1
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Watanabe JH. Enhancing drug evaluation in diverse populations and older adults: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine considerations. J Am Geriatr Soc 2024. [PMID: 39017394 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.19075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Watanabe
- Center for Data-Driven Drugs Research and Policy, University of California, Irvine, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irvine, USA
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2
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Harnett NG, Merrill LC, Fani N. Racial and ethnic socioenvironmental inequity and neuroimaging in psychiatry: a brief review of the past and recommendations for the future. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024:10.1038/s41386-024-01901-7. [PMID: 38902354 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Neuroimaging is a major tool that holds immense translational potential for understanding psychiatric disorder phenomenology and treatment. However, although epidemiological and social research highlights the many ways inequity and representativeness influences mental health, there is a lack of consideration of how such issues may impact neuroimaging features in psychiatric research. More specifically, the potential extent to which racialized inequities may affect underlying neurobiology and impact the generalizability of neural models of disorders is unclear. The present review synthesizes research focused on understanding the potential consequences of racial/ethnic inequities relevant to neuroimaging in psychiatry. We first discuss historical and contemporary drivers of inequities that persist today. We then discuss the neurobiological consequences of these inequities as revealed through current research, and note emergent research demonstrating the impact such inequities have on our ability to use neuroimaging to understand psychiatric disease. We end with a set of recommendations and practices to move the field towards more equitable approaches that will advance our abilities to develop truly generalizable neurobiological models of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel G Harnett
- Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Livia C Merrill
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Negar Fani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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3
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Piccirillo JF. JAMA Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery-The Year in Review, 2023. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 150:365-367. [PMID: 38512272 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2024.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay F Piccirillo
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
- Editor, JAMA Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery
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4
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Schaechter JD, Jacobs JW, Booth GS, Dupont WD, Silver JK. Gender Representation on Editorial Boards of JAMA Network Journals. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2024; 33:446-452. [PMID: 38330429 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2023.0685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: Underrepresentation of women on editorial boards of biomedical journals has occurred for decades. The JAMA Network Journals have substantial and broad impact on advances in the biomedical sciences. We sought to determine the current status of gender representation on editorial boards of the 12 JAMA Network Journals. Methods: The gender of each editorial board member of the 12 JAMA Network Journals was classified based on review of online sources. The percentage of women on each board (i.e., number of women relative to total members) was calculated and compared to gender equity and parity benchmarks. The gender equity benchmark for each journal was defined as the percentage of women physicians in the medical specialty reflecting the journal's content based on Association of American Medical Colleges data. The gender parity benchmark for all journals was defined as 50% women. Results: There was considerable variation in the representation of women on the editorial boards of the JAMA Network Journals relative to gender equity and parity benchmarks. Women were underrepresented on 50% (6 of 12) of boards relative to gender equity and 67% (8 of 12) of boards relative to gender parity. Conclusions: Women were found to be underrepresented on 50% or more of the editorial boards of the JAMA Network Journals. This finding reflects gender inequities in academic publishing and the broader biomedical enterprise, which limits advances in the biomedical sciences and health care. Those JAMA Network Journals that continue to underrepresent women on their editorial boards are urged to remediate this longstanding issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith D Schaechter
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeremy W Jacobs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Garrett S Booth
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - William D Dupont
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Julie K Silver
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Loui M, Fiala SC. Inequities in Academic Publishing: Where Is the Evidence and What Can Be Done? Am J Public Health 2024; 114:377-381. [PMID: 38478868 PMCID: PMC10937608 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2024.307587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Loui
