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Calcium-activated chloride channel ANO1 promotes breast cancer progression by activating EGFR and CAMK signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E1026-34. [PMID: 23431153 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1217072110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium-activated chloride channel anoctamin 1 (ANO1) is located within the 11q13 amplicon, one of the most frequently amplified chromosomal regions in human cancer, but its functional role in tumorigenesis has remained unclear. The 11q13 region is amplified in ∼15% of breast cancers. Whether ANO1 is amplified in breast tumors, the extent to which gene amplification contributes to ANO1 overexpression, and whether overexpression of ANO1 is important for tumor maintenance have remained unknown. We have found that ANO1 is amplified and highly expressed in breast cancer cell lines and primary tumors. Amplification of ANO1 correlated with disease grade and poor prognosis. Knockdown of ANO1 in ANO1-amplified breast cancer cell lines and other cancers bearing 11q13 amplification inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis, and reduced tumor growth in established cancer xenografts. Moreover, ANO1 chloride channel activity was important for cell viability. Mechanistically, ANO1 knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of its chloride-channel activity reduced EGF receptor (EGFR) and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMKII) signaling, which subsequently attenuated AKT, v-src sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (SRC), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in vitro and in vivo. Our results highlight the involvement of the ANO1 chloride channel in tumor progression and provide insights into oncogenic signaling in human cancers with 11q13 amplification, thereby establishing ANO1 as a promising target for therapy in these highly prevalent tumor types.
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Abstract
This article reviewed the current state of the art in head and neck oncology. These include very important and stimulating new areas of interest including the marked acceptance of chemoradiation in favor of surgery in patients with cancer of the head and neck. The concept of HPV as a cause of cancer of the oropharynx is relatively new and very important in the epidemiology of these tumors. New modalities such as PET CT scanning and robotic surgery are discussed and appear to be very important in management of cancer of the head and neck. Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery is another new high technology contribution to the field of head and neck surgery as is the use of endoscopic assisted thyroid surgery. These and other new concepts are discussed in this manuscript.
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Gourin CG, Zhi W, Adam BL. Proteomic identification of serum biomarkers for head and neck cancer surveillance. Laryngoscope 2009; 119:1291-302. [PMID: 19444892 DOI: 10.1002/lary.20279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Serum protein profiling by SELDI-TOF-MS distinguishes pretreatment and post-treatment samples from patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) by disease status (disease-free or recurrence) with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. We sought to identify biomarkers for recurrence with potential utility for surveillance and incorporated 2-D DIGE and MALDI-TOF-MS techniques to overcome the limitations of SELDI-TOF-MS in determining biomarker identity. METHODS Serum samples were collected prospectively from 143 HNSCC patients and analyzed based on disease status following treatment. RESULTS Recurrent HNSCC occurred in 46 patients. MALDI-TOF-MS following immunodepletion of major plasma proteins followed by 2-D DIGE identified 181 proteins with differential expression between pretreatment and post-treatment samples collected 6 months or more following treatment. Classification by disease status revealed significant differential expression of 16 proteins, with recurrent HNSCC associated with underexpression of kininogen and serine protease inhibitors C-1 inhibitor, kininogen, angiotensinogen, serine/cysteine proteinase inhibitor clade G member 1, and overexpression of thiol-specific antioxidant proteins (TSA), apolipoprotein A1 and proapolipoprotein, and epidermal cytokeratin 2. CONCLUSIONS Serum protein profiling using 2D DIGE/MALDI-TOF-MS identifies proteins with significant differential expression in HNSCC based on disease status. Recurrent HNSCC was associated with underexpression of several protease inhibitors and kininogen, which has antiangiogenic properties, and overexpression of TSA, which is a free radical scavenger, as well as several forms of apolipoprotein A1 that may serve as a carrier molecule but may also indirectly promote tumor survival through kinase activation. This profile is consistent with a more aggressive disease variant and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine G Gourin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
