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Ribes JA, Arora V, Greenberg RN. A Paradigm Shift Has Begun: Diarrheal Disease Takes a New Form. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 69:1553-1554. [PMID: 30601987 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Ribes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory
| | - Vaneet Arora
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology Laboratory
| | - Richard N Greenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Kentucky, Lexington
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2
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Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, Tarr PI, Steiner TS, Kotloff K, Langley JM, Wanke C, Warren CA, Cheng AC, Cantey J, Pickering LK. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 65:e45-e80. [PMID: 29053792 PMCID: PMC5850553 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
These guidelines are intended for use by healthcare professionals who care for children and adults with suspected or confirmed infectious diarrhea. They are not intended to replace physician judgement regarding specific patients or clinical or public health situations. This document does not provide detailed recommendations on infection prevention and control aspects related to infectious diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi L Shane
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rajal K Mody
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John A Crump
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Phillip I Tarr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Theodore S Steiner
- Nutrition, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; 5Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karen Kotloff
- Division of Infectious Disease and Tropical Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Christine Wanke
- Division of Nutrition and Infection, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts,Cirle Alcantara Warren, MD
| | - Cirle Alcantara Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Allen C Cheng
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joseph Cantey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Larry K Pickering
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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3
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Abstract
Research that leads to better strategies to diagnose and treat prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is critical because PJI is a devastating complication of total knee arthroplasty. A key to the diagnosis and management of PJI is defining the microbiology of PJI and improving the medical management of PJI utilizing both systemic and local antimicrobial therapy. In this review, the author will present his opinions on future research needs as they relate to the microbiology of PJI, including antimicrobial resistance and the antimicrobial treatment of PJI. This paper summarizes a presentation given at a recent multidisciplinary research conference entitled "Strategies to improve total knee arthroplasty" sponsored by the Knee Society. It was a part of a session entitled "Periprosthetic Joint Infection."
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4
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Menachery VD, Yount BL, Debbink K, Agnihothram S, Gralinski LE, Plante JA, Graham RL, Scobey T, Ge XY, Donaldson EF, Randell SH, Lanzavecchia A, Marasco WA, Shi ZL, Baric RS. A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence. Nat Med 2015; 21:1508-13. [PMID: 26552008 PMCID: PMC4797993 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 672] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ralph Baric, Vineet Menachery and colleagues characterize a SARS-like coronavirus circulating in Chinese horseshoe bats to determine its potential to infect primary human airway epithelial cells, cause disease in mice and respond to available therapeutics. The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV underscores the threat of cross-species transmission events leading to outbreaks in humans. Here we examine the disease potential of a SARS-like virus, SHC014-CoV, which is currently circulating in Chinese horseshoe bat populations1. Using the SARS-CoV reverse genetics system2, we generated and characterized a chimeric virus expressing the spike of bat coronavirus SHC014 in a mouse-adapted SARS-CoV backbone. The results indicate that group 2b viruses encoding the SHC014 spike in a wild-type backbone can efficiently use multiple orthologs of the SARS receptor human angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2), replicate efficiently in primary human airway cells and achieve in vitro titers equivalent to epidemic strains of SARS-CoV. Additionally, in vivo experiments demonstrate replication of the chimeric virus in mouse lung with notable pathogenesis. Evaluation of available SARS-based immune-therapeutic and prophylactic modalities revealed poor efficacy; both monoclonal antibody and vaccine approaches failed to neutralize and protect from infection with CoVs using the novel spike protein. On the basis of these findings, we synthetically re-derived an infectious full-length SHC014 recombinant virus and demonstrate robust viral replication both in vitro and in vivo. Our work suggests a potential risk of SARS-CoV re-emergence from viruses currently circulating in bat populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet D Menachery
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Boyd L Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kari Debbink
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sudhakar Agnihothram
