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Manukonda R, Narayana RV, Kaliki S, Mishra DK, Vemuganti GK. Emerging therapeutic targets for retinoblastoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:937-947. [PMID: 36524402 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2158812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retinoblastoma (Rb) is an early childhood intraocular tumor of the retina and is managed by multimodal therapeutic approaches. Recent advanced targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to the eye has improved the possibility of globe salvage. However, enucleation is inevitable for advanced and recurrent Rb. The cumulative knowledge of identification of newer molecular biology tools, exosomal cargo, role of cancer stem cells (CSCs), and its microenvironment in the progression of the diseases warrants a relook at the traditional treatment protocol and explore the feasibility of targeted therapies. AREAS COVERED This review covers Rb pathobiology, novel molecular-targeted therapeutics, and strategies targeting Rb CSCs and provides an update on potential therapeutic targets such as second messengers and exosomal cargo. EXPERT OPINION The emergence of early diagnosis and multimodality treatment protocols have significantly improved the clinical outcome of children with advanced Rb; however, the problem of tumor recurrence has not yet been overcome. Improved understanding of the molecular pathways, identification, and characterization of CSCs opens up new targeted therapy approaches. The contemporary evidence from other fields shows promising evidence that combining conservative treatment modalities with targeting therapies specific for CSCs in clinical practice is essential for achieving high globe salvage rate in Rb patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Manukonda
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.,Brien Holden Eye Research Center, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Revu Vl Narayana
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Science Complex, Hyderabad, India
| | - Swathi Kaliki
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.,Brien Holden Eye Research Center, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Dilip K Mishra
- Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Geeta K Vemuganti
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Science Complex, Hyderabad, India
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Zhang J, Liu J, Wu J, Li W, Chen Z, Yang L. Progression of the role of CRYAB in signaling pathways and cancers. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:4129-4139. [PMID: 31239701 PMCID: PMC6553995 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s201799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
CRYAB is a member of the small heat shock protein family, first discovered in the lens of the eye, and involved in various diseases, such as eye and heart diseases and even cancers, for example, breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, and ovarian cancer. In addition, CRYAB proteins are involved in a variety of signaling pathways including apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. This review summarizes the recent progress concerning the role of CRYAB in signaling pathways and diseases. Therefore, the role of CRYAB in signaling pathways and cancers is urgently needed. This article reviews the regulation of CRYAB in the apoptotic inflammatory signaling pathway and its role in cancers progression and as a key role in anti-cancer therapy targeting CRYAB in an effort to improve outcomes for patients with metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunFei Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Emergency Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750000, People's Republic of China
| | - JiaLi Wu
- Department of Emergency Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750000, People's Republic of China
| | - WenFeng Li
- Department of Emergency Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750000, People's Republic of China
| | - ZhongWei Chen
- Department of Emergency Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750000, People's Republic of China
| | - LiShan Yang
- Department of Emergency Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750000, People's Republic of China
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Sun Z, Zhou Q, Li H, Yang L, Wu S, Sui R. Mutations in crystallin genes result in congenital cataract associated with other ocular abnormalities. Mol Vis 2017; 23:977-986. [PMID: 29386872 PMCID: PMC5757854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to describe the phenotypes and identify pathogenic mutations in Chinese patients who have congenital cataracts associated with other ocular abnormalities. Methods Eleven patients from four unrelated Chinese families plus two simplex cases were enrolled in this study. Detailed ophthalmic examinations were performed. DNA samples were isolated from peripheral blood collected from the patients. Next-generation sequencing of known ocular genes was applied to the proband of each family and two simplex cases to find pathogenic variances. PCR and Sanger sequencing were conducted for validation and segregation tests. Results All 13 patients had congenital cataracts, and other ocular abnormalities were found in some cases. Microcornea was found in 12 subjects, and ocular coloboma was observed in five. Various types of coloboma, including iris, choroid, macular, and optic disc, were described. Five mutations in crystallin genes were identified. Four of the mutations are novel: CRYBB1: p.(Arg230Cys), CRYBB2: p.(Gly149Val), CRYGC: p.(Met44CysfsTer59), and CRYGC: p.(Tyr144Ter). One mutation was reported previously: CRYAA: p.