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Rodrigo JP, García-Carracedo D, García LA, Menéndez S, Allonca E, González MV, Fresno MF, Suárez C, García-Pedrero JM. Distinctive clinicopathological associations of amplification of the cortactin gene at 11q13 in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. J Pathol 2009; 217:516-23. [PMID: 18991334 DOI: 10.1002/path.2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amplification of the 11q13 region is a prevalent genetic alteration in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We investigated the clinical significance of cortactin (CTTN) and cyclin D1 (CCND1) amplification in both malignant transformation and tumour progression. CTTN and CCND1 amplification was analysed by differential and real-time PCR in a prospective series of laryngeal/pharyngeal carcinomas and archival premalignant tissues. CTTN mRNA and protein expression were respectively determined by real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, and correlated with gene status. Molecular alterations were associated with clinicopathological parameters and disease outcome. CTTN and CCND1 amplifications were respectively found in 75 (37%) and 90 (45%) tumours. Both correlated with advanced disease; however, only CTTN amplification was associated with recurrence and reduced disease-specific survival (p = 0.0022). Strikingly, CTTN amplification differentially influenced survival depending on tumour site (p = 0.0001 larynx versus p = 0.68 pharynx) and was an independent predictor of reduced survival in the larynx (p = 0.04). CCND1 amplification was detected in early tumourigenesis and increased with the severity of dysplasia. Importantly, CTTN amplification was only found in high-grade dysplasias that progressed to invasive carcinoma. CTTN gene status strongly correlated with mRNA and protein expression. Furthermore, CTTN overexpression correlated significantly with reduced disease-specific survival (p = 0.018). Taken together, these data indicate that CTTN may serve as a valuable biomarker to identify patients with laryngeal tumours at high risk of recurrence and poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Rodrigo
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
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Higuchi E, Oridate N, Homma A, Suzuki F, Atago Y, Nagahashi T, Furuta Y, Fukuda S. Prognostic significance of cyclin D1 and p16 in patients with intermediate-risk head and neck squamous cell carcinoma treated with docetaxel and concurrent radiotherapy. Head Neck 2007; 29:940-7. [PMID: 17563903 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study aimed to evaluate the significance of the cell-cycle-control proteins cyclin D1 and p16 as prognostic markers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients treated with docetaxel and radiotherapy. METHODS Cyclin D1 and/or p16 protein expression was retrospectively evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 53 patients with stage T1-3N0-2M0 (except T1N0 glottis) HNSCC who were treated with 10 mg/m(2)/week docetaxel 4 to 6 times and received concurrent chemoradiotherapy. RESULTS Kaplan-Meier univariate analysis revealed that patients with cyclin D1-positive tumors or p16-negative tumors had a worse prognosis compared with those with cyclin D1-negative tumors or p16-positive tumors (p = .0004 and p = .025, respectively). The prognostic significance of cyclin D1 expression, not p16 expression, was confirmed using a proportional hazard regression model. CONCLUSIONS An assessment of cyclin D1 and p16 levels might be of clinical use in defining subgroups of patients with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisaku Higuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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De Schutter H, Spaepen M, Mc Bride WH, Nuyts S. The clinical relevance of microsatellite alterations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a critical review. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 15:734-41. [PMID: 17473833 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggered by the existing confusion in the field, the current paper aimed to review the current knowledge of both microsatellite instability (MSI) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) detected by microsatellite markers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and to provide the reader with an assessment of their prognostic and predictive value in this tumor type. For both MSI and LOH, various detection methods were included such as mono- and polynucleotidemarkers and gel- as well as automated analyses. Only studies based on PCR techniques with microsatellite markers were considered. Taking the methodological problems occurring in investigations with microsatellite markers into account, LOH seems to be more common than MSI in HNSCC. Although both types of microsatellite alterations have been correlated with clinicopathological features of this tumor type, only LOH seems to have a clear prognostic value. The predictive value of both MSI and LOH is debatable. More research has to be performed to clearly establish LOH detection as a translational application in the HNSCC field, aiming to predict response to treatments or outcome, and eventually to use as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harlinde De Schutter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lab of Experimental Radiotherapy, UH Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium.