- Meredith Loui is with the Department of Prevention and Community Health, the George Washington University, Washington, DC. Steven C. Fiala is with the Oregon Health Authority Public Health Division, and the Oregon Health and Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland. Steven C. Fiala is also a deputy editor for AJPH
| | - Steven C Fiala
- Meredith Loui is with the Department of Prevention and Community Health, the George Washington University, Washington, DC. Steven C. Fiala is with the Oregon Health Authority Public Health Division, and the Oregon Health and Science University-Portland State University School of Public Health, Portland. Steven C. Fiala is also a deputy editor for AJPH
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6
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Schaekermann M, Spitz T, Pyles M, Cole-Lewis H, Wulczyn E, Pfohl SR, Martin D, Jaroensri R, Keeling G, Liu Y, Farquhar S, Xue Q, Lester J, Hughes C, Strachan P, Tan F, Bui P, Mermel CH, Peng LH, Matias Y, Corrado GS, Webster DR, Virmani S, Semturs C, Liu Y, Horn I, Cameron Chen PH. Health equity assessment of machine learning performance (HEAL): a framework and dermatology AI model case study. EClinicalMedicine 2024; 70:102479. [PMID: 38685924 PMCID: PMC11056401 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Artificial intelligence (AI) has repeatedly been shown to encode historical inequities in healthcare. We aimed to develop a framework to quantitatively assess the performance equity of health AI technologies and to illustrate its utility via a case study. Methods Here, we propose a methodology to assess whether health AI technologies prioritise performance for patient populations experiencing worse outcomes, that is complementary to existing fairness metrics. We developed the Health Equity Assessment of machine Learning performance (HEAL) framework designed to quantitatively assess the performance equity of health AI technologies via a four-step interdisciplinary process to understand and quantify domain-specific criteria, and the resulting HEAL metric. As an illustrative case study (analysis conducted between October 2022 and January 2023), we applied the HEAL framework to a dermatology AI model. A set of 5420 teledermatology cases (store-and-forward cases from patients of 20 years or older, submitted from primary care providers in the USA and skin cancer clinics in Australia), enriched for diversity in age, sex and race/ethnicity, was used to retrospectively evaluate the AI model's HEAL metric, defined as the likelihood that the AI model performs better for subpopulations with worse average health outcomes as compared to others. The likelihood that AI performance was anticorrelated to pre-existing health outcomes was estimated using bootstrap methods as the probability that the negated Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (i.e., "R") was greater than zero. Positive values of R suggest that subpopulations with poorer health outcomes have better AI model performance. Thus, the HEAL metric, defined as p (R >0), measures how likely the AI technology is to prioritise performance for subpopulations with worse average health outcomes as compared to others (presented as a percentage below). Health outcomes were quantified as disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) when grouping by sex and age, and years of life lost (YLLs) when grouping by race/ethnicity. AI performance was measured as top-3 agreement with the reference diagnosis from a panel of 3 dermatologists per case. Findings Across all dermatologic conditions, the HEAL metric was 80.5% for prioritizing AI performance of racial/ethnic subpopulations based on YLLs, and 92.1% and 0.0% respectively for prioritizing AI performance of sex and age subpopulations based on DALYs. Certain dermatologic conditions were significantly associated with greater AI model performance compared to a reference category of less common conditions. For skin cancer conditions, the HEAL metric was 73.8% for prioritizing AI performance of age subpopulations based on DALYs. Interpretation Analysis using the proposed HEAL framework showed that the dermatology AI model prioritised performance for race/ethnicity, sex (all conditions) and age (cancer conditions) subpopulations with respect to pre-existing health disparities. More work is needed to investigate ways of promoting equitable AI performance across age for non-cancer conditions and to better understand how AI models can contribute towards improving equity in health outcomes. Funding Google LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Malcolm Pyles
- Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, IL, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuan Liu
- Google Health, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Jenna Lester
- Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, IL, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Peggy Bui
- Google Health, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yun Liu
- Google Health, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Ivor Horn
- Google Health, Mountain View, CA, USA
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7
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Kuruvilla P. When the Boards Fail Us-Structural Bias in Certification Examinations. JAMA Intern Med 2024; 184:349-350. [PMID: 38345810 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.8181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
