401
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Abstract
Nucleic acids from an unidentified virus from ringed seals (Phoca hispida) were amplified using sequence-independent PCR, subcloned, and then sequenced. The full genome of a novel RNA virus was derived, identifying the first sequence-confirmed picornavirus in a marine mammal. The phylogenetic position of the tentatively named seal picornavirus 1 (SePV-1) as an outlier to the grouping of parechoviruses was found consistently in alignable regions of the genome. A mean protein sequence identity of only 19.3 to 30.0% was found between the 3D polymerase gene sequence of SePV-1 and those of other picornaviruses. The predicted secondary structure of the short 506-base 5'-untranslated region showed some attributes of a type IVB internal ribosome entry site, and the polyprotein lacked an apparent L peptide, both properties associated with the Parechovirus genus. The presence of two SePV-1 2A genes and of the canonical sequence required for cotranslational cleavage resembled the genetic organization of Ljungan virus. Minor genetic variants were detected in culture supernatants derived from 8 of 108 (7.4%) seals collected in 2000 to 2002, indicating a high prevalence of SePV-1 in this hunted seal population. The high level of genetic divergence of SePV-1 compared to other picornaviruses and its mix of characteristics relative to its closest relatives support the provisional classification of SePV-1 as the prototype for a new genus in the family Picornaviridae.
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402
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Wagenlehner FME, Elkahwaji JE, Algaba F, Bjerklund-Johansen T, Naber KG, Hartung R, Weidner W. The role of inflammation and infection in the pathogenesis of prostate carcinoma. BJU Int 2007; 100:733-7. [PMID: 17662075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.07091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Prostatitis and prostate carcinoma are both frequent entities of prostatic diseases. Epidemiological studies show significant associations between infection and inflammation and prostatic carcinoma. However, because of various confounding factors the results of these studies are inconclusive. Further findings are therefore needed to confirm the hypothesis that prostatic infection and inflammation might be a cause of prostatic carcinoma. We reviewed selected reports on the role of inflammation and infection in the pathogenesis of prostate carcinoma. Extensive genetic analyses show that several gene products, e.g. 2'-5'-oligoadenylate (2-5 A)-dependent Rnase, macrophage scavenger receptor 1 and Toll-like receptor-4, influence the susceptibility of prostate cells to infectious agents. Proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) could be a connection between prostatitis and prostatic carcinoma. In the transition from PIA to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, the function of cellular detoxification is gradually lost by silencing of glutathione-S transferase, a detoxifying enzyme. This cellular feature leads to an increased susceptibility of the prostatic epithelial cells to genomic damage by inflammatory oxidants or nutritional carcinogens. Consecutive somatic genome damage might then arise which modulates the further pathogenesis of prostate carcinoma. Summarising these epidemiological, genetic and cell biological aspects, infectious prostatitis might have a causative role in the complex and multifactorial process of prostate carcinogenesis.
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403
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Abstract
Human infections come from two main sources. Our 'family heirlooms' have co-evolved with the host as we diverged from the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, and these are often vertically transmitted. Our 'new acquisitions' come from cross-species infections, and these are typically horizontally transmitted. Compared with other apes, naked apes harbor a larger variety of pathogens, acquired from the domesticated and commensal non-primate species which share our habitat, as well as from exotic species. Thus we are nouveaux riches in our collection of infections or 'metagenome' and this is reviewed with particular reference to retroviruses. Nakedness poses a challenge to ectoparasites which is discussed in relation to the origin and evolution of human lice from those of the great apes. As humans have acquired infections horizontally from our closest living relatives, the chimpanzee and the gorilla, might we also have exchanged pathogens with other hominid species?
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Weiss
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
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404
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Alexeyev OA, Marklund I, Shannon B, Golovleva I, Olsson J, Andersson C, Eriksson I, Cohen R, Elgh F. Direct visualization of Propionibacterium acnes in prostate tissue by multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization assay. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:3721-8. [PMID: 17881550 PMCID: PMC2168516 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01543-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate tissues from patients with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) frequently contain histological inflammation, and a proportion of these patients show evidence of Propionibacterium acnes infection in the prostate gland. We developed a multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) assay targeting P. acnes 23S rRNA along with a 14-kb region of the P. acnes genome. This assay was used to analyze prostate tissues from patients with prostate cancer and BPH. P. acnes infection of the prostate gland was demonstrated in prostatic tissue in 5 of 10 randomly selected prostate cancer patients. FISH analysis and confocal laser microscopy imaging revealed intracellular localization and stromal biofilm-like aggregates as common forms of P. acnes infection in prostate tissues from both prostate cancer and BPH patients. A sequential analysis of prostate tissue from individual patients suggested that P. acnes can persist for up to 6 years in the prostate gland. These results indicate that P. acnes can establish a persistent infection in the prostate gland. Further study is needed to clarify the link between this bacterium and prostatic inflammation which may contribute to the development of BPH and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A Alexeyev
- Department of Pathology, Umeå University, S-90185, Umeå, Sweden.