(Arg21Trp). Conclusions We examined a cohort of Chinese patients with congenital cataracts and studied the phenotypes and genotypes. Extralenticular abnormalities, such as microcornea and ocular coloboma, can also be found in patients with congenital cataracts. The phenotype of congenital cataracts associated with macular and optic disc coloboma was reported for the first time in this study. Four novel mutations and one previously reported mutation were identified. These data expand the mutation spectrum in crystallin genes and enhance our understanding of the phenotypes of congenital cataracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixi Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huajin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lizhu Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shijing Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifang Sui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Identification of differentially expressed proteins in retinoblastoma tumors using mass spectrometry-based comparative proteomic approach. J Proteomics 2017; 159:77-91. [PMID: 28232133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In India, retinoblastoma is among the top five childhood cancers. Children mostly present with extraocular extension and high risk features that results in unsatisfactory treatment and low survival rate. In addition, lack of potential therapeutic and prognostic targets is another challenge in the management of retinoblastoma. We studied comparative proteome of retinoblastoma patients (HPV positive and negative (n=4 each) and controls (n=4), in order to identify potential retinoblastoma-specific protein targets. 2D-DIGE coupled MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry identified 39 unique proteins. Highly deregulated proteins were GFAP,RBP3,APOA1,CRYAA,CRABP1,SAG and TF. Gene ontology (Panther 7.0) revealed majority of proteins to be associated with metabolic processes (26%) and catalytic activity (38%). 8 proteins were significantly upregulated in HPV positive vis-a-vis HPV negative cases. Patient group exhibited 12 upregulated and 18 downregulated proteins compared to controls. Pathway and network analysis (IPA software) revealed CTNNB1 as most significantly regulated signalling pathway in HPV positive than HPV negative retinoblastoma. The trends in transcriptional change of 9 genes were consistent with those at proteomic level. The Western blot analysis confirmed the expression pattern of RBP3,GFAP and CRABP1. We suggest GFAP,RBP3,CRABP1,CRYAAA,APOA1 and SAG as prospective targets that could further be explored as potential candidates in therapy and may further assist in studying the disease mechanism. SIGNIFICANCE In this study we evaluated tumor tissue specimens from retinoblastoma patients and identified 39 differentially regulated proteins compared to healthy retina. From these, we propose RBP3, CRABP1, GFAP, CRYAA, APOA1 and SAG as promising proteomic signatures that could further be explored as efficient prognostic and therapeutic targets in retinoblastoma. The present study is not only a contribution to the ongoing endeavour for the discovery of proteomic signatures in retinoblastoma, but, may also act as a starting point for future studies aimed at uncovering novel targets for further therapeutic interventions and improving patient outcomes.
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Liu J, Luo Z, Zhang L, Wang L, Nie Q, Wang ZF, Huang Z, Hu X, Gong L, Arrigo AP, Tang X, Xiang JW, Liu F, Deng M, Ji W, Hu W, Zhu JY, Chen B, Bridge J, Hollingsworth MA, Gigantelli J, Liu Y, Nguyen QD, Li DWC. The small heat shock protein αA-crystallin negatively regulates pancreatic tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:65808-65824. [PMID: 27588467 PMCID: PMC5323194 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent study has shown that αA-crystallin appears to act as a tumor suppressor in pancreas. Here, we analyzed expression patterns of αA-crystallin in the pancreatic tumor tissue and the neighbor normal tissue from 74 pancreatic cancer patients and also pancreatic cancer cell lines. Immunocytochemistry revealed that αA-crystallin was highly expressed in the normal tissue from 56 patients, but barely detectable in the pancreatic tumor tissue. Moreover, a low level of αA-crystallin predicts poor prognosis for patients with pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In the 12 pancreatic cell lines analyzed, except for Capan-1 and Miapaca-2 where the level of αA-crystallin was about 80% and 65% of that in the control cell line, HPNE, the remaining pancreatic cancer cells have much lower αA-crystallin levels. Overexpression of αA-crystallin in MiaPaca-1 cells lacking endogenous αA-crystallin significantly decreased its tumorigenicity ability as shown in the colony formation and wound healing assays. In contrast, knockdown of αA-crystallin in the Capan-1 cells significantly increased its tumorigenicity ability as demonstrated in the above assays. Together, our results further demonstrate that αA-crystallin negatively regulates pancreatic tumorigenesis and appears to be a prognosis biomarker for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
- Institute of Cancer Research, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, China
| | - Zhongwen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Qian Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Zheng-Feng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Center of Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Zhaoxia Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Xiaohui Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Lili Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Andre-Patrick Arrigo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xiangcheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Jia-Wen Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Fangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Mi Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Weike Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ji-Ye Zhu