This essay shines a light on structural bias inherent to the board certification examination process, sharing the author's experience preparing and sitting for the examination while contending with co-occurring challenging life events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramita Kuruvilla
- Division of Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
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8
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Nguyen MA, Yousef S, Gupta R, McKenzie C. Gender distribution in surgical pathology journal publications and editorial boards. J Clin Pathol 2024; 77:219-224. [PMID: 37258250 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2023-208915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate trends in representation of women among authors and editorial boards of surgical pathology journals over the last two decades.Secondary aims: to identify barriers and potential solutions. METHODS The names and gender of first, middle, last authors and editorial board members were obtained from original articles from seven pathology journals from various geopolitical regions in 2002, 2011 and 2021. The proportion of women first, middle, last authors and editorial board members were compared over time. RESULTS 1097 publications and 8012 individual authors were extracted. In 2002, 2011 and 2021, respectively, the percentage of women first authors were 28.3% (257 of 907), 31.9% (566 of 1773) and 41.1% (1421 of 3457); women middle authorship rates were 30.0% (159 of 530), 32.8% (375 of 1145) and 40.9% (1067 of 2609) and women last authors were 18.0% (34 of 188), 26.0% (82 of 315) and 36.0% (152 of 422). Women representation on editorial boards has increased (11.3%, 15.8%, 26.5%), but of the chief editors, there was only one woman in 2021, while all were men in 2002 and 2011. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study is the first to document under-representation of women among authors and editorial boards of surgical pathology journals. While women representation has increased over time, predominance of men remains relative to workforce proportions. Our findings are comparable to those from other medical fields and prompt the need to investigate the underlying causes for this imbalance and implement strategies to promote diversity, equity and inclusion in academic surgical pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Anh Nguyen
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samer Yousef
- Department of Anatomical Pathology and Cytopathology, Royal Brisbane and Woman's Hospital Health Service District, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ruta Gupta
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catriona McKenzie
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Bibbins-Domingo K, Flanagin A, Sietmann C, Bonow RO, Navar AM, Shinkai K, Roberson ML, Ayanian JZ, Ponce N, Inouye SK, Durant RW, Simon MA, Rivara FP, Vela M, Josephson SA, Rawls A, Disis MLN, Florez N, Bressler NM, Scott AW, Piccirillo JF, Osazuwa-Peters N, Christakis DA, Duncan AF, Öngür D, Bagot KS, Kibbe MR, Backhus LM, Malani PN. Advancing Equity at the JAMA Network-Self-Reported Demographics of Editors and Editorial Board Members. JAMA 2024; 331:837-839. [PMID: 38334991 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ann Marie Navar
- Deputy Editor, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, JAMA Cardiology
| | | | - Mya L Roberson
- Associate Editor for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, JAMA Dermatology
| | | | - Ninez Ponce
- Associate Editor for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, JAMA Health Forum
| | | | - Raegan W Durant
- Associate Editor and Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Associate Editor, JAMA Internal Medicine
| | - Melissa A Simon
- Associate Editor and Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Editor, JAMA
| | | | - Monica Vela
- Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Associate Editor, JAMA Network Open
| | | | - Ashley Rawls
- Associate Editor, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, JAMA Neurology
| | | | - Narjust Florez
- Associate Editor for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, JAMA Oncology
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrea F Duncan
- Associate Editor and Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Editor, JAMA Pediatrics
| | | | - Kara S Bagot
- Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Editor, JAMA Psychiatry
| | | | | | - Preeti N Malani
- Deputy Editor, JAMA , and Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Editor, JAMA and the JAMA Network
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10
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Hancı V, Yakar MN, Shermatov N, Kara F, İbişoğlu E, Oltulu M, Köşker RK, Bilge D, Geylani B. The gender composition of the members of the editorial board of toxicology journals: Assessment of gender equality. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 134:413-423. [PMID: 38030412 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In many areas of medicine, gender equality has not yet been fully adopted despite recent developments. The inequality of gender in various areas of medicine is still debated. In this study, we analysed the gender composition of the editorial boards of toxicology journals in the Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-E) databases and the factors affecting this composition. The genders of the participants were determined by the data obtained from the official websites of the journals in September 2023. We analysed the journal metrics and publisher properties using Mann-Whitney U, Fisher's exact, Chi-square tests and Spearman's correlation coefficient. We used logistic regression analysis to reveal the independent factors related to gender parity. The representation rates of women were 28.62% on all editorial boards and 23.33% in editor-in-chief positions. The 'Neuroscience' (OR, 2.46 95%CI, 1.68-3.60, p < 0.001), 'Reproductive Biology'(OR, 2.05 95%CI, 1.22-3.42, p = 0.006) and 'Public, Environmental & Occupational Health'(OR, 1.49 95%CI, 1.18-1.88, p = 0.001) as a coverage category, the United States as a journal country (OR, 1.21, 95%CI, 1.04-1.40, p = 0.001), 5-year-IF≥3.6(OR, 1.54, 95%CI, 1.27-1.86, p < 0.001), 5-year H index≥29 (OR, 1.23, 95%CI, 1.01-1.49, p = 0.037) were the independent factors for gender parity. However, 'Oncology' (OR, 0.08 95%CI, 0.01-0.55, p = 0.011), 'Biochemistry, Molecular Biology' (OR, 0.62 95%CI, 0.44-0.86, p = 0.005) and 'Pharmacology & Pharmacy' (OR, 0.69 95%CI, 0.59-0.82, p < 0.001) as a coverage category, Japan as a publisher country (OR, 0.52 95%CI, 0.35-0.77, p = 0.001), and Switzerland as a journal country (OR, 0.61, 95%CI, 0.46-0.81, p = 0.001) were related to gender disparity. Greater endeavours are needed to reduce gender discrimination in toxicology. Toxicology authorities should continuously improve existing policies by optimising the analysis of objective information to eliminate barriers for toxicologists in terms of gender equality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Hancı
- Division of Intensive Care, Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Nuri Yakar
- Division of Intensive Care, Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurgazy Shermatov
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Fevzi Kara
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Emel İbişoğlu
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Merve Oltulu
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Rıza Kaan Köşker
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Duygu Bilge
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Batuhan Geylani
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
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11
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Severin A, Strinzel M, Egger M, Barros T, Sokolov A, Mouatt JV, Müller S. Relationship between journal impact factor and the thoroughness and helpfulness of peer reviews. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002238. [PMID: 37643173 PMCID: PMC10464996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Journal Impact Factor is often used as a proxy measure for journal quality, but the empirical evidence is scarce. In particular, it is unclear how peer review characteristics for a journal relate to its impact factor. We analysed 10,000 peer review reports submitted to 1,644 biomedical journals with impact factors ranging from 0.21 to 74.7. Two researchers hand-coded sentences using categories of content related to the thoroughness of the review (Materials and Methods, Presentation and Reporting, Results and Discussion, Importance and Relevance) and helpfulness (Suggestion and Solution, Examples, Praise, Criticism). We fine-tuned and validated transformer machine learning language models to classify sentences. We then examined the association between the number and percentage of sentences addressing different content categories and 10 groups defined by the Journal Impact Factor. The median length of reviews increased with higher impact factor, from 185 words (group 1) to 387 words (group 10). The percentage of sentences addressing Materials and Methods was greater in the highest Journal Impact Factor journals than in the lowest Journal Impact Factor group. The results for Presentation and Reporting went in the opposite direction, with the highest Journal Impact Factor journals giving less emphasis to such content. For helpfulness, reviews for higher impact factor journals devoted relatively less attention to Suggestion and Solution than lower impact factor journals. In conclusion, peer review in journals with higher impact factors tends to be more thorough, particularly in addressing study methods while giving relatively less emphasis to presentation or suggesting solutions. Differences were modest and variability high, indicating that the Journal Impact Factor is a bad predictor of the quality of peer review of an individual manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Severin
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Health Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Matthias Egger
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss National Science Foundation, Bern, Switzerland
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Müller
- School of Politics and International Relations, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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12
