401
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Bull TJ, Sidi-Boumedine K, McMinn EJ, Stevenson K, Pickup R, Hermon-Taylor J. Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU) differentiate Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from other species of the Mycobacterium avium complex. Mol Cell Probes 2003; 17:157-64. [PMID: 12944117 DOI: 10.1016/s0890-8508(03)00047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU) comprise short tandem repeat structures found at multiple loci throughout the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome and have been used for typing these pathogens. We have identified MIRU at 18 conserved loci throughout the common portions of the Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and M. avium subspecies avium (MAA) genomes. Six of these loci were found to differ between MAA and MAP in the number of tandem repeat motifs occurring at each MIRU locus. Locus specific PCR at 4 of these loci segregated MAP into two major groups, which could be differentiated from ovine-pigmented strains of MAP and the MAP vaccine strain 316F. The same PCR differentiated MAA into five MIRU profiles. PCR at either MIRU locus 1 or MIRU locus 4 distinguished between MAP and all other M. avium complex (MAC) tested. PCR at both loci 1 and 4 also distinguished MAP from Mycobacterium intracellulare. MIRU typing may provide an additional simple and rapid procedure for the differentiation between MAP and other MAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Bull
- Department of Surgery, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE, London, UK.
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402
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Bannantine JP, Zhang Q, Li LL, Kapur V. Genomic homogeneity between Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis belies their divergent growth rates. BMC Microbiol 2003; 3:10. [PMID: 12740027 PMCID: PMC156888 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-3-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2002] [Accepted: 05/09/2003] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium (M. avium) is frequently encountered in the environment, but also causes infections in animals and immunocompromised patients. In contrast, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) is a slow-growing organism that is the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle and chronic granulomatous infections in a variety of other ruminant hosts. Yet we show that despite their divergent phenotypes and the diseases they present, the genomes of M. avium and M. paratuberculosis share greater than 97% nucleotide identity over large (25 kb) genomic regions analyzed in this study. RESULTS To characterize genome similarity between these two subspecies as well as attempt to understand their different growth rates, we designed oligonucleotide primers from M. avium sequence to amplify 15 minimally overlapping fragments of M. paratuberculosis genomic DNA encompassing the chromosomal origin of replication. These strategies resulted in the successful amplification and sequencing of a contiguous 11-kb fragment containing the putative Mycobacterium paratuberculosis origin of replication (oriC). This fragment contained 11 predicted open reading frames that showed a conserved gene order in the oriC locus when compared with several other Gram-positive bacteria. In addition, a GC skew analysis identified the origin of chromosomal replication which lies between the genes dnaA and dnaN. The presence of multiple DnaA boxes and the ATP-binding site in dnaA were also found in M. paratuberculosis. The strong nucleotide identity of M. avium and M. paratuberculosis in the region surrounding the origin of chromosomal replication led us to compare other areas of these genomes. A DNA homology matrix of 2 million nucleotides from each genome revealed strong synteny with only a few sequences present in one genome but absent in the other. Finally, the 16s rRNA gene from these two subspecies is 100% identical. CONCLUSIONS We present for the first time, a description of the oriC region in M. paratuberculosis. In addition, genomic comparisons between these two mycobacterial subspecies suggest that differences in the oriC region may not be significant enough to account for the diverse bacterial replication rates. Finally, the few genetic differences present outside the origin of chromosomal replication in each genome may be responsible for the diverse growth rates or phenotypes observed between the avium and paratuberculosis subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Bannantine
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, 2300 N. Dayton Ave., Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Biomedical Genomics Center and Departments of Microbiology and Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ling-Ling Li
- Biomedical Genomics Center and Departments of Microbiology and Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Biomedical Genomics Center and Departments of Microbiology and Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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403
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Mullerad J, Hovav AH, Nahary R, Fishman Y, Bercovier H. Immunogenicity of a 16.7 kDa Mycobacterium paratuberculosis antigen. Microb Pathog 2003; 34:81-90. [PMID: 12623276 DOI: 10.1016/s0882-4010(02)00209-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MPT), the agent of paratuberculosis is a slow growing mycobacteria that causes important economic losses mainly due to lower weight gains and drastic decrease in milk production. Existing paratuberculosis vaccines are not completely protective and induce antibodies/delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction that cannot be differentiated from those of naturally infected animals. New potent acellular vaccines that allow discrimination between infected and vaccinated animals are needed to improve the control of this disease. We have identified, expressed and purified a hypothetical thiol peroxidase of MPT (MPT-TP) in mice. We also characterized the immunogenicity of this antigen in mice. The recombinant MPT-TP (rMPT-TP) antigen induced a high production of IFNgamma, IL-6, and NO and a low production of IL-10 by spleen cells of immunized mice. Addition of Ribi adjuvant to rMPT-TP resulted in lower IFNgamma secretion and higher NO production in spleen cells. A similar level of proliferation of spleen cells exposed to rMPT-TP was found in immunized groups (rMPT-TP and rMPT-TP emulsified in Ribi). DTH responses in mice footpads were observed only in mice immunized with rMPT-TP emulsified in Ribi. Addition of Ribi adjuvant clearly induced a significantly higher anti-rMPT-TP antibody production of all classes tested and decreased the IgG1/IgG2a ratio. MPT-TP demonstrated antigenic characteristics that make this antigen a potential component in the development of a future subunit vaccine against paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Mullerad
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem, Israel