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Center of Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Baojiang Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Julia Bridge
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Michael A Hollingsworth
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - James Gigantelli
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Quan D Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - David Wan-Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Truhlsen Eye Institute, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Yu Y, Jiang H, Li H, Song W, Xia X. Alpha-A-Crystallin Protects Lens Epithelial Cell-Derived iPSC-Like Cells Against Apoptosis Induced by Oxidative Stress. Cell Reprogram 2016; 18:327-332. [PMID: 27696911 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2016.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Weitao Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Nagaraj RH, Nahomi RB, Mueller NH, Raghavan CT, Ammar DA, Petrash JM. Therapeutic potential of α-crystallin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:252-7. [PMID: 25840354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The findings that α-crystallins are multi-functional proteins with diverse biological functions have generated considerable interest in understanding their role in health and disease. Recent studies have shown that chaperone peptides of α-crystallin could be delivered into cultured cells and in experimental animals with beneficial effects against protein aggregation, oxidation, inflammation and apoptosis. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we will summarize the latest developments on the therapeutic potential of α-crystallins and their functional peptides. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS α-Crystallins and their functional peptides have shown significant favorable effects against several diseases. Their targeted delivery to tissues would be of great therapeutic benefit. However, α-crystallins can also function as disease-causing proteins. These seemingly contradictory functions must be carefully considered prior to their therapeutic use. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE αA and αB-Crystallin are members of the small heat shock protein family. These proteins exhibit molecular chaperone and anti-apoptotic activities. The core crystallin domain within these proteins is largely responsible for these prosperities. Recent studies have identified peptides within the crystallin domain of both α- and αB-crystallins with remarkable chaperone and anti-apoptotic activities. Administration of α-crystallin or their functional peptides has shown substantial inhibition of pathologies in several diseases. However, α-crystallins have been shown to promote disease-causing pathways. These two sides of the proteins are discussed in this review. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Crystallin Biochemistry in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram H Nagaraj
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Rooban B Nahomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Niklaus H Mueller
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Cibin T Raghavan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David A Ammar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - J Mark Petrash
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Posner M, Skiba J, Brown M, Liang JO, Nussbaum J, Prior H. Loss of the small heat shock protein αA-crystallin does not lead to detectable defects in early zebrafish lens development. Exp Eye Res 2013; 116:227-33. [PMID: 24076322 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alpha crystallins are small heat shock proteins essential to normal ocular lens function. They also help maintain homeostasis in many non-ocular vertebrate tissues and their expression levels change in multiple diseases of the nervous and cardiovascular system and during cancer. The specific roles that α-crystallins may play in eye development are unclear. Studies with knockout mice suggested that only one of the two mammalian α-crystallins is required for normal early lens development. However, studies in two fish species suggested that reduction of αA-crystallin alone could inhibit normal fiber cell differentiation, cause cataract and contribute to lens degeneration. In this study we used synthetic antisense morpholino oligomers to suppress the expression of zebrafish αA-crystallin to directly test the hypothesis that, unlike mammals, the zebrafish requires αA-crystallin for normal early lens development. Despite the reduction of zebrafish αA-crystallin protein to undetectable levels by western analysis through 4 days of development we found no changes in fiber cell differentiation, lens morphology or transparency. In contrast, suppression of AQP0a expression, previously shown to cause lens cataract, produced irregularly shaped lenses, delay in fiber cell differentiation and lens opacities detectable by confocal microscopy. The normal development observed in αA-crystallin deficient zebrafish embryos may reflect similarly non-essential roles for this protein in the early stages of both zebrafish and mammalian lens development. This finding has ramifications for a growing number of researchers taking advantage of the zebrafish's transparent external embryos to study vertebrate eye development. Our demonstration that lens cataracts can be visualized in three-dimensions by confocal microscopy in a living zebrafish provides a new tool for studying the causes, development and prevention of lens opacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason Posner
- Department of Biology, Ashland University, 401 College Avenue, Ashland, OH 44805, USA.
