401
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Crowell RE, Belinsky SA. Genetic changes in lung cancer: potential biomarkers for early detection and prevention. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 1997; 130:550-7. [PMID: 9422328 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(97)90104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R E Crowell
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque 87131, USA
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402
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Latchman DS. How can we use our growing understanding of gene transcription to discover effective new medicines? Curr Opin Biotechnol 1997; 8:713-7. [PMID: 9425662 DOI: 10.1016/s0958-1669(97)80125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although drugs that target gene transcription are in wide therapeutic use, they were all identified on the basis of their effect on a specific biological process, such as inflammation or hormone responses, and were only subsequently shown to target transcription. The recent progress in understanding the mechanism of action of these drugs, and the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation in general, offers hope for a new generation of drugs isolated on the basis of their ability to modulate either the synthesis of transcription factors, the regulation of their activity by ligands or phosphorylation events, their protein-protein interactions or their binding to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Latchman
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Windeyer Institute of Medical Science, University College London Medical School, UK.
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403
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Ogawa N, Fujiwara T, Kagawa S, Nishizaki M, Morimoto Y, Tanida T, Hizuta A, Yasuda T, Roth JA, Tanaka N. Novel combination therapy for human colon cancer with adenovirus-mediated wild-type p53 gene transfer and DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agent. Int J Cancer 1997; 73:367-70. [PMID: 9359484 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19971104)73:3<367::aid-ijc11>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alteration of the wild-type (wt) p53 gene by mutation, deletion or re-arrangement is a major factor in the development of human colon cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated that p53 might be an essential component of the apoptotic pathway triggered by DNA-damaging stimuli such as chemotherapeutic agents and ionizing radiation. We examined the anti-tumor effects of adenovirus-mediated wt-p53 gene transfer in combination with a chemotherapeutic drug on the human colon cancer cell line WiDr, which is homozygous for a mutation in the p53 gene. Treatment with the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin following infection with a replication-deficient, recombinant adenoviral vector expressing wt-p53 (termed AdCMVp53) significantly suppressed the growth of WiDr cells compared to single treatments alone. To evaluate the in vivo efficacy of AdCMVp53 and cisplatin given sequentially, WiDr cells were inoculated s.c. in nu/nu mice. After 3 days, AdCMVp53 was injected s.c. into the area where tumor cells were implanted, followed by i.p. administration of cisplatin. Analysis of initial growth inhibition at 21 days demonstrated a profound therapeutic cooperativity, though administration of either AdCMVp53 or cisplatin alone was followed only by a slowing of growth. Our results suggest that gene therapy using wt-p53-expressing adenovirus in combination with a chemotherapeutic DNA-damaging drug could be a useful strategy for treating human colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ogawa
- First Department of Surgery, Okayama University Medical School, Japan
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404
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Abstract
Apoptosis is a specific process that leads to programmed cell death through the activation of an evolutionary conserved intracellular pathway leading to pathognomic cellular changes distinct from cellular necrosis. Apoptosis is essential in the homeostasis of normal tissues of the body, especially those of the gastrointestinal tract, immune system and skin. There is increasing evidence that the processes of neoplastic transformation, progression and metastasis involve alterations in the normal apoptotic pathways. Furthermore, the majority of chemotherapeutic agents as well as radiation utilize the apoptotic pathway to induce cancer cell death. Resistance to standard chemotherapies also seems to be determined by alterations in the apoptotic pathways of cancer cells. Therefore, understanding the signals of apoptosis and the mechanism of apoptosis may allow the development of better chemo- or radiotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of cancer. Finally, components of the apoptotic pathway may represent potential therapeutic targets using gene therapy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Bold
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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405