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Cabay RJ, Morton TH, Epstein JB. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its progression to oral carcinoma: a review of the literature. J Oral Pathol Med 2007; 36:255-61. [PMID: 17448134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a distinct clinical form of oral leukoplakia defined by its progressive clinical course, changing clinical and histopathological features, and potential to develop into cancer. PVL behaves in a more aggressive and relentless manner than the more innocuous white oral lesions that it can resemble clinically. METHODS A PubMed search was conducted which identified studies that examined patients with PVL and reported data meeting inclusion criteria. RESULTS PVL is seen much more frequently in females and most often diagnosed after the sixth decade of life. Tobacco use is not strongly linked to the presence of PVL (63% of patients did not use tobacco products). Most (74%) of the patients with PVL progressed to oral carcinoma. CONCLUSION PVL is a persistent and progressive oral lesion that requires very close follow-up along with early and aggressive treatment to increase the chances of a favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Cabay
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7213, USA
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Korkmaz H, Du W, Yoo GH, Enamorado II, Lin HS, Adsay V, Kewson D, Ensley JF, Shibuya TY, Jacobs JR, Kim H. Prognostic significance of G1 cell-cycle inhibitors in early laryngeal cancer. Am J Otolaryngol 2005; 26:77-82. [PMID: 15742257 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2004.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation therapy yields a 2-year local control rate of 80% to 90% in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. However, a subset of early laryngeal cancers has a significantly higher rate of local recurrence and lower rate of overall survival. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was determine the prognostic significance of p53, p27, and p21 expression in patients with early laryngeal cancer. METHODS Expression of p53, p27, and p21 proteins in pretreatment biopsies from sixty-eight patients was analyzed by using immunohistochemistry. Low (</=10% cells) and high (>10% cells) levels of expression were measured. All patients were newly diagnosed and treated with external beam radiation. Other contributing factors were also studied, such as age, sex, race, tumor site, and stage. RESULTS Forty (58.8%) and 28 (41.2%) lesions were staged as T1 and T2, respectively, whereas 16 (23.5%) and 52 (76.5%) were located in the supraglottis and glottis, respectively. Overexpression of p27, p53, and p21 was found in 36.7%, 60.6%, and 60% of cases, respectively. Overexpression of p27 was found to be a significant predictor of recurrence by multivariate analysis (RR 3.3, P = .017). Overexpression of p21 and/or p53 was not predictive of recurrence. No factor predicted disease specific or nonspecific overall survival. CONCLUSION Our results indicate the significance of p27 overexpression as an indicator of recurrence in patients with early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Korkmaz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Sasiadek MM, Stembalska-Kozlowska A, Smigiel R, Ramsey D, Kayademir T, Blin N. Impairment of MLH1 and CDKN2A in oncogenesis of laryngeal cancer. Br J Cancer 2004; 90:1594-9. [PMID: 15083191 PMCID: PMC2410272 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed at elucidating which genetic alterations tend to form a network and could be applied as molecular markers of larynx squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). A panel of genes involved in tumorigenesis was investigated. To search for the possible mechanisms of gene silencing, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was analysed followed by testing DNA methylation and protein expression for those genes found with the highest frequency of LOH (CDKN2A (55.4%), MLH1 (46.0%), RB1 (35.7%)). A correlation of both LOH and hypermethylation with the loss of expression for CDKN2A and MLH1 was found. Disrupted Rb pathway (loss of expression of RB1 and/or of CDKN2A) in 55.9% of analysed cases confirmed the hypothesis that RB1 pathway is altered in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, with CDKN2A (45%), rather than RB1 (11.8%) being more frequently inactivated. In LSCC, LOH tends to occur together in gene pairs or triplets. The pair MLH1/CDKN2A and triplets MLH1/TSG on 8p22/CDKN2A and MLH1/CDKN2A/RB1 are related to staging and grading. LOH in MLH1 correlates with lower and LOH in CDKN2A with higher grades of LSCC. It can be concluded that MLH1 and CDKN2A play an important role in LSCC development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Sasiadek
- Department of Genetics, Medical University, ul. Marcinkowskiego 1, Wroclaw 50-368, Poland.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck cancers have multiple genetic abnormalities that influence tumor behavior and may be useful in developing new treatments. METHODS Genetic alterations implicated in head and neck cancer oncogenesis and behavior are reviewed, and molecular techniques for detection and treatment are evaluated. RESULTS The large number of genetic changes present in head and neck cancer cells precludes meaningful use of simple molecular tests and treatments. Detection of abnormalities in multiple genes provides better prognostic information than the detection and assessment of single mutations. Screening tests that rely on amplification of genetic material present in bodily fluids are hindered by the genomic complexity of head and neck cancer. Introduction of genetic material into head and neck cancer cells for gene therapy has shown some efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Head and neck cancers comprise a complex genetic disease. Although much has been learned about the molecular genetics of head and neck cancers, continued study of multiple genes is critical for further progress. Gene therapy, although promising, must also overcome this complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyon L Gleich
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267-0528, USA.