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Lisa E Gralinski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica A Plante
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel L Graham
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Trevor Scobey
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xing-Yi Ge
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Eric F Donaldson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Scott H Randell
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Cystic Fibrosis Center, Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona Institute of Microbiology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wayne A Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhengli-Li Shi
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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5
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Lewandowska DW, Zagordi O, Zbinden A, Schuurmans MM, Schreiber P, Geissberger FD, Huder JB, Böni J, Benden C, Mueller NJ, Trkola A, Huber M. Unbiased metagenomic sequencing complements specific routine diagnostic methods and increases chances to detect rare viral strains. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 83:133-8. [PMID: 26231254 PMCID: PMC7172999 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiplex PCR assays for respiratory viruses are widely used in routine diagnostics, as they are highly sensitive, rapid, and cost effective. However, depending on the assay system, cross-reactivity between viruses that share a high sequence homology as well as detection of rare virus isolates with sequence variations can be problematic. Virus sequence-independent metagenomic high-throughput sequencing allows for accurate detection of all virus species in a given sample, as we demonstrate here for human Enterovirus and Rhinovirus in a lung transplant patient. While early in infection a commercial PCR assay recorded Rhinovirus, high-throughput sequencing correctly identified human Enterovirus C104 as the source of infection, highlighting the potential of the technology and the benefit of applying open assay formats in complex diagnostic situations. Commercial test produced ambivalent results regarding Enterovirus/Rhinovirus infection. To resolve etiology of infection, we performed unbiased metagenomic sequencing. We detected HEV-C104 and other coinfecting viruses. We identified sequence variations in HEV-C104 responsible for low sensitivity. Metagenomics can complement specific routine diagnostics in complex cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara W Lewandowska
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Osvaldo Zagordi
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Zbinden
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Macé M Schuurmans
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Schreiber
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jon B Huder
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Böni
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Benden
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas J Mueller
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Fischer N, Rohde H, Indenbirken D, Günther T, Reumann K, Lütgehetmann M, Meyer T, Kluge S, Aepfelbacher M, Alawi M, Grundhoff A. Rapid metagenomic diagnostics for suspected outbreak of severe pneumonia. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1072-5. [PMID: 24857411 PMCID: PMC4036763 DOI: 10.3201/eid2006.131526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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7
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Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats. MANDELL, DOUGLAS, AND BENNETT'S PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015. [PMCID: PMC7151803 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Improving detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli by molecular methods by reducing the interference of free Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophages. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:415-21. [PMID: 25362055 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02941-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) by culture methods is advisable to identify the pathogen, but recovery of the strain responsible for the disease is not always possible. The use of DNA-based methods (PCR, quantitative PCR [qPCR], or genomics) targeting virulence genes offers fast and robust alternatives. However, detection of stx is not always indicative of STEC because stx can be located in the genome of temperate phages found in the samples as free particles; this could explain the numerous reports of positive stx detection without successful STEC isolation. An approach based on filtration through low-protein-binding membranes and additional washing steps was applied to reduce free Stx phages without reducing detection of STEC bacteria. River water, food, and stool samples were spiked with suspensions of phage 933W and, as a STEC surrogate, a lysogen harboring a recombinant Stx phage in which stx was replaced by gfp. Bacteria were tested either by culture or by qPCR for gfp while phages were tested using qPCR targeting stx in phage DNA. The procedure reduces phage particles by 3.3 log10 units without affecting the recovery of the STEC population (culturable or assessed by qPCR). The method is applicable regardless of phage and bacteria densities and is useful in different matrices (liquid or solid). This approach eliminates or considerably reduces the interference of Stx phages in the detection of STEC by molecular methods. The reduction of possible interference would increase the efficiency and reliability of genomics for STEC detection when the method is applied routinely in diagnosis and food analysis.