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Shinohara T, Sugimoto Y, Sato S, Sone S, Tsuruo T. Combination therapy with antibody and interleukin-2 gene transfer against multidrug-resistant cancer cells. Jpn J Cancer Res 1997; 88:1100-7. [PMID: 9439686 PMCID: PMC5921314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1997.tb00335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the effect of interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene transfer into multidrug resistance (MDR) cancer cells on the therapeutic efficacy of MRK16. Human MDR ovarian cancer cells, AD10, were transduced with a bicistronic IL-2 retrovirus, Ha-IL2-IRES-Neo. The G418-resistant population, IL2-AD10, secreted IL-2 into the culture supernatant and did not form a tumor mass in nude mice. The IL2-AD10 cells were more susceptible to the cytotoxicity of murine spleen cells than AD10 cells in vitro. For examination of the effect of IL-2 gene transfer on the antitumor activity of MRK16 against P-glycoprotein-positive tumors, IL2-AD10 cells were co-transplanted s.c. with AD10 cells into nude mice in a ratio of 1:3, and the mice were treated with MRK16 on days 2 and 7. MRK16 markedly inhibited the growth of AD10 cells mixed with IL2-AD10 cells under conditions (0.3-1 microgram/body) where it showed only marginal effects on the growth of AD10 tumors. These findings suggest that IL-2 gene transfer potentiates the antitumor activity of MRK16 against MDR tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shinohara
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanes Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo
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406
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Abstract
Variability in disease presentation and course is a hallmark of cancer. Variability is seen among similarly diagnosed cancers in different patients or animal hosts and in the same cancer at different periods of time. This latter type of variability, termed "tumor progression," was defined by Foulds in a series of six rules that describe the independent behavior of individual cancers and the independent evolution of different cancer characteristics. Tumor progression is believed to result from variability among subpopulations of tumor cells within individual cancers and from selection of these subpopulations by conditions within the cancer environment, such that different subpopulations come to prominence over the course of cancer development and growth. Interactions among subpopulations, however, modulate tumor behavior as well as tumor evolution. The leading hypothesis for the origin of tumor subpopulations is the genetic instability of cancer cells. There are a number of possible mechanisms of genetic instability, some internal to cancer cells (mutation, amplification, mutator phenotypes, DNA repair deficiencies) and some present in the tumor microenvironment (endogenous mutagens). There are also potential epigenetic mechanisms of variability, including alterations in gene regulation, differentiation, adaptation, and cell fusion. Regardless of mechanism, the heterogeneity of tumor subpopulations poses a number of challenges to the practice of cancer research, including the design of reproducible and meaningful experiments. Tumor heterogeneity also has significant consequences for the clinical assessment of tumor prognosis and the development of effective treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Heppner
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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407
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Hall
- Institute for Gene Therapy and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Urology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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408
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Günzburg WH, Karle P, Mrochen S, Sparmann G, Saller R, Klein D, Uckert W, Salmons B. Regulated gene expression after retroviral vector-mediated delivery of cancer-relevant therapeutic genes. Recent Results Cancer Res 1997; 144:116-26. [PMID: 9304713 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-46836-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W H Günzburg
- Institute for Molecular Virology, GSF Centre for Environmental and Health Research, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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409
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Almog N, Rotter V. Involvement of p53 in cell differentiation and development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1333:F1-27. [PMID: 9294016 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-419x(97)00012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Almog
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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410
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411
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Jia LQ, Osada M, Ishioka C, Gamo M, Ikawa S, Suzuki T, Shimodaira H, Niitani T, Kudo T, Akiyama M, Kimura N, Matsuo M, Mizusawa H, Tanaka N, Koyama H, Namba M, Kanamaru R, Kuroki T. Screening the p53 status of human cell lines using a yeast functional assay. Mol Carcinog 1997; 19:243-53. [PMID: 9290701 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2744(199708)19:4<243::aid-mc5>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have screened the p53 status of 156 human cell lines, including 142 tumor cell lines from 27 different tumor types and 14 cell lines from normal tissues by using functional analysis of separated alleles in yeast. This assay enables us to score wild-type p53 expression on the basis of the ability of expressed p53 to transactivate the reporter gene HIS3 via the p53-responsive GAL1 promotor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Of 