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404
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Collins DM, De Zoete M, Cavaignac SM. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains from cattle and sheep can be distinguished by a PCR test based on a novel DNA sequence difference. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:4760-2. [PMID: 12454189 PMCID: PMC154624 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.12.4760-4762.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2002] [Revised: 09/02/2002] [Accepted: 09/22/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A DNA sequence differing between sheep and cattle types of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was identified and used to develop a PCR test. The test unequivocally distinguished all sheep types from cattle types and was negative for a wide range of other strains from the Mycobacterium avium-Mycobacterium intracellulare complex. The test will be useful for epidemiological purposes, particularly in hosts such as deer that can be easily infected with either type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond M Collins
- AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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405
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Stratmann J, Strommenger B, Stevenson K, Gerlach GF. Development of a peptide-mediated capture PCR for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:4244-50. [PMID: 12409405 PMCID: PMC139712 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.11.4244-4250.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on phage display technology, a peptide-mediated magnetic separation technique was developed to facilitate selective isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) from bulk milk of naturally infected dairy herds. Nine recombinant bacteriophages binding to M. paratuberculosis were isolated from a commercial phage-peptide library encoding random 12-mer peptides. Nucleotide sequencing revealed the deduced sequence of the binding peptides. One peptide with the sequence NYVIHDVPRHPA, designated aMP3, was chemically synthesized with an amino-terminal biotin residue attached via an amino-hexacarbonic acid spacer molecule. Paramagnetic beads coated with the phage or with peptide aMP3 enabled the capture of M. paratuberculosis from milk. Combining this peptide-mediated magnetic separation with an ISMav2-based PCR allowed the detection of M. paratuberculosis in artificially spiked milk down to a concentration of 10(1) ml(-1). Experiments using milk from naturally infected cows and bulk milk samples from infected herds demonstrated that the peptide-mediated capture PCR is sufficiently sensitive to detect single strong shedders in pooled milk samples. The method, for the first time, applies phage display technology to microbial diagnostics and has potential value as a completely standardizable tool for the routine M. paratuberculosis screening of bulk milk samples at acceptable costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Stratmann
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen, Tieraerztliche Hochschule Hannover, Germany
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406
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Leid JG, Hunter D, Speer CA. Early diagnosis of Johne's disease in the American bison by monoclonal antibodies directed against antigen 85. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 969:66-72. [PMID: 12381565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several monoclonal antibodies derived from hybridomas from mice that had been immunized with recombinant Mycobacterium bovis antigen 85 (Ag85) were tested for reactivity against antigen 85 (Ag85) from M. bovis and against sera from 100 bison inoculated with M. paratuberculosis and from 100 control bison from a disease-free herd. Monoclonal antibodies mAb85.1, mAb85.44.1, mAb85.44.9, and mAb85.96 reacted against three or four 30-33-kDa bands of the Ag85 complex of M. bovis. Importantly, these mAbs also reacted with bands of similar molecular weight in the sera of bison inoculated with M. paratuberculosis. Additionally, when sera from 198 bison in four herds were reacted against mAb85.1 and mAb85.96, 26 bison reacted positively for the presence of Ag85 by either mAb or by both. These preliminary results indicate that monoclonal antibodies may eventually lead to a reliable diagnostic test for the early detection of M. paratuberculosis infections in ruminants as well as to a means for identifying contaminated dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff G Leid
- Center for Biofilm Engineering and Center for Bison and Wildlife Health, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
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407
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Weiss DJ, Evanson OA, Moritz A, Deng MQ, Abrahamsen MS. Differential responses of bovine macrophages to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium. Infect Immun 2002; 70:5556-61. [PMID: 12228282 PMCID: PMC128321 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.10.5556-5561.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium are antigenically and genetically similar organisms; however, they differ in their virulence for cattle. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes a chronic intestinal infection leading to a chronic wasting disease termed paratuberculosis or Johne's disease, whereas M. avium subsp. avium causes only a transient infection. We compared the response of bovine monocyte-derived macrophages to ingestion of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and M. avium subsp. avium organisms by determining organism survival, superoxide and nitric oxide production, and expression of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-10, IL-12, and granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Unlike M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, macrophages were able to kill approximately half of the M. avium subsp. avium organisms after 96 h of incubation. This difference in killing efficiency was not related to differences in nitric oxide or superoxide production. Compared to macrophages activated with IFN-gamma and lipopolysaccharide, macrophages incubated with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis showed greater expression of IL-10 and GM-CSF (all time points) and IL-8 (72 h) and less expression of IL-12 (72 h), IFN-gamma (6 h), and TNF-alpha (6 h). When cytokine expression by macrophages incubated with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was compared to those of macrophages incubated with M. avium subsp. avium, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected cells showed greater expression of IL-10 (6 and 24 h) and less expression of TNF-alpha (6 h). Therefore, the combination of inherent resistance to intracellular degradation and suppression of macrophage activation through oversecretion of IL-10 may contribute to the virulence of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Weiss
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.