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9
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Abstract
In the USA, infectious diseases continue to exact a substantial toll on health and health-care resources. Endemic diseases such as chronic hepatitis, HIV, and other sexually transmitted infections affect millions of individuals and widen health disparities. Additional concerns include health-care-associated and foodborne infections--both of which have been targets of broad prevention efforts, with success in some areas, yet major challenges remain. Although substantial progress in reduction of the burden of vaccine-preventable diseases has been made, continued cases and outbreaks of these diseases persist, driven by various contributing factors. Worldwide, emerging and reemerging infections continue to challenge prevention and control strategies while the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance needs urgent action. An important priority for control of infectious disease is to ensure that scientific and technological advances in molecular diagnostics and bioinformatics are well integrated into public health. Broad and diverse partnerships across governments, health care, academia, and industry, and with the public, are essential to effectively reduce the burden of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima F Khabbaz
- Office of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Robin R Moseley
- Office of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Riley J Steiner
- Division of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexandra M Levitt
- Office of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Beth P Bell
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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10
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Grogan LF, Berger L, Rose K, Grillo V, Cashins SD, Skerratt LF. Surveillance for emerging biodiversity diseases of wildlife. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004015. [PMID: 24875394 PMCID: PMC4038591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura F. Grogan
- One Health Research Group, School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lee Berger
- One Health Research Group, School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karrie Rose
- Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Victoria Grillo
- Wildlife Health Australia (formerly Australian Wildlife Health Network), Georges Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Scott D. Cashins
- One Health Research Group, School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lee F. Skerratt
- One Health Research Group, School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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11
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Padmanabhan R, Mishra AK, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Genomics and metagenomics in medical microbiology. J Microbiol Methods 2013; 95:415-24. [PMID: 24200711 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, sequencing tools have evolved from laborious time-consuming methodologies to real-time detection and deciphering of genomic DNA. Genome sequencing, especially using next generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized the landscape of microbiology and infectious disease. This deluge of sequencing data has not only enabled advances in fundamental biology but also helped improve diagnosis, typing of pathogen, virulence and antibiotic resistance detection, and development of new vaccines and culture media. In addition, NGS also enabled efficient analysis of complex human micro-floras, both commensal, and pathological, through metagenomic methods, thus helping the comprehension and management of human diseases such as obesity. This review summarizes technological advances in genomics and metagenomics relevant to the field of medical microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Padmanabhan
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd. Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
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12
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Miller RR, Montoya V, Gardy JL, Patrick DM, Tang P. Metagenomics for pathogen detection in public health. Genome Med 2013; 5:81. [PMID: 24050114 PMCID: PMC3978900 DOI: 10.1186/gm485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional pathogen detection methods in public health infectious disease surveillance rely upon the identification of agents that are already known to be associated with a particular clinical syndrome. The emerging field of metagenomics has the potential to revolutionize pathogen detection in public health laboratories by allowing the simultaneous detection of all microorganisms in a clinical sample, without a priori knowledge of their identities, through the use of next-generation DNA sequencing. A single metagenomics analysis has the potential to detect rare and novel pathogens, and to uncover the role of dysbiotic microbiomes in infectious and chronic human disease. Making use of advances in sequencing platforms and bioinformatics tools, recent studies have shown that metagenomics can even determine the whole-genome sequences of pathogens, allowing inferences about antibiotic resistance, virulence, evolution and transmission to be made. We are entering an era in which more novel infectious diseases will be identified through metagenomics-based methods than through traditional laboratory methods. The impetus is now on public health laboratories to integrate metagenomics techniques into their diagnostic arsenals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth R Miller
- UBC School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Vincent Montoya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Gardy
- UBC School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - David M Patrick
- UBC School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Patrick Tang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada ; Public Health Microbiology and Reference Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 2B4, Canada
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13
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Fournier PE, Drancourt M, Colson P, Rolain JM, Scola BL, Raoult D. Modern clinical microbiology: new challenges and solutions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2013; 11:574-85. [PMID: 24020074 PMCID: PMC7097238 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the twenty-first century, the clinical microbiology laboratory plays a central part in optimizing the management of infectious diseases and surveying local and global epidemiology. This pivotal role is made possible by the adoption of rational sampling, point-of-care tests, extended automation and new technologies, including mass spectrometry for colony identification, real-time genomics for isolate characterization, and versatile and permissive culture systems. When balanced with cost, these developments can improve the workflow and output of clinical microbiology laboratories and, by identifying and characterizing microbial pathogens, provide significant input to scientific discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Edouard Fournier
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS7278, IRD198, INSERMU1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13385 France
| | - Michel Drancourt
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS7278, IRD198, INSERMU1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13385 France
| | - Philippe Colson
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS7278, IRD198, INSERMU1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13385 France
| | - Jean-Marc Rolain
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS7278, IRD198, INSERMU1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13385 France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS7278, IRD198, INSERMU1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13385 France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS7278, IRD198, INSERMU1095, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée-Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13385 France
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