142 tumor cell lines, at least 104 lines (73.2%) were found to express the mutated p53 gene: 94 lines (66.2%) were mutated in both alleles, three lines (2.1%) were heterozygous, and no p53 cDNA was amplified from seven lines (4.9%). Of the 14 cell lines originating from normal tissues, all the transformed or immortalized cell lines expressed mutant p53 only. Yeast cells expressing mutant p53 derived from 94 cell lines were analyzed for temperature-sensitive growth. p53 cDNA from eight cell lines showed p53-dependent temperature-sensitive growth, growing at 30 degrees C but not at 37 degrees C. Four temperature-sensitive p53 mutations were isolated: CAT-->CGT at codon 214 (H214R), TAC-->TGC at codon 234 (Y234C), GTG-->ATG at codon 272 (V272M), and GAG-->AAG (E285K). Functionally wild-type p53 was detected in 38 tumor cell lines (26.8%) and all of the diploid fibroblasts at early and late population doubling levels. These results strongly support the previous findings that p53 inactivation is one of the most frequent genetic events that occurs during carcinogenesis and immortalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Q Jia
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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412
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413
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Abstract
Despite early enthusiasm and excitement, the treatment of cancer via gene therapy is a long way from reaching fruition. The objective of this review is to describe the rationale as to why the delivery of genes encoding functional proteins whose activity has been lost during the initiation and development of cancer may be a feasible therapeutic option. In addition we will evaluate the limitations of the current delivery systems and discuss how these limitations have impacted upon the progress of gene therapy. Finally, we will describe and discuss the most recent attempts to deliver tumor suppressor genes to rodent models of human cancer and perhaps more importantly to human patients. As will become apparent during this review the excitement and enthusiasm for gene therapy remains high, however, this should not diminish the challenges that must be overcome before gene therapy becomes routine.
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414
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Abstract
One strategy for gene therapy in malignant disease is gene directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT). An exogenous enzyme gene is delivered to tumour cells. The enzyme, when expressed, can convert a non-toxic prodrug into a cytotoxic species that is capable of killing the cell in which it has been produced. The most frequently used systems are HSV thymidine kinase with ganciclovir and E. coli cytosine deaminase with 5-fluorocytosine. The bystander effect is of key importance to GDEPT: This describes the local spread of active species from cells that express the enzyme to kill adjacent, untransduced cells. The ultimate success of GDEPT will depend on the ability to achieve efficient gene delivery to and expression in target cells, whilst minimising expression in other tissues. A variety of techniques exist to achieve this goal, including loco-regional administration, manipulation of tumour blood supply and use of tumour-specific promoters to drive enzyme gene expression.
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415
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McCormack JE, Martineau D, DePolo N, Maifert S, Akbarian L, Townsend K, Lee W, Irwin M, Sajjadi N, Jolly DJ, Warner J. Anti-vector immunoglobulin induced by retroviral vectors. Hum Gene Ther 1997; 8:1263-73. [PMID: 9215743 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1997.8.10-1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication-incompetent retroviruses have been employed as gene therapy vectors in experimental settings for more than a decade. More recently, these vectors have been tested in the clinic as immunotherapeutic agents and anticancer agents. One potential problem with the use of such vectors is the possible development of immune responses directed against the vector particles themselves. Here, we examine immunoglobulin (Ig) responses specific for retroviral vectors derived from murine leukemia virus (MLV). Anti-MLV Ig is seen following intramuscular (i.m.) administration of retroviral vectors in mice, and in nonhuman primates; as expected, these responses are dependent upon the vector dose delivered. Furthermore, serum from vector-treated animals is capable of partially neutralizing vector-mediated transduction of target cells in an in vitro assay. Nevertheless, even in the presence of significant levels of anti-vector Ig in vivo, i.m. administration of retroviral vector is still capable of driving both Ig and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses specific for vector-encoded gene products. This work suggests that although retroviral vectors may readily induce immune responses directed against the vector particles themselves, such responses will not significantly affect the efficiency of these vectors in an immunotherapeutic protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E McCormack
- Chiron Technologies, Center for Gene Therapy, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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416
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Albelda
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA.