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Lynn-Green EE, Ofoje AA, Lynn-Green RH, Jones DS. Variations in how medical researchers report patient demographics: a retrospective analysis of published articles. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 58:101903. [PMID: 36949866 PMCID: PMC10027500 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The use of demographic variables in the medical literature has been a topic of much recent debate. Recent studies found that race and socioeconomic status (SES) are inconsistently reported. Best-practice use of sex and gender has been contentious. We aimed to characterise the state of medical demographic reporting in greater detail, especially regarding geography and specific terms used in articles. Methods Original articles were included from issues of the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), JAMA, The Lancet, and the American Journal of Epidemiology (AJE) published from 1 January to 31 December 2020 (n = 640). Articles without human participants, case reports, or with only aggregate data were excluded, leaving 594 articles. Use of age, sex, gender, race, ethnicity, and SES were coded, as well as corresponding author and participant geography. Findings 99.0% of articles reported age. While 92.9% reported sex alone, only 4.7% used the term gender and 1.0% transgender. 47.8% of articles reported race and 29.6% reported ethnicity. Studies with U.S. corresponding authors or participants were significantly more likely to report race (72.9% and 73.7% respectively) or ethnicity (47.3% and 45.3% respectively) than those without (25.9% and 25.6% for race, 14.2% and 16.3% for ethnicity), p < 0.01 for all. Of articles reporting race, 40.9% used only a Black-white binary; of those reporting ethnicity, 85.2% included two or fewer terms. Under 5.0% of all articles used Office of Management and Budget (OMB) categories. Across all articles, 33.0% reported SES, from 15.2% in NEJM to 80.2% in AJE. Interpretation We found that while some factors (age, sex) are reported consistently, others (gender, race, ethnicity, SES) are not, despite recent attention. Authors often rely on binary or limited categories that inadequately capture human diversity. The presence of U.S. researchers or participants increased the reporting of race and/or ethnicity, highlighting wide variations that persist even as multinational collaborations become widespread. Researchers should reflect on their use of these terms, justify their decisions, and report results with care. Funding None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika E. Lynn-Green
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Avery A. Ofoje
- The Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | | | - David S. Jones
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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13
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Editorial Equity. Nurs Res 2023; 72:81-82. [PMID: 36848455 DOI: 10.1097/nnr.0000000000000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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14
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Franklin BD, Thomas EJ, Soong C. Advancing equity, diversity and inclusion at BMJ Quality and Safety. BMJ Qual Saf 2023; 32:301-304. [PMID: 36690472 DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2023-015910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryony Dean Franklin
- Director, Centre for Medication Safety and Service Quality, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK .,Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Eric J Thomas
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas John P and Kathrine G McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christine Soong
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Marang-van de Mheen PJ, Browne JP, Thomas EJ, Franklin BD. Grand Rounds in Methodology: a new series to contribute to continuous improvement of methodology and scientific rigour in quality and safety. BMJ Qual Saf 2023; 32:13-16. [PMID: 36109159 DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2022-015225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Perla J Marang-van de Mheen
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Medical Decision Making, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John P Browne
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eric J Thomas
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, and The UTHealth-Memorial Hermann Center for Healthcare Quality and Safety, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bryony Dean Franklin
- Centre for Medication Safety and Service Quality, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.,Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
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16
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Grant JK, Dangl M, Koester M, Tegegn M, Knijiik L, Singh H, Orringer CE. Under-reporting and Under-representation of Non-Hispanic Black Subjects in Lipid-Lowering Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes Trials: A Systematic Review. J Clin Lipidol 2022; 16:608-616. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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17
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May FP, Quezada SM. Expanding the Commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Within AGA Journals. Gastroenterology 2022; 163:28-30. [PMID: 35624029 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Folasade P May
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Equity, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sandra M Quezada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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18
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May FP, Quezada SM. Expanding the Commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Within AGA Journals. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:1429-1431. [PMID: 35623977 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Folasade P May