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Rodrigo JP, González MV, Lazo PS, Ramos S, Coto E, Alvarez I, García LA, Suárez C. Genetic alterations in squamous cell carcinomas of the hypopharynx with correlations to clinicopathological features. Oral Oncol 2002; 38:357-63. [PMID: 12076699 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(01)00071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to describe the molecular alterations in carcinomas in one specific location of the head and neck, the hypopharynx. Thirty-seven hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas were studied. The DNA from tumour and healthy tissue was evaluated for amplification of the 11q13 region and of the MYC and ERBB1 oncogenes, for integration of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), and for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at p53 and NAT2 loci. The most common alteration was the amplification of the 11q13 region (78% of the cases), followed by LOH at p53 locus (70%). MYC amplification was found in 19% of the cases, ERBB1 amplification in 29%, LOH at NAT2 locus in 25%, and integration of the HPV in 29%. 11q13 amplification was related with nodal metastases and higher tumour recurrence rates. These findings confirm that 11q13 amplification is one of the most frequent genetic alterations in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas, and that it may have prognostic significance in these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Rodrigo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Central de Asturias, University of Oviedo, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Oviedo, Spain.
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Rodrigo Tapia JP, González Meana MV, García González LA, Coto E, García Pedrero J, Núñez Batalla F, Suárez Nieto C. [Inactivation of p53 and amplification of cyclin D1 in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck]. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2002; 53:225-32. [PMID: 12185899 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-6519(02)78305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
P53 and CCND1 (cyclin D1) genes play a critical role in the cell cycle regulation. Abnormalities of these genes are frequent in different types of cancers, including those of the head and neck. The aim of this work is to investigate whether P53 inactivation (determined by loss of heterozygosity analysis) is related to CCND1 gene amplification (determined by differential PCR analysis), and if these alterations are correlated with clinical outcome in a series of 56 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Loss of heterozygosity of the P53 gene was found in 39 cases (70%) and CCND1 amplification in 17 cases (30%). Both abnormalities together were found in 11 cases (20%), without a significant association between them (P = 0.83). No relationship was found between P53 inactivation, the clinico-pathological parameters analyzed and the clinical outcome. CCND1 amplification was associated with advanced T-stages (P = 0.02), nodal metastases (P = 0.01) and a decreased survival (P = 0.002). The combination of both abnormalities shows a pattern that seems to be additive, since it was associated with an increase in tumor recurrences and a decrease in survival that was higher than for either of them individually. In conclusion, P53 and CCND1 abnormalities are frequent in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. The combined analysis of these abnormalities seems to be more informative than either of them individually and may have a prognostic value in these carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Rodrigo Tapia
- Servicio de ORL, Hospital Central de Asturias, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias.