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417
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Courtois SJ, Woodworth CD, Degreef H, Garmyn M. Early ultraviolet B-induced G1 arrest and suppression of the malignant phenotype by wild-type p53 in human squamous cell carcinoma cells. Exp Cell Res 1997; 233:135-44. [PMID: 9184083 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1997.3537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Wild-type p53 (wt-p53) negatively controls cell cycle progression after cellular stress mediating either a temporary growth arrest or apoptosis, depending on the cell type and nature of the cellular stress. The aberrant proliferation which is characteristic of tumor cells may be suppressed by exogenous wt-p53 and appears to depend strongly on the level of reexpression. We performed retroviral-mediated gene transfer of wt-p53 into a human squamous cell carcinoma cell line from the head and neck region (A253 cell line) lacking endogenous p53. This allowed us to study the effect of wt-p53 on the malignant phenotype and on the response to the DNA damaging agent ultraviolet B (UVB). Restoration of wt-p53 in malignant keratinocytes suppressed tumorigenicity in nude mice although p53-reconstituted cells eventually formed small tumors with long latency. Cells derived from these tumors showed reduced expression of wt-p53. Exogenous wt-p53 increased baseline mRNA expression of the small proline rich proteins 1 and 2, consistent with a prodifferentiating effect. After exposure to a biological UVB dose, only p53-positive A253 cells underwent an early and transient G1 arrest. Both p53-positive and -negative A253 cells displayed a late G2 delay/arrest. We conclude that reexpression of wt-p53 in squamous cell carcinoma A253 cells decreases their malignant phenotype and reestablishes a G1 checkpoint after UVB.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Courtois
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Leuven, Belgium
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418
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Spengler D, Villalba M, Hoffmann A, Pantaloni C, Houssami S, Bockaert J, Journot L. Regulation of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by Zac1, a novel zinc finger protein expressed in the pituitary gland and the brain. EMBO J 1997; 16:2814-25. [PMID: 9184226 PMCID: PMC1169890 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/16.10.2814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The proliferation rate of a cell population reflects a balance between cell division, cell cycle arrest, differentiation and apoptosis. The regulation of these processes is central to development and tissue homeostasis, whereas dysregulation may lead to overt pathological outcomes, notably cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. We report here the cloning of a novel zinc finger protein which regulates apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and was accordingly named Zac1. In vitro Zac1 inhibited proliferation of tumor cells, as evidenced by measuring colony formation, growth rate and cloning in soft agar. In vivo Zac1 abrogated tumor formation in nude mice. The antiproliferative activity of Zac1 was due to induction of extensive apoptosis and of G1 arrest, which proceeded independently of retinoblastoma protein and of regulation of p21(WAF1/Cip1), p27Kip1, p57Kip2 and p16INK4a expression. Zac1-mediated apoptosis was unrelated to cell cycle phase and G1 arrest was independent of apoptosis, indicating separate control of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Zac1 is thus the first gene besides p53 which concurrently induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Spengler
- Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Molecular Neurobiology, Munich, Germany
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419
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago Center for Radiation Therapy, IL 60637, USA.