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408
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Klitgaard Nielsen K, Ahrens P. Putative in vitro expressed gene fragments unique to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002; 214:199-203. [PMID: 12351231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
By a suppression subtractive hybridization based method, nine novel Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) fragments of between 318 and 596 bp have been identified and characterized. Database search revealed little or no similarity with other mycobacteria. The uniqueness and diagnostic potential of seven of these fragments in relation to M. paratuberculosis closest relative Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (M. avium) was confirmed by species-specific PCR and Southern blot. Furthermore, RT-PCR indicated that eight of the nine fragments originate from areas of the genome that are expressed in vitro.
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409
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Mullerad J, Hovav AH, Fishman Y, Barletta RG, Bercovier H. Antigenicity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis superoxide dismutase in mice. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2002; 34:81-8. [PMID: 12208610 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2002.tb00606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MPT) is the etiologic agent of paratuberculosis. The disease is prevalent in cattle worldwide, and exacts a heavy financial toll. Effective control requires the development of acellular vaccines offering a better protection than the current available vaccines without side effects and allowing the discrimination between infected and vaccinated animals. We studied the immune response of mice to the MPT superoxide dismutase (SOD) alone or adjuvanted by Ribi. We cloned, overexpressed and purified this antigen in Escherichia coli. Spleen cells from immunized mice, after exposure to recombinant MPT SOD (MPT rSOD), produced significant levels of IFNgamma, TNFalpha and IL-6. IFNgamma and TNFalpha production was increased by the addition of Ribi. In contrast, low levels of NO, IL-4 and IL-10 were secreted by spleen cells culture from immunized mice. The immunoglobulin isotype distribution analysis showed that Ribi adjuvant clearly induced a significantly higher anti-MPT rSOD antibody production of all classes tested and decreased the IgG1/IgG2a ratio thus improving the Th1 response. Delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in mice footpads were observed only in mice immunized with MPT rSOD emulsified in Ribi. Vaccination of MPT rSOD emulsified with Ribi induced both a Th2 and Th1 type of immune response with the later slightly more pronounced. The results presented here on the immunogenicity of MPT SOD suggest that this antigen should be further tested as a candidate antigen for a future acellular vaccine against paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Mullerad
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, P.O.B. 12272, Jerusalem, Israel
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410
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Halldórsdóttir S, Englund S, Nilsen SF, Olsaker I. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by buoyant density centrifugation, sequence capture PCR and dot blot hybridisation. Vet Microbiol 2002; 87:327-40. [PMID: 12069770 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is often hampered by the lack of efficient methods for sample treatment. We report a protocol for analysis of faecal samples based on buoyant density centrifugation in Percoll and IS900 sequence capture PCR combined with a dot blot assay for detection of low-grade infection of M. paratuberculosis. Serial dilutions of M. paratuberculosis genomic DNA and M. paratuberculosis bacteria were used to assess the sensitivity of the method. The final evaluation was performed with spiked faecal samples, which also were analysed by culture. The presence of PCR inhibitory substances in processed faecal samples was evaluated by including a PCR internal control. By using buoyant density centrifugation, sequence capture PCR, and dot blot hybridisation, we achieved a sensitivity of 10(3)CFU (colony forming units)/g of faeces. The detection limit by culture was assessed to 10(2)CFU/g of faeces. We conclude that the described protocol is a fast and sensitive alternative to bacterial culture of faecal samples.
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411
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Englund S, Bölske G, Johansson KE. An IS900-like sequence found in a Mycobacterium sp. other than Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002; 209:267-71. [PMID: 12007816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The insertion sequence IS900 has been considered specific for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) and has, therefore, been used as the target gene for diagnostic PCR of M. paratuberculosis. From a healthy dairy cow we have isolated and characterised a mycobacterium harbouring one copy of a sequence with 94% identity to IS900 at the nucleic acid level. The isolate was shown to be related to Mycobacterium cookii, as assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Strong amplifications were obtained with several PCR primers described for detection of IS900. This finding shows the need of alternative PCR systems based on other genes than IS900 to confirm the presence of M. paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Englund
- Department of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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412
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Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic, granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis affecting domestic and wild ruminants. The symptoms of clinical paratuberculosis are chronic diarrhoea and progressive weight loss while subclinically infected animals mainly have decreased production. The infection is widespread throughout the world and causes substantial financial losses for the farming industry. One of the major obstacles in the control of this disease, is the difficulty of identifying subclinically infected animals. This review gives a summary of several aspects of paratuberculosis including clinical importance, pathology, immunology and properties of the infectious agent. Special emphasis will be on the available diagnostic methods, their use and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Olsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway.
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