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Nalini V, Segu R, Deepa PR, Khetan V, Vasudevan M, Krishnakumar S. Molecular Insights on Post-chemotherapy Retinoblastoma by Microarray Gene Expression Analysis. Bioinform Biol Insights 2013; 7:289-306. [PMID: 24092970 PMCID: PMC3785389 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Management of Retinoblastoma (RB), a pediatric ocular cancer is limited by drug-resistance and drug-dosage related side effects during chemotherapy. Molecular de-regulation in post-chemotherapy RB tumors was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS cDNA microarray analysis of two post-chemotherapy and one pre-chemotherapy RB tumor tissues was performed, followed by Principle Component Analysis, Gene ontology, Pathway Enrichment analysis and Biological Analysis Network (BAN) modeling. The drug modulation role of two significantly up-regulated genes (p≤0.05) - Ect2 (Epithelial-cell-transforming-sequence-2), and PRAME (preferentially-expressed-Antigen-in-Melanoma) was assessed by qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and cell viability assays. RESULTS Differential up-regulation of 1672 genes and down-regulation of 2538 genes was observed in RB tissues (relative to normal adult retina), while 1419 genes were commonly de-regulated between pre-chemotherapy and post- chemotherapy RB. Twenty one key gene ontology categories, pathways, biomarkers and phenotype groups harboring 250 differentially expressed genes were dys-regulated (EZH2, NCoR1, MYBL2, RB1, STAMN1, SYK, JAK1/2, STAT1/2, PLK2/4, BIRC5, LAMN1, Ect2, PRAME and ABCC4). Differential molecular expressions of PRAME and Ect2 in RB tumors with and without chemotherapy were analyzed. There was neither up- regulation of MRP1, nor any significant shift in chemotherapeutic IC50, in PRAME over-expressed versus non-transfected RB cells. CONCLUSION Cell cycle regulatory genes were dys-regulated post-chemotherapy. Ect2 gene was expressed in response to chemotherapy-induced stress. PRAME does not contribute to drug resistance in RB, yet its nuclear localization and BAN information, points to its possible regulatory role in RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesan Nalini
- Larsen and Toubro Department of Ocular Pathology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India. ; Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, India
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Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the expression of alphaB-crystallin and its colocalization with vascular endothelial growth factor in the epiretinal membrane of human proliferative diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Ten epiretinal membranes of proliferative diabetic retinopathy and three normal retinas surgically excised were included in this study. Paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections were processed for immunohistochemistry with alphaB-crystallin, vascular endothelial growth factor, and CD31 antibodies. RESULTS AlphaB-crystallin was expressed in all epiretinal membranes examined. The immunolocalization of alphaB-crystallin was detected in the cytoplasm of CD31-positive endothelial cells, but not in normal retinal blood vessels. Furthermore, alphaB-crystallin immunoreactivity was colocalized in vascular endothelial growth factor-positive endothelial cells in proliferative diabetic retinopathy membranes. CONCLUSION AlphaB-crystallin was expressed in proliferative diabetic retinopathy membranes, and colocalized with vascular endothelial growth factor-positive neovessels. AlphaB-crystallin may play a potential role in the pathogenesis of epiretinal membranes in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, together with vascular endothelial growth factor.