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420
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421
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Hsiao M, Tse V, Carmel J, Tsai Y, Felgner PL, Haas M, Silverberg GD. Intracavitary liposome-mediated p53 gene transfer into glioblastoma with endogenous wild-type p53 in vivo results in tumor suppression and long-term survival. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 233:359-64. [PMID: 9144539 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A cavitary glioblastoma model was created by injection of RT-2 cells, which express endogenous wild type p53, into the peritoneal cavity of nude mice. This model developed multiple layers of tumor cells invading the peritoneal surface and was used to mimic the postoperative surgical cavity remaining after glioblastoma (GBM) excision in patients. Rhodamine labeled DMRIE/DOPE + DNA complexes were found to penetrate at least 20 tumor cell layers. Injection of p53 gene/liposome complexes into the intraperitoneal cavity after the tumor was established resulted in massive tumor necrosis. Prominent staining of human p53 protein using the DO-1 antibody was found in tumor cells near the necrotic lesions. Tumor explants expressed human p53 protein and showed a 54% growth reduction in an in vitro growth assay. Further, DMRIE/DOPE mediated p53 gene transfection significantly increased the mean survival time of tumor bearing mice compared to vector control. These results demonstrate the efficiency of using exogenous wild type p53 to suppress glioblastoma cell with endogenous wild type p53 in vivo through liposome mediated transfection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hsiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, California 94305, USA
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422
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Grizzle WE, Myers RB, Manne U. The use of biomarker expression to characterize neoplastic processes. Biotech Histochem 1997; 72:96-104. [PMID: 9152522 DOI: 10.3109/10520299709082218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers have been used by pathologists to aid the diagnosis of tumors for almost three decades. Their use has resulted in the re-evaluation and reclassification of several types of tumors. Currently, biomarkers are required to differentiate certain specific tumors with similar histologic patterns. Additional uses of biomarkers in the characterization of neoplastic processes are discussed including their use is prognosis, detecting early neoplastic processes, identifying tumor recurrence, measuring the effectiveness of various therapies (surrogate end point biomarkers), and identifying targets for novel therapies including immunotherapy and gene therapy. We propose that these newer uses of biomarkers will be just as important to pathology in the future as the uses of biomarkers in diagnosis have been over the past two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Grizzle
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294, USA
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423
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Sandig V, Brand K, Herwig S, Lukas J, Bartek J, Strauss M. Adenovirally transferred p16INK4/CDKN2 and p53 genes cooperate to induce apoptotic tumor cell death. Nat Med 1997; 3:313-9. [PMID: 9055859 DOI: 10.1038/nm0397-313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Repression of cell cycle progression by tumor suppressors might provide a means for tumor therapy. Here we demonstrate that ectopic overexpression of the p16INK4/CDKN2 tumor suppressor from an adenovirus vector in various cell lines results in block of cell division and, subsequently, in a gradual reduction of the levels of the product of retinoblastoma susceptibility gene, pRb. Overexpression of p53 and p16INK4/CDKN2, but not p53 on its own, induces apoptotic death only in tumor cells. Simultaneous adenoviral transfer of p16 and p53 genes leads to inhibition of tumor growth in nude mice. These results suggest that combined delivery of two cooperating genes like p16 and p53 could be the basis for the development of a new strategy for cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sandig
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin-Buch, Germany
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424
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Müller M, Strand S, Hug H, Heinemann EM, Walczak H, Hofmann WJ, Stremmel W, Krammer PH, Galle PR. Drug-induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells is mediated by the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) receptor/ligand system and involves activation of wild-type p53. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:403-13. [PMID: 9022073 PMCID: PMC507813 DOI: 10.1172/jci119174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic drugs are cytotoxic by induction of apoptosis in drug-sensitive cells. We investigated the mechanism of bleomycin-induced cytotoxicity in hepatoma cells. At concentrations present in the sera of patients during therapy, bleomycin induced transient accumulation of nuclear wild-type (wt) p53 and upregulated expression of cell surface CD95 (APO-1/Fas) receptor in hepatoma cells carrying wt p53 (HepG2). Bleomycin did not increase CD95 in hepatoma cells with mutated p53 (Huh7) or in hepatoma cells which were p53-/- (Hep3B). In addition, sensitivity towards CD95-mediated apoptosis was also increased in wt p53 positive HepG2 cells. Microinjection of wt p53 cDNA into HepG2 cells had the same effect. In contrast, bleomycin did not enhance susceptibility towards CD95-mediated apoptosis in Huh7 and in Hep3B cells. Furthermore, bleomycin treatment of HepG2 cells increased CD95 ligand (CD95L) mRNA expression. Most notably, bleomycin-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells was almost completely inhibited by antibodies which interfere with CD95 receptor/ligand interaction. These data suggest that apoptosis induced by bleomycin is mediated, at least in part, by p53-dependent stimulation of the CD95 receptor/ligand system. The same applies to other anti-cancer drugs such as cisplatin and methotrexate. These data may have major consequences for drug treatment of cancer and the explanation of drug sensitivity and resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Blocking/immunology