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405
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Krause H, Schrader M, Miller K. Molekulare translationale Forschung – eine Gegenüberstellung internationaler Entwicklungen und eigener Forschungsansätze. Urologe A 2007; 46:1163-5. [PMID: 17628770 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-007-1459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Krause
- Urologische Klinik und Hochschulambulanz, Charité--Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindeburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin.
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406
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An infectious retrovirus susceptible to an IFN antiviral pathway from human prostate tumors. Urol Oncol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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407
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Abstract
BK virus (BKV) exhibits many oncogenic properties and has been associated with a variety of tumors in humans. BKV has not been well studied in the context of prostate neoplasia; however, an association of BKV with prostatic adenocarcinoma has been suggested based on the detection of viral DNA sequences and expression of viral proteins in clinical samples. To further investigate the reported association of BKV with prostatic adenocarcinoma and the potential role of the virus in prostate tumorigenesis, 30 cases of adenocarcinoma of the prostate were analyzed for evidence of BKV infection by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. In situ hybridization analysis detected BKV DNA in 2 of 30 (7%) prostatic adenocarcinomas, with positive signals focally identified in less than 1% of the neoplastic cells in both cases. However, none of the tumors evaluated demonstrated evidence of BKV large tumor antigen expression by immunohistochemistry. Among prostatic adenocarcinomas that showed no evidence of BKV infection, BKV DNA was focally observed in the adjacent non-neoplastic prostate tissue in four cases by in situ hybridization in the absence of BKV large tumor antigen immunoreactivity. The findings of the present study indicate rare cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma may be associated with BKV infection. However, lack of localization of BKV to a large population of the neoplastic cells and absence of BKV large tumor antigen expression suggest that the virus does not play a role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean K Lau
- Department of Pathology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA.
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408
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Darlix JL, Sitbon M. Le cancer de la prostate conduit à la découverte d’un nouveau rétrovirus infectieux humain. Med Sci (Paris) 2007; 23:690-1. [PMID: 17875280 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20072389690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Darlix
- Laborétro, Unité de virologie humaine, IFR128, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon et INSERM 46, allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France.
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409
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Feng H, Taylor JL, Benos PV, Newton R, Waddell K, Lucas SB, Chang Y, Moore PS. Human transcriptome subtraction by using short sequence tags to search for tumor viruses in conjunctival carcinoma. J Virol 2007; 81:11332-40. [PMID: 17686852 PMCID: PMC2045575 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00875-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital transcript subtraction (DTS) was developed to subtract in silico known human sequences from expression library data sets, leaving candidate nonhuman sequences for further analysis. This approach requires precise discrimination between human and nonhuman cDNA sequences. Database comparisons show high likelihood that small viral sequences can be successfully distinguished from human sequences. DTS analysis of 9,026 20-bp tags from an expression library of BCBL-1 cells infected with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) resolved all but three candidate sequences. Two of these sequences belonged to KSHV transcripts, and the third belonged to an unannotated human expression sequence tag. Overall, 0.24% of transcripts from this cell line were of viral origin. DTS analysis of 241,122 expression tags from three squamous cell conjunctival carcinomas revealed that only 21 sequences did not align with sequences from human databases. All 21 candidates amplify human transcripts and have secondary evidence for being of human origin. This analysis shows that it is unlikely that distinguishable viral transcripts are present in conjunctival carcinomas at 20 transcripts per million or higher, which is the equivalent of approximately 4 transcripts per cell. DTS is a simple screening method to discover novel viral nucleic acids. It provides, for the first time, quantitative evidence against some classes of viral etiology when no viral transcripts are found, thereby reducing the uncertainty involved in new pathogen discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichen Feng
- Molecular Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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410
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Kistler A, Avila PC, Rouskin S, Wang D, Ward T, Yagi S, Schnurr D, Ganem D, DeRisi JL, Boushey HA. Pan-viral screening of respiratory tract infections in adults with and without asthma reveals unexpected human coronavirus and human rhinovirus diversity. J Infect Dis 2007; 196:817-25. [PMID: 17703411 PMCID: PMC7109683 DOI: 10.1086/520816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Between 50% and 80% of asthma exacerbations are associated with viral respiratory tract infections (RTIs), yet the influence of viral pathogen diversity on asthma outcomes is poorly understood because of the limited scope and throughput of conventional viral detection methods. Methods. We investigated the capability of the Virochip, a DNA microarray—based viral detection platform, to characterize viral diversity in RTIs in adults with and without asthma. Results. The Virochip detected viruses in a higher proportion of samples (65%) than did culture isolation (17%) while exhibiting high concordance (98%) with and comparable sensitivity (97%) and specificity (98%) to pathogen-specific polymerase chain reaction. A similar spectrum of viruses was identified in the RTIs of each patient subgroup; however, unexpected diversity among human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and human rhinoviruses (HRVs) was revealed. All but one of the HCoVs corresponded to the newly recognized HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 viruses, and >20 different serotypes of HRVs were detected, including a set of 5 divergent isolates that formed a distinct genetic subgroup. Conclusions. The Virochip can detect both known and novel variants of viral pathogens present in RTIs. Given the diversity detected here, larger-scale studies will be necessary to determine whether particular substrains of viruses confer an elevated risk of asthma exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Kistler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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411