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Kannan R, Sreekumar PG, Hinton DR. Novel roles for α-crystallins in retinal function and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 31:576-604. [PMID: 22721717 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
α-Crystallins are key members of the superfamily of small heat shock proteins that have been studied in detail in the ocular lens. Recently, novel functions for α-crystallins have been identified in the retina and in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). αB-Crystallin has been localized to multiple compartments and organelles including mitochondria, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus. α-Crystallins are regulated by oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inhibit apoptosis-induced cell death. α-Crystallins interact with a large number of proteins that include other crystallins, and apoptotic, cytoskeletal, inflammatory, signaling, angiogenic, and growth factor molecules. Studies with RPE from αB-crystallin deficient mice have shown that αB-crystallin supports retinal and choroidal angiogenesis through its interaction with vascular endothelial growth factor. αB-Crystallin has also been shown to have novel functions in the extracellular space. In RPE, αB-crystallin is released from the apical surface in exosomes where it accumulates in the interphotoreceptor matrix and may function to protect neighboring cells. In other systems administration of exogenous recombinant αB-crystallin has been shown to be anti-inflammatory. Another newly described function of αB-crystallin is its ability to inhibit β-amyloid fibril formation. α-Crystallin minichaperone peptides have been identified that elicit anti-apoptotic function in addition to being efficient chaperones. Generation of liposomal particles and other modes of nanoencapsulation of these minipeptides could offer great therapeutic advantage in ocular delivery for a wide variety of retinal degenerative, inflammatory and vascular diseases including age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kannan
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Macular Research Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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Clinical value of CD24 expression in retinoblastoma. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:158084. [PMID: 22745528 PMCID: PMC3382394 DOI: 10.1155/2012/158084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. The expression of CD24 has been detected in a wide variety of human malignancies. Downregulation of CD24 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in tumor cells, whereas its upregulation increases tumor growth and metastasis. However, no data on CD24 protein levels in retinoblastoma are available, and the mechanism of CD24 involvement in retinoblastoma progress has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to explore the expression profile of CD24 in the retinoblastoma tumor samples and to correlate with clinicopathological parameters. Methods. Immunohistochemistry was performed for CD24 on the archival paraffin sections of retinoblastoma and correlated with clinicopathological features. Western blotting was performed to confirm immunoreactivity results. Results. CD24 immunoreactivity was observed in 72.0% (36/50) of the retinoblastoma specimens. Among the 35 low-risk tumors, CD24 was expressed in 62.9% (22/35) tumors and among the 15 high-risk tumors, CD24 was expressed in 93.3% (14/15) tumors. High-risk tumors showed significantly increased expression of CD24 compared to tumors with low-risk (P < 0.05). Conclusions. This is the first correlation between CD24 expression and histopathology in human retinoblastoma. Our study showed increased expression of CD24 in high risk tumors compared to low risk tumors. Further functional studies are required to explore the role of CD24 in retinoblastoma.
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Vandhana S, Lakshmi TSR, Indra D, Deepa PR, Krishnakumar S. Microarray Analysis and Biochemical Correlations of Oxidative Stress Responsive Genes in Retinoblastoma. Curr Eye Res 2012; 37:830-41. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2012.678544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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Li R, Zhu Z, Reiser G. Specific phosphorylation of αA-crystallin is required for the αA-crystallin-induced protection of astrocytes against staurosporine and C2-ceramide toxicity. Neurochem Int 2012; 60:652-8. [PMID: 22414529 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that αA-crystallin and protease-activated receptor are involved in protection of astrocytes against C2-ceramide- and staurosporine-induced cell death (Li et al., 2009). Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism of αA-crystallin-mediated cytoprotection. We found that the expression of mutants mimicking specific phosphorylation of αA-crystallin increases the protection of astrocytes. However, the expression of mutants mimicking unphosphorylation of αA-crystallin results in loss of protection. These data revealed that the phosphorylation of αA-crystallin at Ser122 and Ser148 is required for protection. Furthermore, we explored the mechanism of cytoprotection of astrocytes by αA-crystallin. Application of specific inhibitors of p38 and ERK abrogates the protection of astrocytes by over-expression of αA-crystallin. Thus, p38 and ERK contribute to protective processes by αA-crystallin. This is comparable to our previous results which demonstrated that p38 and ERK regulated protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2)/αB-crystallin-mediated cytoprotection. Furthermore, we found that PAR-2 activation increases the expression of αA-crystallin. Thus, endogenous αA-crystallin protects astrocytes via mechanisms, which regulate the expression and/or phosphorylation status of αA-crystallin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyu Li
- Institut für Neurobiochemie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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15
