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Pierson RN, Burdorf L, Madsen JC, Lewis GD, D’Alessandro DA. Pig-to-human heart transplantation: Who goes first? Am J Transplant 2020; 20:2669-2674. [PMID: 32301262 PMCID: PMC9448330 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac xenotransplantation has recently taken an important step towards clinical reality. In anticipation of the "first-in-human" heart xenotransplantation trial, we propose a set of patient characteristics that define potential candidates. Our premise is that, to be ethically justified, the risks posed by current state-of-the-art options must outweigh the anticipated risks of a pioneering xenotransplant procedure. Suitable candidates include patients who are at high immunologic risk because of sensitization to alloantigens, including those who have exhibited early onset or accelerated cardiac allograft vasculopathy. In addition, patients should be considered (1) for whom mechanical circulatory support would be prohibitively risky due to a hypercoagulable state, a contraindication to anticoagulation, or restrictive physiology; (2) with severe biventricular dysfunction predicting unsuccessful univentricular left heart support; and (3) adults with complex congenital heart disease. In conclusion, because the published preclinical benchmark for clinical translation of heart xenotransplantation appears within reach, carefully and deliberately defining appropriate trial participants is timely as the basis for ethical clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N. Pierson
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts,Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lars Burdorf
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts,Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joren C. Madsen
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts,Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory D. Lewis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David A. D’Alessandro
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Jorqui-Azofra M. Regulation of Clinical Xenotransplantation: A Reappraisal of the Legal, Ethical, and Social Aspects Involved. Xenotransplantation 2020; 2110:315-358. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0255-3_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Messner F, Guo Y, Etra JW, Brandacher G. Emerging technologies in organ preservation, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: a blessing or curse for transplantation? Transpl Int 2019; 32:673-685. [PMID: 30920056 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the beginning of transplant medicine in the 1950s, advances in surgical technique and immunosuppressive therapy have created the success story of modern organ transplantation. However, today more than ever, we are facing a huge discrepancy between organ supply and demand, limiting the potential for transplantation to save and improve the lives of millions. To address the current limitations and shortcomings, a variety of emerging new technologies focusing on either maximizing the availability of organs or on generating new organs and organ sources hold great potential to eventully overcoming these hurdles. These advances are mainly in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. This review gives an overview of this emerging field and its multiple sub-disciplines and highlights recent advances and existing limitations for widespread clinical application and potential impact on the future of transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franka Messner
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Center of Operative Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yinan Guo
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Joanna W Etra
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Harris DG, Benipal PK, Cheng X, Burdorf L, Azimzadeh AM, Pierson RN. Four-dimensional characterization of thrombosis in a live-cell, shear-flow assay: development and application to xenotransplantation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123015. [PMID: 25830912 PMCID: PMC4382176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine xenografts are a promising source of scarce transplantable organs, but stimulate intense thrombosis of human blood despite targeted genetic and pharmacologic interventions. Current experimental models do not enable study of the blood/endothelial interface to investigate adhesive interactions and thrombosis at the cellular level under physiologic conditions. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a live-cell, shear-flow based thrombosis assay relevant to general thrombosis research, and demonstrate its potential in xenotransplantation applications. Methodology/Principal Findings Confluent wild-type (WT, n = 48) and Gal transferase knock-out (GalTKO, which resist hyperacute rejection; n = 11) porcine endothelia were cultured in microfluidic channels. To mimic microcirculatory flow, channels were perfused at 5 dynes/cm2 and 37°C with human blood stained to fluorescently label platelets. Serial fluorescent imaging visualized percent surface area coverage (SA, for adhesion of labeled cells) and total fluorescence (a metric of clot volume). Aggregation was calculated by the fluorescence/SA ratio (FR). WT endothelia stimulated diffuse platelet adhesion (SA 65 ± 2%) and aggregation (FR 120 ± 1 a.u.), indicating high-grade thrombosis consistent with the rapid platelet activation and consumption seen in whole-organ lung xenotransplantation models. Experiments with antibody blockade of platelet aggregation, and perfusion of syngeneic and allo-incompatible endothelium was used to verify the biologic specificity and validity of the assay. Finally, with GalTKO endothelia thrombus volume decreased by 60%, due primarily to a 58% reduction in adhesion (P < 0.0001 each); importantly, aggregation was only marginally affected (11% reduction, P < 0.0001). Conclusions/Significance This novel, high-throughput assay enabled dynamic modeling of whole-blood thrombosis on intact endothelium under physiologic conditions, and allowed mechanistic characterization of endothelial and platelet interactions. Applied to xenogeneic thrombosis, it enables future studies regarding the effect of modifying the porcine genotype on sheer-stress-dependent events that characterize xenograft injury. This in-vitro platform is likely to prove broadly useful to study thrombosis and endothelial interactions under dynamic physiologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald G Harris