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Abstract
The antiviral and antitumor actions of interferons are caused, in part, by a remarkable regulated RNA cleavage pathway known as the 2-5A/RNase L system. 2'-5' linked oligoadenylates (2-5A) are produced from ATP by interferon-inducible synthetases. 2-5A activates pre-existing RNase L, resulting in the cleavage of RNAs within single-stranded regions. Activation of RNase L by 2-5A leads to an antiviral response, although precisely how this happens is a subject of ongoing investigations. Recently, RNase L was identified as the hereditary prostate cancer 1 gene. That finding has led to the discovery of a novel human retrovirus, XMRV. My scientific journey through the 2-5A system recounts some of the highlights of these efforts. Knowledge gained from studies on the 2-5A system could have an impact on development of therapies for important viral pathogens and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, NB40 Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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412
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Malathi K, Dong B, Gale M, Silverman RH. Small self-RNA generated by RNase L amplifies antiviral innate immunity. Nature 2007; 448:816-9. [PMID: 17653195 PMCID: PMC3638316 DOI: 10.1038/nature06042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral innate immunity is initiated in response to RNA molecules that are produced in virus-infected cells. These RNAs activate signalling cascades that activate the genes that encode alpha- and beta-interferon (IFN). Signalling occurs through the interaction of the RNAs with either of two pathogen recognition receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I, also known as DDX58) and melanoma differentiation associated gene-5 (MDA5, also known as IFIH1), which contain amino-terminal caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARD) and carboxy-terminal DExD/H Box RNA helicase motifs. RIG-I and MDA5 interact with another CARD protein, interferon-beta promotor stimulator protein-1 (IPS-1, also known as MAVS, VISA and Cardif), in the mitochondrial membrane, which relays the signal through the transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB to the IFN-beta gene. Although the signalling pathway is well understood, the origin of the RNA molecules that initiate these processes is not. Here we show that activation of the antiviral endoribonuclease, RNase L, by 2',5'-linked oligoadenylate (2-5A) produces small RNA cleavage products from self-RNA that initiate IFN production. Accordingly, mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking RNase L were resistant to the induction of IFN-beta expression in response to 2-5A, dsRNA or viral infection. Single-stranded regions of RNA are cleaved 3' of UpUp and UpAp sequences by RNase L during viral infections, resulting in small, often duplex, RNAs. We show that small self-RNAs produced by the action of RNase L on cellular RNA induce IFN-beta expression and that the signalling involves RIG-I, MDA5 and IPS-1. Mice lacking RNase L produce significantly less IFN-beta during viral infections than infected wild-type mice. Furthermore, activation of RNase L with 2-5A in vivo induced the expression of IFN-beta in wild-type but not RNase L-deficient mice. Our results indicate that RNase L has an essential role in the innate antiviral immune response that relieves the requirement for direct sensing of non-self RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamurthy Malathi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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413
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Prostate cancer, a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world, ought to be a preventable disease. This review focuses on prostate cancer prevention in the context of new mechanistic insights into human prostatic carcinogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence is accumulating to implicate infection and inflammation as contributors to prostate cancer development. Inherited prostate cancer susceptibility genes discovered thus far encode participants in host responses to infection. Proliferative inflammatory atrophy, a prostate cancer precursor lesion, ties inflammatory responses to prostatic carcinogenesis. Somatic epigenetic alterations, present in all prostate cancers, appear to arise in the setting of inflammation. Finally, a newly identified somatic genome change, involving a fusion between an androgen-regulated gene, TMPRSS2, and genes encoding members of the ETS family of transcription factors, may provide a clue as to why prostate cancer cells exhibit androgen dependence for growth and survival. SUMMARY The contributions of infection and inflammation to the early development of prostate cancer suggest prevention strategies featuring prevention or eradication of infection, amelioration of inflammation, or attenuation of genome-damaging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The acquisition of androgen dependence later during prostate cancer pathogenesis suggests the use of approaches targeting androgen signaling, including inhibitors of 5alpha-reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Nelson
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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414
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Thakur CS, Jha BK, Dong B, Das Gupta J, Silverman KM, Mao H, Sawai H, Nakamura AO, Banerjee AK, Gudkov A, Silverman RH. Small-molecule activators of RNase L with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:9585-90. [PMID: 17535916 PMCID: PMC1877983 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700590104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNase L, a principal mediator of innate immunity to viral infections in higher vertebrates, is required for a complete IFN antiviral response against certain RNA stranded viruses. dsRNA produced during viral infections activates IFN-inducible synthetases that produce 5'-phosphorylated, 2',5'-oligoadenylates (2-5A) from ATP. 2-5A activates RNase L in a wide range of different mammalian cell types, thus blocking viral replication. However, 2-5A has unfavorable pharmacologic properties; it is rapidly degraded, does not transit cell membranes, and leads to apoptosis. To obtain activators of RNase L with improved drug-like properties, high-throughput screening was performed on chemical libraries by using fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Seven compounds were obtained that activated RNase L at micromolar concentrations, and structure-activity relationship studies resulted in identification of an additional four active compounds. Two lead compounds were shown to have a similar mechanistic path toward RNase L activation as the natural activator 2-5A. The compounds bound to the 2-5A-binding domain of RNase L (as determined by surface plasmon resonance and confirmed by computational docking), and the compounds induced RNase L dimerization and activation. Interestingly, the low-molecular-weight activators of RNase L had broad-spectrum antiviral activity against diverse types of RNA viruses, including the human pathogen human parainfluenza virus type 3, yet these compounds by themselves were not cytotoxic at the effective concentrations. Therefore, these RNase L activators are prototypes for a previously uncharacterized class of broad-spectrum antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandar S. Thakur