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Zhou Q, Xu G, Zhang X, Cao C, Zhou Z. Proteomics of Post-Traumatic Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy in Rabbit Retina Reveals Alterations to a Variety of Functional Proteins. Curr Eye Res 2012; 37:318-26. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2011.635397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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16
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Khetan V, Gupta A, Gopal L. Retinoblastoma: Recent trends A mini review based on published literature. Oman J Ophthalmol 2011; 4:108-15. [PMID: 22279397 PMCID: PMC3263162 DOI: 10.4103/0974-620x.91265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common intraocular malignancy in children. Recently, there have been significant advances made in the molecular pathology and the management of the disease. Last decade has witnessed better understanding of the genetics of RB, the discovery of new tumor markers expressed by the RB tumors, the identification of high-risk histopathological factors following enucleation, and newer methods of treatment including periocular chemotherapy and superselective intraarterial chemotherapy. All these advances have translated in improved survival rates for the affected children, improved rates of eye salvage, and improved visual outcomes. This article briefly reviews these advances.Method of Literature Search: Literature on the Medline database was searched using the PubMed interface. The search strategy included MeSH and natural language terms using the keywords mentioned. Reference lists in retrieved articles and textbooks were also searched for relevant references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Khetan
- Bhagwan Mahaveer Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, 18, College Road, Chennai, India
| | - Aditi Gupta
- Bhagwan Mahaveer Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, 18, College Road, Chennai, India
| | - Lingam Gopal
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health System, Singapore
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Kandalam M, Mitra M, Subramanian K, Biswas J. Molecular pathology of retinoblastoma. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2011; 17:217-23. [PMID: 20844677 PMCID: PMC2934713 DOI: 10.4103/0974-9233.65498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is an embryonic neoplasm of retinal origin. For many years, scientists have sought the fundamental origins of tumorigenesis, with the ultimate hope of discovering a cure. Indeed, these efforts have led to a significant understanding that multiple molecular and genetic aberrations, such as uncontrolled proliferation and the inhibition of apoptosis that contribute to the canonical characteristics of tumor biology. Despite these advances, a thorough understanding, such as the precise cells, which are the targets of neoplastic transformation, especially in solid tumors, is currently lacking. The focus of this review is to emphasize the molecular defects involved in the RB tumor progression and mechanisms associated with inhibition of tumor cell apoptotic processes. This review also discusses the importance of target molecules characterization and their potential therapeutic or prognostic use in RB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjuna Kandalam
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
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Pasupuleti N, Matsuyama S, Voss O, Doseff AI, Song K, Danielpour D, Nagaraj RH. The anti-apoptotic function of human αA-crystallin is directly related to its chaperone activity. Cell Death Dis 2011; 1:e31. [PMID: 21364639 PMCID: PMC3032290 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2010.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
αA-crystallin is a molecular chaperone and an antiapoptotic protein. This study investigated the mechanism of inhibition of apoptosis by human αA-crystallin and determined if the chaperone activity of αA-crystallin is required for the antiapoptotic function. αA-crystallin inhibited chemical-induced apoptosis in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and HeLa cells by inhibiting activation of caspase-3 and -9. In CHO cells, it inhibited apoptosis induced by the overexpression of human proapoptotic proteins, Bim and Bax. αA-crystallin inhibited doxorubicin-mediated activation of human procaspase-3 in CHO cells and it activated the PI3K/Akt cell survival pathway by promoting the phosphorylation of PDK1, Akt and phosphatase tensin homologue in HeLa cells. The phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) activity was increased by αA-crystallin overexpression but the protein content was unaltered. Downregulation of PI3K by the expression of a dominant-negative mutant or inhibition by LY294002 abrogated the ability of αA-crystallin to phosphorylate Akt. These antiapoptotic functions of αA-crystallin were enhanced in a mutant protein (R21A) that shows increased chaperone activity than the wild-type (Wt) protein. Interestingly, a mutant protein (R49A) that shows decreased chaperone activity was far weaker than the Wt protein in its antiapoptotic functions. Together, our study results show that αA-crystallin inhibits apoptosis by enhancing PI3K activity and inactivating phosphatase tensin homologue and that the antiapoptotic function is directly related to its chaperone activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pasupuleti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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19
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Heat shock proteins in the human eye. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROTEOMICS 2011; 2010:479571. [PMID: 22084677 PMCID: PMC3200129 DOI: 10.1155/2010/479571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are believed to primarily protect and maintain cell viability under stressful conditions such as those occurring during thermal and oxidative challenges chiefly by refolding and stabilizing proteins. Hsps are found throughout the various tissues of the eye where they are thought to confer protection from disease states such as cataract, glaucoma, and cancer. This minireview summarizes the placement, properties, and roles of Hsps in the eye and aims to provide a better comprehension of their function and involvement in ocular disease pathogenesis.