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America; Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Prabhjot K Benipal
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiangfei Cheng
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lars Burdorf
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Agnes M Azimzadeh
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard N Pierson
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America; Surgical Care Clinical Center, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Harris DG, Quinn KJ, Dahi S, Burdorf L, Azimzadeh AM, Pierson RN. Lung xenotransplantation: recent progress and current status. Xenotransplantation 2014; 21:496-506. [PMID: 25040467 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation has undergone important progress in controlling initial hyperacute rejection in many preclinical models, with some cell, tissue, and organ xenografts advancing toward clinical trials. However, acute injury, driven primarily by innate immune and inflammatory responses, continues to limit results in lung xenograft models. The purpose of this article is to review the current status of lung xenotransplantation--including the seemingly unique challenges posed by this organ-and summarize proven and emerging means of overcoming acute lung xenograft injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald G Harris
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Nguyen BNH, Azimzadeh AM, Schroeder C, Buddensick T, Zhang T, Laaris A, Cochrane M, Schuurman HJ, Sachs DH, Allan JS, Pierson RN. Absence of Gal epitope prolongs survival of swine lungs in an ex vivo model of hyperacute rejection. Xenotransplantation 2011; 18:94-107. [PMID: 21496117 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2011.00633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galactosyl transferase gene knock-out (GalTKO) swine offer a unique tool to evaluate the role of the Gal antigen in xenogenic lung hyperacute rejection. METHODS We perfused GalTKO miniature swine lungs with human blood. Results were compared with those from previous studies using wild-type and human decay-accelerating factor-transgenic (hDAF(+/+) ) pig lungs. RESULTS GalTKO lungs survived 132 ± 52 min compared to 10 ± 9 min for wild-type lungs (P = 0.001) and 45 ± 60 min for hDAF(+/+) lungs (P = 0.18). GalTKO lungs displayed stable physiologic flow and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) until shortly before graft demise, similar to autologous perfusion, and unlike wild-type or hDAF(+/+) lungs. Early (15 and 60 min) complement (C3a) and platelet activation and intrapulmonary platelet deposition were significantly diminished in GalTKO lungs relative to wild-type or hDAF(+/+) lungs. However, GalTKO lungs adsorbed cytotoxic anti-non-Gal antibody and elaborated high levels of thrombin; their demise was associated with increased PVR, capillary congestion, intravascular thrombi and strong CD41 deposition not seen at earlier time points. CONCLUSIONS In summary, GalTKO lungs are substantially protected from injury but, in addition to anti-non-Gal antibody and complement, platelet adhesion and non-physiologic intravascular coagulation contribute to Gal-independent lung injury mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Ngoc H Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland and Baltimore VAMC, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Abstract
Heart failure is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals of all ages. The many-faceted nature of the clinical heart failure syndrome has historically frustrated attempts to develop an overarching explanative theory. However, much useful information has been gained by basic and clinical investigation, even though a comprehensive understanding of heart failure has been elusive. Heart failure is a growing problem, in both adult and pediatric populations, for which standard medical therapy, as of 2010, can have positive effects, but these are usually limited and progressively diminish with time in most patients. If we want curative or near-curative therapy that will return patients to a normal state of health at a feasible cost, much better diagnostic and therapeutic technologies need to be developed. This review addresses the vexing group of heart failure etiologies that include cardiomyopathies and other ventricular dysfunctions of various types, for which current therapy is only modestly effective. Although there are many unique aspects to heart failure in patients with pediatric and congenital heart disease, many of the innovative approaches that are being developed for the care of adults with heart failure will be applicable to heart failure in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Penny
- Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, 6621 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2010; 15:254-61. [PMID: 20351662 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e328337a8db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pierson RN, Dorling A, Ayares D, Rees MA, Seebach JD, Fishman JA, Hering BJ, Cooper DKC. Current status of xenotransplantation and prospects for clinical application. Xenotransplantation 2009; 16:263-80. [PMID: 19796067 PMCID: PMC2866107 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2009.00534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation is one promising approach to bridge the gap between available human cells, tissues, and organs and the needs of patients with diabetes or end-stage organ failure. Based on recent progress using genetically modified source pigs, improving results with conventional and experimental immunosuppression, and expanded understanding of residual physiologic hurdles, xenotransplantation appears likely to be evaluated in clinical trials in the near future for some select applications. This review offers a comprehensive overview of known mechanisms of xenograft injury, a contemporary assessment of preclinical progress and residual barriers, and our opinions regarding where breakthroughs are likely to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Pierson
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore VAMC, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Schneider MKJ, Seebach JD. Xenotransplantation literature update March-April, 2009. Xenotransplantation 2009; 16:187-91. [PMID: 19566658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2009.00529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mårten K J Schneider
- Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, C HOER 5, Zurich,Switzerland.
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