- Departments of *Cancer Biology and
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Euclid Avenue at East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Hongxia Mao
- Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Hiro Sawai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Akiko O. Nakamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Amiya K. Banerjee
- Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Andrei Gudkov
- Molecular Genetics, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195
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415
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Pomerantz
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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416
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Maynard JA, Myhre R, Roy B. Microarrays in infection and immunity. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2007; 11:306-15. [PMID: 17500025 PMCID: PMC7108391 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, microarrays have revolutionized the scientific world as dramatically as the internet has changed everyday life. From the initial applications of DNA microarrays to uncover gene expression patterns that are diagnostic and prognostic of cancer, understanding the interplay between immune responses and disease has been a prime application of this technology. More recent efforts have moved beyond genetic analysis to functional analysis of the molecules involved, including identification of immunodominant antigens and peptides as well as the role of post-translational glycosylation. Here, we focus on recent applications of microarray technology in understanding the detailed chemical biology of immune responses to disease in an effort to guide development of vaccines and other protective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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417
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Chiu CY, Alizadeh AA, Rouskin S, Merker JD, Yeh E, Yagi S, Schnurr D, Patterson BK, Ganem D, DeRisi JL. Diagnosis of a critical respiratory illness caused by human metapneumovirus by use of a pan-virus microarray. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2340-3. [PMID: 17494722 PMCID: PMC1933008 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00364-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A pan-virus DNA microarray (Virochip) was used to detect a human metapneumovirus (hMPV) strain associated with a critical respiratory tract infection in an elderly adult with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This infection had previously eluded diagnosis despite extensive microbiological testing for possible etiologic agents. The patient's hMPV strain did not grow in viral culture, and only one of five specific reverse transcription-PCR assays for hMPV was positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Y Chiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco at Mission Bay, office BH403C, QB3 building, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco CA 94158, USA
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418
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De Marzo AM, Platz EA, Sutcliffe S, Xu J, Grönberg H, Drake CG, Nakai Y, Isaacs WB, Nelson WG. Inflammation in prostate carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 2007; 7:256-69. [PMID: 17384581 PMCID: PMC3552388 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1128] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
About 20% of all human cancers are caused by chronic infection or chronic inflammatory states. Recently, a new hypothesis has been proposed for prostate carcinogenesis. It proposes that exposure to environmental factors such as infectious agents and dietary carcinogens, and hormonal imbalances lead to injury of the prostate and to the development of chronic inflammation and regenerative 'risk factor' lesions, referred to as proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA). By developing new experimental animal models coupled with classical epidemiological studies, genetic epidemiological studies and molecular pathological approaches, we should be able to determine whether prostate cancer is driven by inflammation, and if so, to develop new strategies to prevent the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo M De Marzo
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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419
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Abstract
Characterisation of new viruses is often hindered by difficulties in amplifying them in cell culture, limited antigenic/serological cross-reactivity or the lack of nucleic acid hybridisation to known viral sequences. Numerous molecular methods have been used to genetically characterise new viruses without prior in vitro replication or the use of virus-specific reagents. In the recent metagenomic studies viral particles from uncultured environmental and clinical samples have been purified and their nucleic acids randomly amplified prior to subcloning and sequencing. Already known and novel viruses were then identified by comparing their translated sequence to those of viral proteins in public sequence databases. Metagenomic approaches to viral characterisation have been applied to seawater, near shore sediments, faeces, serum, plasma and respiratory secretions and have broadened the range of known viral diversity. Selection of samples with high viral loads, purification of viral particles, removal of cellular nucleic acids, efficient sequence-independent amplification of viral RNA and DNA, recognisable sequence similarities to known viral sequences and deep sampling of the nucleic acid populations through large scale sequencing can all improve the yield of new viruses. This review lists some of the animal viruses recently identified using sequence-independent methods, current laboratory and bioinformatics methods, together with their limitations and potential improvements. Viral metagenomic approaches provide novel opportunities to generate an unbiased characterisation of the viral populations in various organisms and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
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420