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/toxicity
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/toxicity
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Bleomycin/pharmacology
- Bleomycin/therapeutic use
- Bleomycin/toxicity
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Cells, Cultured
- Cisplatin/pharmacology
- Cisplatin/therapeutic use
- Cisplatin/toxicity
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- DNA Fragmentation
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, p53
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Methotrexate/pharmacology
- Methotrexate/therapeutic use
- Methotrexate/toxicity
- Microinjections
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- fas Receptor/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Müller
- University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg, Germany
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425
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Tüting T, Zorina T, Ma DI, Wilson CC, De Cesare CM, De Leo AB, Lotze MT, Storkus WJ. Development of dendritic cell-based genetic vaccines for cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997; 417:511-8. [PMID: 9286412 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9966-8_84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Tüting
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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426
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Roth JA, Cristiano RJ. Gene therapy for cancer: what have we done and where are we going? J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89:21-39. [PMID: 8978404 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/89.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene-based therapies for cancer in clinical trials include strategies that involve augmentation of immunotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic approaches. These strategies include ex vivo and in vivo cytokine gene transfer, drug sensitization with genes for prodrug delivery, and the use of drug-resistance genes for bone marrow protection from high-dose chemotherapy. Inactivation of oncogene expression and gene replacement for tumor suppressor genes are among the strategies for targeting the underlying genetic lesions in the cancer cell. A review of clinical trial results to date, primarily in patients with very advanced cancers refractory to conventional treatments, indicates that these treatments can mediate tumor regression with acceptably low toxicity. Vector development remains a critical area for future research. Important areas for future research include modifying viral vectors to reduce toxicity and immunogenicity, increasing the transduction efficiency of nonviral vectors, enhancing vector targeting and specificity, regulating gene expression, and identifying synergies between gene-based agents and other cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Roth
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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427
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Warde P, Gospodarowicz MK. New approaches in the use of radiation therapy in the treatment of infiltrative transitional-cell cancer of the bladder. World J Urol 1997; 15:125-33. [PMID: 9144903 DOI: 10.1007/bf02201984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ preservation using primary radical radiation therapy (RT) is a viable treatment option for many patients with invasive bladder cancer, and there is no evidence that survival is compromised by this approach. However, the survival and local control rates in patients with bladder cancer currently treated with radical RT are not optimal. Combined modality therapy, altered radiation-fractionation approaches, and exciting new approaches such as the application of gene therapy and the use of hypoxic cell sensitisers, among others, may well improve the results of treatment in the future. Ongoing clinical research, including prospective randomised trials, will be required to evaluate these new approaches to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Warde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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428
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Canman
- Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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429
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Park JW, Hong K, Kirpotin DB, Papahadjopoulos D, Benz CC. Immunoliposomes for cancer treatment. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1997; 40:399-435. [PMID: 9217932 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J W Park
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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430
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Riley DJ, Nikitin AY, Lee WH. Adenovirus-mediated retinoblastoma gene therapy suppresses spontaneous pituitary melanotroph tumors in Rb+/- mice. Nat Med 1996; 2:1316-21. [PMID: 8946829 DOI: 10.1038/nm1296-1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma gene (RB) is the prototypic tumor suppressor. Studies to date have demonstrated cancer suppression with tumor cells reconstituted with RB ex vivo and implanted into immunodeficient mice, as well as with germline transmission of a human RB transgene into tumor-prone Rb +/- mice. To mimic the therapy of cancer more closely, spontaneous pituitary melanotroph tumors arising in immunocompetent Rb +/- mice were treated with a recombinant adenovirus carrying RB cDNA. Intratumoral RB gene transfer decreased tumor cell proliferation, reestablished innervation by growth-regulatory dopaminergic neurons, inhibited the growth of tumors, and prolonged the life spans of treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Riley
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78245, USA
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431
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Reply to “Retrovirus–mediated p53 gene therapy”. Nat Med 1996. [DOI: 10.1038/nm1196-1163b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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432
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433
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas 75235-8593, USA
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