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Rodrigo Tapia JP, Suárez Nieto C, Sánchez Lazo P, Ramos S, Coto E, Alvarez V, Alvarez Alvarez I, García González LA, Martínez Sánchez JA. [Molecular changes in epidermoid carcinoma of the oropharynx]. ACTA OTORRINOLARINGOLOGICA ESPANOLA 2001; 52:24-31. [PMID: 11269875 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-6519(01)78173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In most of the studies about molecular alterations in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck there is not distinction between the different subsites of this area. The objective of this study is to describe the molecular alterations in squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx. Twenty-nine oropharyngeal carcinomas, with a minimum follow-up of 36 months, were studied. The molecular alterations analyzed were: the amplification of 11q13 region (in the 29 cases), and the MYC and ERBB1 oncogenes (in 22 cases); the integration of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types 6b and 16 (in 22 cases); the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of p53 and N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) gene (in 12 and 13 informative cases, respectively); and the cellular DNA content (in 13 cases). The most frequent alterations found were the LOH at p53 (67%), and NAT2 (54%) locus, followed by 11q13 amplification (49%). ERBB1 amplification was found in 14% of the cases, and MYC amplification only in one (5%). Integration of the HPV was found in 23% of the cases. Nine (69%) of the 13 analyzed cases were aneuploid. The only alteration with a prognostic significance was 11q13 amplification that showed a tendency to be associated with a higher frequency of nodal metastases and tumor recurrence.
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Gustafson LM, Gleich LL, Fukasawa K, Chadwell J, Miller MA, Stambrook PJ, Gluckman JL. Centrosome hyperamplification in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a potential phenotypic marker of tumor aggressiveness. Laryngoscope 2000; 110:1798-801. [PMID: 11081587 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200011000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS There is currently no single histological or genotypic marker that reliably predicts the biological behavior of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). While multiple genetic mutations have been investigated, no single genotypic alteration has consistently correlated with tumor aggressiveness. Phenotypic markers may prove more predictive, because they can represent many different genetic alterations. We investigated the frequency of centrosome hyperamplification in HNSCC and examined its usefulness as a marker for tumor recurrence. STUDY DESIGN Analysis of archived paraffin blocks using immunohistochemistry. METHODS Eighteen patients who underwent resection of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma were reviewed. Ten patients had cancers that recurred locally within 1 year of resection, and 8 patients were tumor free at 5 years. The amount of centrosome hyperamplification in the cancer specimens and all surgical margins was graded as follows: 0, none; 1+, rare hyperamplification; 2+, greater than 10% of cells per high-powered field; and 3 +, greater than 20% of cells per high-powered field. RESULTS Centrosome hyperamplification was found in 17 of 18 tumors (94%). Grade 2+ or 3+ hyperamplification was found more in cancers that recurred (9 of 10) than in those that did not (3 of 8) and was more prevalent in the histologically normal margins of patients with recurrence (8 of 10) than in those without recurrent cancer (3 of 8). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the extremely frequent occurrence of centrosome hyperamplification in HNSCC. Centrosome hyperamplification is a phenotypic marker for HNSCC and can reflect multiple genotypic changes. Its presence in histologically normal margins suggests that it may be useful for analysis of primary tumors and tumor margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Gustafson
- Department of Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio 45267-0528, USA
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Scully C, Field JK, Tanzawa H. Genetic aberrations in oral or head and neck squamous cell carcinoma 3: clinico-pathological applications. Oral Oncol 2000; 36:404-13. [PMID: 10964046 DOI: 10.1016/s1368-8375(00)00023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular changes in malignant epithelium in the head and neck offer possibilities for the development of diagnostic, prognostic and other markers. This article reviews recent developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Scully
- Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences, University College London, University of London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, WC1X 8LD, London, UK.
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Salesiotis AN, Cullen KJ. Molecular markers predictive of response and prognosis in the patient with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: evolution of a model beyond TNM staging. Curr Opin Oncol 2000; 12:229-39. [PMID: 10841195 DOI: 10.1097/00001622-200005000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Advanced head and neck cancer is a disease with poor prognosis. TNM staging is an inadequate prognostic indicator of individual response to evolving multimodal therapies. New markers have been studied in progressively more refined analyses. Even though their role in predicting response and prognosis of head and neck cancer is still under evolution, it is becoming clear that individual markers are inadequate in constructing a prognostically meaningful tumor profile for each patient. Rather the combined study of a number of well-characterized markers acting in unrelated cellular pathways may be much more successful in defining prognostic patient categories of greater utility than traditional TNM staging. Special attention should also be paid to the expression pattern and location of tumor markers within the biopsy specimen as these parameters also appear to influence prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Salesiotis
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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