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Bisbal C, Silverman RH. Diverse functions of RNase L and implications in pathology. Biochimie 2007; 89:789-98. [PMID: 17400356 PMCID: PMC2706398 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The endoribonuclease L (RNase L) is the effector of the 2-5A system, a major enzymatic pathway involved in the molecular mechanism of interferons (IFNs). RNase L is a very unusual nuclease with a complex mechanism of regulation. It is a latent enzyme, expressed in nearly every mammalian cell type. Its activation requires its binding to a small oligonucleotide, 2-5A. 2-5A is a series of unique 5'-triphosphorylated oligoadenylates with 2'-5' phosphodiester bonds. By regulating viral and cellular RNA expression, RNase L plays an important role in the antiviral and antiproliferative activities of IFN and contributes to innate immunity and cell metabolism. The 2-5A/RNase L pathway is implicated in mediating apoptosis in response to viral infections and to several types of external stimuli. Several recent studies have suggested that RNase L could have a role in cancer biology and evidence of a tumor suppressor function of RNase L has emerged from studies on the genetics of hereditary prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Bisbal
- IGH UPR CNRS 1142. 141 rue de la Cardonille. 34396. Montpellier France. E-mail address: , Phone: 33 (0)4 99 61 99 73, Fax: 33 (0)4 99 61 99 01
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue NB40, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland OH 44195 USA, E-mail address: , Phone: (1) 216 445 9650, Fax: (1) 216 445 6269
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421
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Abstract
When connective tissue undergoes malignant transformation, glioblastomas and sarcomas arise. However, the ancient biochemical mechanisms, which are now operational in sarcomas distorted by mutations and gene fusions in misaligned chromosomes, were originally acquired by those cells that emerged during the Cambrian explosion. Preserved throughout evolution up to the genus Homo, these mechanisms dictate the apoptosis- and senescence-resistant immortality of malignant cells. A 'retroviral paradox' distinguishes human sarcomas from those of the animal world. In contrast to the retrovirally induced sarcomatous transformation of animal (avian, murine, feline and simian) cells, human sarcomas have so far failed to yield a causative retroviral isolate. However, the proto-oncogenes/oncogenes transduced from their host cells by retroviruses of animals are the same that are active in human sarcomas. Since the encoded oncoproteins arise after birth, they are recognized frequently by the immune system of the host. Immune lymphocytes that kill autologous sarcoma cells in vitro commonly fail to do so in vivo. Sarcoma vaccines generate immune T- and natural killer cell reactions; even when vaccinated patients do not show a clinical response, their tumors become more sensitive to chemotherapy. The aim of this review is to lay a solid molecular biological foundation for the conclusion that targeting the sarcoma oncogenes will result in regression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Sinkovics
- Cancer Institute of St. Joseph's Hospital Affiliated with the HL Moffitt Cancer Center, The University of South Florida College of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Tampa, Florida, USA.
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422
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Abstract
All replication-competent retroviruses contain three main reading frames, gag, pol and env, which are used for the synthesis of structural proteins, enzymes and envelope proteins respectively. Complex retroviruses, such as lentiviruses, also code for regulatory and accessory proteins that have essential roles in viral replication. The concerted expression of these genes ensures the efficient polypeptide production required for the assembly and release of new infectious progeny virions. Retroviral protein synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm and depends exclusively on the translational machinery of the host infected cell. Therefore, not surprisingly, retroviruses have developed RNA structures and strategies to promote robust and efficient expression of viral proteins in a competitive cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Balvay
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Unité de Virologie Humaine, IFR 128, Lyon, F-69364 France
- Inserm, U758, Lyon, F-69364 France
| | - Marcelo Lopez Lastra
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bruno Sargueil
- Centre de Génétique, Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 2167, Avenue de la terrasse, Gif sur Yvette, 91190 France
| | - Jean-Luc Darlix
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Unité de Virologie Humaine, IFR 128, Lyon, F-69364 France
- Inserm, U758, Lyon, F-69364 France
| | - Théophile Ohlmann
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Unité de Virologie Humaine, IFR 128, Lyon, F-69364 France
- Inserm, U758, Lyon, F-69364 France
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423
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Abstract
Several recent advances have been made in the management of prostate cancer. Active surveillance is an increasingly attractive and reasonable approach for those with low-volume, low-risk disease. For locally advanced or localized high-risk disease, neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies are emerging as the standard of care. Innovative uses of traditional hormonal treatments can potentially limit common side effects. Recent data also support the utility of second-line hormonal therapy. For the first time, a survival advantage with the use of chemotherapy has been established. Much work is under way to augment its efficacy with novel agents such as targeted therapeutics and tumor vaccines. Recent scientific breakthroughs suggest additional strategies in treating prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Pomerantz
- The Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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424
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Cheng I, Plummer SJ, Casey G, Witte JS. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Genetic Variation and Advanced Prostate Cancer Risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:352-5. [PMID: 17301271 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a key innate immunity receptor that initiates an inflammatory response primarily against Gram-negative bacteria. Two recent publications reported that variants in TLR4 were associated with risk of prostate cancer. To further investigate the role of TLR4 in prostate cancer susceptibility, we identified six tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms that comprehensively captured the common genetic variation of the locus and tested these polymorphisms in our case-control study of 1,012 men. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms showed nominally statistically significant associations with prostate cancer risk, with the strongest (rs10759932) associated with a 4-fold increased risk of disease (P = 0.006). We estimated through permutation analysis that a similarly strong result would occur by chance 2.5% of the time. Our findings support previous studies and suggest that inherited differences in TLR4 influence prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iona Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Center of Human Genetics, University of California at San Francisco, 94143-0794, USA
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425
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Fan
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3905, USA.
