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Faulkner M. Risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2015; 14:1737-48. [DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2015.1093620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Nicholas JA, Racke MK, Imitola J, Boster AL. First-line natalizumab in multiple sclerosis: rationale, patient selection, benefits and risks. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2014; 5:62-8. [PMID: 24587891 DOI: 10.1177/2040622313514790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natalizumab (NTZ) is a highly effective disease modifying therapy for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite evidence to support its use as first-line therapy, risk of NTZ-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) has largely contributed to it being relegated to a second-line position. Recent preliminary data may allow for a more accurate analysis of JC virus (JCV) risk stratification of a given patient's PML risk. Herein we propose an algorithm to help guide clinicians through this decision-making process. We recommend that NTZ be considered for first-line use in JCV antibody negative MS patients, JCV 'low positive' MS patients without prior exposure to immunosuppression and for a limited period (12-24 months) in JCV 'high positive' MS patients with an aggressive disease course . We caution against first-line use in JCV antibody 'high positive' patients beyond 12-24 months and any JCV antibody positive patient with a history of prior immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ann Nicholas
- The Ohio State University Multiple Sclerosis Center, 395 W 12th Avenue, 7th Floor, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael Karl Racke
- Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jamie Imitola
- Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Aaron Lee Boster
- Department of Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Martin A, Tisch RM, Getts DR. Manipulating T cell-mediated pathology: Targets and functions of monoclonal antibody immunotherapy. Clin Immunol 2013; 148:136-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Yao K, Crawford JR, Komaroff AL, Ablashi DV, Jacobson S. Review part 2: Human herpesvirus-6 in central nervous system diseases. J Med Virol 2010; 82:1669-78. [PMID: 20827763 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Yao
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Mancuso R, Hernis A, Cavarretta R, Caputo D, Calabrese E, Nemni R, Ferrante P, Delbue S, Clerici M. Detection of viral DNA sequences in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. J Med Virol 2010; 82:1051-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Yao K, Gagnon S, Akhyani N, Williams E, Fotheringham J, Frohman E, Stuve O, Monson N, Racke MK, Jacobson S. Reactivation of human herpesvirus-6 in natalizumab treated multiple sclerosis patients. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2028. [PMID: 18446218 PMCID: PMC2323568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha(4) integrin antagonist natalizumab was shown to be effective in patients with immune-mediated disorders but was unexpectedly associated with JC polyomavirus associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in two multiple sclerosis (MS) and one Crohn's disease patients. Impaired immune surveillance due to natalizumab treatment may have contributed to the JCV reactivation. As HHV-6 has been suggested to play a role in MS, we asked whether this virus could also have been reactivated during natalizumab therapy. Matched sera and CSF from a limited set of MS patients treated with and without natalizumab were examined for evidence of HHV-6. In addition, we also superinfected a persistent JC virus infected glial cell with HHV-6A to determine if JC virus can be increased. Elevated serum HHV6 IgG and HHV-6A DNA was detected in the CSF of a subset of patients but not controls. We confirmed that superinfection with HHV-6 of a JC virus infected glial cells increased expression of JCV. These results support the hypothesis that treatment with natalizumab may be associated with reduced immune surveillance resulting in reactivation of viruses associated with MS pathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/cerebrospinal fluid
- Cell Line
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Female
- Herpesvirus 6, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 6, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/cerebrospinal fluid
- JC Virus/drug effects
- JC Virus/physiology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/virology
- Natalizumab
- Roseolovirus Infections/virology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Virus Activation/drug effects
- Virus Replication/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Yao
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Susan Gagnon
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nahid Akhyani
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Williams
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julie Fotheringham
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elliot Frohman
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Olaf Stuve
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nancy Monson
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Racke
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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