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Launay N, Tarze A, Vicart P, Lilienbaum A. Serine 59 phosphorylation of {alpha}B-crystallin down-regulates its anti-apoptotic function by binding and sequestering Bcl-2 in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:37324-32. [PMID: 20841355 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.124388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The small heat shock protein (sHSP) αB-crystallin is a new oncoprotein in breast carcinoma that predicts poor clinical outcome in breast cancer. However, although several reports have demonstrated that phosphorylation of sHSPs modify their structural and functional properties, the significance of αB-crystallin phosphorylation in cancer cells has not yet been investigated. In this study, we have characterized the phosphorylation status of αB-crystallin in breast epithelial carcinoma cells line MCF7 submitted to anti-cancer agents like vinblastine. We have showed that the main phosphorylation site of αB-crystallin in response to vinblastine is serine 59 and determined a correlation between this post-translational modification and higher apoptosis level. The overexpression of the serine 59 "pseudophosphorylated" mutant (S59E) induces a significant increase in the apoptosis level of vinblastine-treated MCF7 cells. In contrast, overexpression of wild-type αB-crystallin or "nonphosphorylatable" mutant (S59A) result in a resistance to this microtubule-depolymerizing agent, while inhibition of endogenous levels of αB-crystallin by expression of shRNA lowers it. Analyzing further the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon, we report for the first time that phosphorylated αB-crystallin preferentially interacts with Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, and this interaction prevents the translocation of Bcl-2 to mitochondria. Hence, this study identifies serine 59 phosphorylation as an important key in the down-regulation of αB-crystallin anti-apoptotic function in breast cancer and suggests new strategies to improve anti-cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Launay
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative BFA EAC4413, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot/CNRS, Laboratoire Stress et Pathologies du Cytosquelette, 4 rue Marie-Andrée Lagroua Weill-Hallé 75250 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Deng M, Chen PC, Xie S, Zhao J, Gong L, Liu J, Zhang L, Sun S, Liu J, Ma H, Batra SK, Li DWC. The small heat shock protein alphaA-crystallin is expressed in pancreas and acts as a negative regulator of carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:621-31. [PMID: 20434541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The small heat shock protein alphaA-crystallin is a structural protein in the ocular lens. In addition, recent studies have also revealed that it is a molecular chaperone, an autokinase and a strong anti-apoptotic regulator. Besides its lenticular distribution, a previous study demonstrates that a detectable level of alphaA-crystallin is found in other tissues including thymus and spleen. In the present study, we have re-examined the distribution of alphaA-crystallin in various normal human and mouse tissues and found that the normal pancreas expresses a moderate level of alphaA-crystallin. Moreover, alphaA-crystallin is found significantly downregulated in 60 cases of pancreatic carcinoma of different types than it is in 11 normal human pancreas samples. In addition, we demonstrate that alphaA-crystallin can enhance the activity of the activating protein-1 (AP-1) through modulating the function of the MAP kinase, and also upregulates components of TGFbeta pathway. Finally, expression of alphaA-crystallin in a pancreatic cancer cell line, MiaPaCa, results in retarded cell migration. Together, these results suggest that alphaA-crystallin seems to negatively regulate pancreatic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
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Mallikarjuna K, Sundaram CS, Sharma Y, Deepa PR, Khetan V, Gopal L, Biswas J, Sharma T, Krishnakumar S. Comparative proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in primary retinoblastoma tumors. Proteomics Clin Appl 2010; 4:449-63. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200900069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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