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426
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Li XL, Andersen JB, Ezelle HJ, Wilson GM, Hassel BA. Post-transcriptional regulation of RNase-L expression is mediated by the 3'-untranslated region of its mRNA. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:7950-60. [PMID: 17237228 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607939200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RNase-L mediates critical cellular functions including antiviral, pro-apoptotic, and tumor suppressive activities; accordingly, its expression must be tightly regulated. Little is known about the control of RNASEL expression; therefore, we examined the potential regulatory role of a conserved 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) in its mRNA. The 3'-UTR mediated a potent decrease in the stability of RNase-L mRNA, and of a chimeric beta-globin-3'-UTR reporter mRNA. AU-rich elements (AREs) are cis-acting regulatory regions that modulate mRNA stability. Eight AREs were identified in the RNase-L 3'-UTR, and deletion analysis identified positive and negative regulatory regions associated with distinct AREs. In particular, AREs 7 and 8 served a strong positive regulatory function. HuR is an ARE-binding protein that stabilizes ARE-containing mRNAs, and a predicted HuR binding site was identified in the region comprising AREs 7 and 8. Co-transfection of HuR and RNase-L enhanced RNase-L expression and mRNA stability in a manner that was dependent on this 3'-UTR region. Immunoprecipitation demonstrated that RNase-L mRNA associates with a HuR containing complex in intact cells. Activation of endogenous HuR by cell stress, or during myoblast differentiation, increased RNase-L expression, suggesting that RNase-L mRNA is a physiologic target for HuR. HuR-dependent regulation of RNase-L enhanced its antiviral activity demonstrating the functional significance of this regulation. These findings identify a novel mechanism of RNase-L regulation mediated by its 3'-UTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Li
- University of Maryland, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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427
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Dong B, Kim S, Hong S, Das Gupta J, Malathi K, Klein EA, Ganem D, DeRisi JL, Chow SA, Silverman RH. An infectious retrovirus susceptible to an IFN antiviral pathway from human prostate tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:1655-60. [PMID: 17234809 PMCID: PMC1776164 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610291104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported identification of a previously undescribed gammaretrovirus genome, xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV), in prostate cancer tissue from patients homozygous for a reduced activity variant of the antiviral enzyme RNase L. Here we constructed a full-length XMRV genome from prostate tissue RNA and showed that the molecular viral clone is replication-competent. XMRV replication in the prostate cancer cell line DU145 was sensitive to inhibition by IFN-beta. However, LNCaP prostate cancer cells, which are deficient in JAK1 and RNase L, were resistant to the effects of IFN-beta against XMRV. Furthermore, DU145 cells rendered deficient in RNase L with siRNA were partially resistant to IFN inhibition of XMRV. Expression in hamster cells of the xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 allowed these cells to be infected by XMRV. XMRV provirus integration sites were mapped in DNA isolated from human prostate tumor tissue to genes for two transcription factors (NFATc3 and CREB5) and to a gene encoding a suppressor of androgen receptor transactivation (APPBP2/PAT1/ARA67). Our studies demonstrate that XMRV is a virus that has infected humans and is susceptible to inhibition by IFN and its downstream effector, RNase L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beihua Dong
- *Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, and
| | - Sanggu Kim
- Biomedical Engineering Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Seunghee Hong
- *Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, and
- Graduate Program in Molecular Virology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | | | | | - Eric A. Klein
- Glickman Urologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Don Ganem
- Microbiology, and
- Medicine and
- **Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158; and
| | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- **Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158; and
| | - Samson A. Chow
- Biomedical Engineering Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- *Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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428
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Darlix JL, Garrido JL, Morellet N, Mély Y, de Rocquigny H. Properties, functions, and drug targeting of the multifunctional nucleocapsid protein of the human immunodeficiency virus. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2007; 55:299-346. [PMID: 17586319 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(07)55009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Darlix
- LaboRetro, Unité INSERM de Virologie Humaine, IFR128, ENS Sciences de Lyon 46 allée d'Italie, Lyon, France
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429
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Abstract
A clear picture of the dynamic relationship between the host immune system and cancer is emerging as the cells and molecules that participate in naturally occurring antitumour immune responses are being identified. The interferons (IFNs) - that is, the type I IFNs (IFNalpha and IFNbeta) and type II IFN (IFNgamma) - have emerged as central coordinators of tumour-immune-system interactions. Indeed, the decade-old finding that IFNgamma has a pivotal role in promoting antitumour responses became the focus for a renewed interest in the largely abandoned concept of cancer immunosurveillance. More recently, type I IFNs have been found to have distinct functions in this process. In this Review, we discuss the roles of the IFNs, not only in cancer immunosurveillance but also in the broader process of cancer immunoediting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Dunn
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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430
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Bratt O. What should a urologist know about hereditary predisposition to prostate cancer? BJU Int 2006; 99:743-7; discussion 747-8. [PMID: 17166238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2006.06666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ola Bratt
- Department of Urology, University Hospital in Lund, Lund, Sweden.
