasal papillomata, low-set ears with large lobes, cardiac anomalies, redundant skin in palms and soles with prominent creases, dark skin, and propensity to certain solid tumors. HRAS mutations have been implicated in approximately 85% of the affected cases. The clinical overlap among Costello, Noonan, and cardiofaciocutaneous syndromes is now better understood given their common molecular background, such that all these syndromes constitute a class of disorders caused by deregulated RAS-MAPK signaling. We report on a novel KRAS gene mutation in a patient presenting the clinical features typical of Costello syndrome and the additional findings seen in Noonan syndrome. This description emphasizes that a subset of patients with Costello syndrome could harbor mutations in other genes involved in the RAS-MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Romeo Bertola
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto da Criança, HC, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 647, Cerqueira César, 05403-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Amanda Salem Brasil
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto da Criança, HC, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 647, Cerqueira César, 05403-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lilian Maria José Albano
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto da Criança, HC, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 647, Cerqueira César, 05403-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Chong Ae Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Instituto da Criança, HC, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 647, Cerqueira César, 05403-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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404
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Abstract
Ras genes are the most common targets for somatic gain-of-function mutations in human cancer. Recently, germline mutations that affect components of the Ras-Raf-mitogen-activated and extracellular-signal regulated kinase kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway were shown to cause several developmental disorders, including Noonan, Costello and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes. Many of these mutant alleles encode proteins with aberrant biochemical and functional properties. Here we will discuss the implications of germline mutations in the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway for understanding normal developmental processes and cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Schubbert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room HSE-302, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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405
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Schubbert S, Bollag G, Shannon K. Deregulated Ras signaling in developmental disorders: new tricks for an old dog. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2007; 17:15-22. [PMID: 17208427 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ras proteins regulate cell proliferation, survival and differentiation and are constitutively activated by somatic point mutations in many cancers. Previous studies of neurofibromatosis type 1 and Noonan syndrome also implicated hyperactive Ras in developmental disorders. Recently, germline mutations in H-RAS and K-RAS and in genes encoding other molecules in the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK cascade were shown to underlie cases of Noonan, cardio-facio-cutaneous, and Costello syndromes. These disorders share phenotypic traits that include abnormal facial features, heart defects, and impaired growth and development. Many of these germline, disease-associated mutations encode novel Ras, Raf and MEK proteins. These studies underscore a crucial role of Ras signaling in human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Schubbert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Room HSE-302, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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406
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Modzelewska K, Elgort MG, Huang J, Jongeward G, Lauritzen A, Yoon CH, Sternberg PW, Moghal N. An activating mutation in sos-1 identifies its Dbl domain as a critical inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway during Caenorhabditis elegans vulval development. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:3695-707. [PMID: 17339331 PMCID: PMC1899997 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01630-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways is critical for normal development and the prevention of cancer. SOS is a dual-function guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that catalyzes exchange on Ras and Rac. Although the physiologic role of SOS and its CDC25 domain in RTK-mediated Ras activation is well established, the in vivo function of its Dbl Rac GEF domain is less clear. We have identified a novel gain-of-function missense mutation in the Dbl domain of Caenorhabditis elegans SOS-1 that promotes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in vivo. Our data indicate that a major developmental function of the Dbl domain is to inhibit EGF-dependent MAPK activation. The amount of inhibition conferred by the Dbl domain is equal to that of established trans-acting inhibitors of the EGFR pathway, including c-Cbl and RasGAP, and more than that of MAPK phosphatase. In conjunction with molecular modeling, our data suggest that the C. elegans mutation, as well as an equivalent mutation in human SOS1, activates the MAPK pathway by disrupting an autoinhibitory function of the Dbl domain on Ras activation. Our work suggests that functionally similar point mutations in humans could directly contribute to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Modzelewska
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Room 3242, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA
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407
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Kratz CP, Niemeyer CM, Thomas C, Bauhuber S, Matejas V, Bergsträsser E, Flotho C, Flores NJ, Haas O, Hasle H, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Kucherlapati RS, Lang P, Roberts AE, Starý J, Strahm B, Swanson KD, Trebo M, Zecca M, Neel B, Locatelli F, Loh ML, Zenker M. Mutation analysis of Son of Sevenless in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2007; 21:1108-9. [PMID: 17315019 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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408
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Rasmussen KJ, Zador I, Zabel C, Krantz ID, Giampietro PF. Bile duct anomalies in a male child with Noonan syndrome: A case for ras and notch pathway synergism. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 146A:261-3. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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409
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410
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Sarkozy A, Schirinzi A, Lepri F, Bottillo I, De Luca A, Pizzuti A, Tartaglia M, Digilio MC, Dallapiccola B. Clinical lumping and molecular splitting of LEOPARD and NF1/NF1-Noonan syndromes. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:1009-11. [PMID: 17366582 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sarkozy
- IRCCS-CSS, San Giovanni Rotondo and CSS-Mendel Institute, Rome, Italy.
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