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431
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Kramer G, Mitteregger D, Marberger M. Is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) an immune inflammatory disease? Eur Urol 2006; 51:1202-16. [PMID: 17182170 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic inflammation has been documented for years in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), but only now has it become evident as a major factor in disease progression. This review highlights the immunologic key features of chronic inflammation in BPH and the present interpretation of these changes in the development and progression of BPH. RESULTS Almost all BPH specimens show inflammatory infiltrates at histologic examination, but correlation to bacterial or other foreign antigens has not been established. Recognition of prostate secretion products by autoreactive T cells and animal models on experimental prostatitis demonstrate an autoimmune component to chronic inflammation. The infiltrate consists predominantly of chronically activated CD4(+) T lymphocytes, which are permanently recruited to prostate tissue via elevated expression of interleukin 15 (IL-15) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), proinflammatory cytokines produced by smooth muscle and T cells, respectively. With the appearance of infiltrates, T cell-derived cytokine production of IFN-gamma, IL-2, and transforming growth factor beta increases, the former two ultimately reaching 10-fold and the latter 2-fold higher levels in fully developed BPH than in normal prostates. As "mature" BPH nodules develop, IL-4 and IL-13 expression increases >2-fold, corresponding to a T-helper (Th)0/Th2 cytokine pattern. Dysregulation of the immune response in BPH may occur via elevated expression of proinflammatory IL-17, which stimulates a multifold production of IL-6 and IL-8, key executors of stromal growth in BPH. CONCLUSIONS These data strongly suggest that BPH is an immune inflammatory disease. Unravelling the specific nature of immune dysregulation may help design novel drugs with these specific targets in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gero Kramer
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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432
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Molinaro RJ, Jha BK, Malathi K, Varambally S, Chinnaiyan AM, Silverman RH. Selection and cloning of poly(rC)-binding protein 2 and Raf kinase inhibitor protein RNA activators of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase from prostate cancer cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:6684-95. [PMID: 17145707 PMCID: PMC1751551 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiviral and antitumor functions of RNase L are enabled by binding to the allosteric effectors 5'-phosphorylated, 2',5'-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A). 2-5A is produced by interferon-inducible 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetases (OAS) upon activation by viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Because mutations in RNase L have been implicated as risk factors for prostate cancer, we sought to determine if OAS activators are present in prostate cancer cells. We show that prostate cancer cell lines (PC3, LNCaP and DU145), but not normal prostate epithelial cells (PrEC), contain RNA fractions capable of binding to and activating OAS. To identify the RNA activators, we developed a cDNA cloning strategy based on stringent affinity of RNAs for OAS. We thus identified mRNAs for Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) and poly(rC)-binding protein 2 (PCBP2) that bind and potently activate OAS. In addition, human endogenous retrovirus (hERV) envelope RNAs were present in PC3 cells that bind and activate OAS. Analysis of several gene expression profiling studies indicated that PCBP2 RNA was consistently elevated in metastatic prostate cancer. Results suggest that OAS activation may occur in prostate cancer cells in vivo stimulated by cellular mRNAs for RKIP and PCBP2.
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MESH Headings
- 2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase/metabolism
- Adenine Nucleotides/chemistry
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cloning, Molecular
- Endogenous Retroviruses/genetics
- Enzyme Activation
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Humans
- Male
- Oligoribonucleotides/chemistry
- Phosphatidylethanolamine Binding Protein/genetics
- Phosphatidylethanolamine Binding Protein/metabolism
- Prostate/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/enzymology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/isolation & purification
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J. Molinaro
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State UniversityEuclid Avenue at East 24th Street, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Babal Kant Jha
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Krishnamurthy Malathi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Sooryanarayana Varambally
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School1400 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School1400 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Arul M. Chinnaiyan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School1400 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School1400 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 216 445 9650; Fax: +1 216 445 6269;
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433
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Sartor O, Alchalabi T, Figg WD. Assessing progress against prostate cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2006; 5:102-3. [PMID: 17026796 DOI: 10.3816/cgc.2006.n.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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434
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Abstract
When endogenous retroviruses (ERV) were discovered in the late 1960s, the Mendelian inheritance of retroviral genomes by their hosts was an entirely new concept. Indeed Howard M Temin's DNA provirus hypothesis enunciated in 1964 was not generally accepted, and reverse transcriptase was yet to be discovered. Nonetheless, the evidence that we accrued in the pre-molecular era has stood the test of time, and our hypothesis on ERV, which one reviewer described as 'impossible', proved to be correct. Here I recount some of the key observations in birds and mammals that led to the discovery of ERV, and comment on their evolution, cross-species dispersion, and what remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Weiss
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, 46 Cleveland Street, London W1T 4JF, UK.
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435
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van der Poel HG. Molecular markers in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2006; 61:104-39. [PMID: 16945550 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic alterations leading to prostate cancer are gradually being discovered. A wide variety of genes have been associated with prostate cancer development as well as tumor progression. Knowledge of gene polymorphisms associated with disease aid in the understanding of important pathways involved in this process and may result in the near future in clinical applications. Urinary molecular markers will soon be available to aid in the decision of repeat prostate biopsies. Recent findings suggest the importance of androgen signaling in disease development and progression. The further understanding of interaction of inflammation, diet, and genetic predisposition will improve risk stratification in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G van der Poel
- Department of Urology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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436
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Chiu CY, Rouskin S, Koshy A, Urisman A, Fischer K, Yagi S, Schnurr D, Eckburg PB, Tompkins LS, Blackburn BG, Merker JD, Patterson BK, Ganem D, DeRisi JL. Microarray detection of human parainfluenzavirus 4 infection associated with respiratory failure in an immunocompetent adult. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43:e71-6. [PMID: 16983602 PMCID: PMC7108001 DOI: 10.1086/507896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A pan-viral DNA microarray, the Virochip (University of California, San Francisco), was used to detect human parainfluenzavirus 4 (HPIV-4) infection in an immunocompetent adult presenting with a life-threatening acute respiratory illness. The virus was identified in an endotracheal aspirate specimen, and the microarray results were confirmed by specific polymerase chain reaction and serological analysis for HPIV-4. Conventional clinical laboratory testing using an extensive panel of microbiological tests failed to yield a diagnosis. This case suggests that the potential severity of disease caused by HPIV-4 in adults may be greater than previously appreciated and illustrates the clinical utility of a microarray for broad-based viral pathogen screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Y. Chiu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, and University of California, San Francisco
| | - Silvi Rouskin
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco
| | - Anita Koshy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto
| | | | - Kael Fischer
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco
| | - Shigeo Yagi
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Health Services, Richmond, California
| | - David Schnurr
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Health Services, Richmond, California
| | - Paul B. Eckburg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto
| | - Lucy S. Tompkins
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto
| | - Brian G. Blackburn
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto
| | - Jason D. Merker
- Department of Pathology and Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto
| | - Bruce K. Patterson
- Department of Pathology and Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto
| | - Don Ganem
- Departments of Microbiology, San Francisco
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, and University of California, San Francisco
- Departments of Medicine and University of California, San Francisco
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco
- Departments of Medicine and University of California, San Francisco
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco
- Reprints or correspondence: Dr. Joseph L. DeRisi, Dept. of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco at Mission Bay, Office BH403C, QB3 Bldg., 1700 4th St., San Francisco, CA 94158 ()
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437
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is common, biologically heterogeneous, and protean in its clinical manifestations. Through the use and analysis of isogenic cell lines, xeno-grafts, transgenic mice, and human tumors, one begins to deconvolute the precise biologic mechanisms that combine to create the native complexity and heterogeneity of this disease. In this article, the authors have underscored compelling recent discoveries in prostate cancer so as to provide the reader with molecular paradigms with which to interpret future insights into its biology. Although it was inevitably necessary to omit a significant amount of important research in prostate cancer, the work discussed here is exemplary of current prostate cancer research. Looking forward, it is hoped that the collective work of mapping genetic and biologic interactions among key regulators of prostate epithelial cells, epithelial-stromal interactions, host immune system, and host genetics will eventually result in a comprehensive understanding of prostate cancer. Although it is likely that the molecular characteristics of an individual's prostate cancer will be analyzed using limited molecular tools in the near future, eventual application of genomic technologies and nanotechnology offers the promise of robust future characterization. Such a characterization is likely to be required to maximize our ability to optimize and individualize preventive and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bala S Balakumaran
- Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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438
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Muneer S, Reddy GK, Ranganathan A, Shivakumar L. Highlights from The 2006 American Society of Clinical Oncology Prostate Cancer Symposium; San Francisco, CA; February 24-26, 2006. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2006; 4:240-5. [PMID: 16729905 DOI: 10.1016/s1558-7673(11)70139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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