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Equity, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sandra M Quezada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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19
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Yom SS, Deville C, Boerma M, Carlson D, Jabbour SK, Braverman L. Evaluating the Generalizability and Reproducibility of Scientific Research. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022; 113:1-4. [PMID: 35427541 PMCID: PMC10862357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Curtiland Deville
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marjan Boerma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - David Carlson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Salma K Jabbour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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20
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Dunn LK, Wong CA. Enough Talk, the Time Is Now for Gender Parity of Anesthesiology Journals' Editorial Boards. Anesth Analg 2022; 134:952-955. [PMID: 35427268 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Dunn
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Cynthia A Wong
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
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21
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Clase CM, Dicks E, Holden R, Sood MM, Levin A, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Moore LW, Bartlett SJ, Bello AK, Bohm C, Bridgewater D, Bouchard J, Burger D, Carrero JJ, Donald M, Elliott M, Goldenberg MJ, Jardine M, Lam NN, Maddigan WJ, Madore F, Mavrakanas TA, Molnar AO, Prasad GVR, Rigatto C, Tennankore KK, Torban E, Trainor L, White CA, Hartwig S. Can Peer Review Be Kinder? Supportive Peer Review: A Re-Commitment to Kindness and a Call to Action. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2022; 9:20543581221080327. [PMID: 35514878 PMCID: PMC9067031 DOI: 10.1177/20543581221080327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peer review aims to select articles for publication and to improve articles before publication. We believe that this process can be infused by kindness without losing rigor. In 2014, the founding editorial team of the Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease (CJKHD) made an explicit commitment to treat authors as we would wish to be treated ourselves. This broader group of authors reaffirms this principle, for which we suggest the terminology “supportive review.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Clase
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, St Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Rachel Holden
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Manish M. Sood
- Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, ON, Canada
| | - Adeera Levin
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Linda W Moore
- Houston Methodist Hospital Department of Surgery, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Aminu K. Bello
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Clara Bohm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chronic Disease Innovation Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Darren Bridgewater
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Josee Bouchard
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Dylan Burger
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Juan Jesús Carrero
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maoliosa Donald
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Meghan Elliott
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Meg Jardine
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ngan N. Lam
- Division of Nephrology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - W. Joy Maddigan
- Faculty of Nursing, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada
| | | | | | - Amber O. Molnar
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, St Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - G. V. Ramesh Prasad
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claudio Rigatto
- Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Karthik K. Tennankore
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, Canada
| | - Elena Torban
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurel Trainor
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster Institute for Music and the Mind, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sunny Hartwig
- University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
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22
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Shinkai K. JAMA Dermatology-The Year in Review, 2021. JAMA Dermatol 2022; 158:487-489. [PMID: 35319729 DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2022.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanade Shinkai
- Editor, JAMA Dermatology.,Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
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23
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Fontanarosa PB, Golub RM, Flanagin A. With Sincere Thanks and Appreciation to JAMA Authors and Reviewers. JAMA 2022; 327:931-933. [PMID: 35258543 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phil B Fontanarosa
- Dr Fontanarosa is Interim Editor in Chief, Dr Golub is Executive Deputy Editor, and Ms Flanagin is Executive Managing Editor, JAMA and the JAMA Network
| | - Robert M Golub
- Dr Fontanarosa is Interim Editor in Chief, Dr Golub is Executive Deputy Editor, and Ms Flanagin is Executive Managing Editor, JAMA and the JAMA Network
| | - Annette Flanagin
- Dr Fontanarosa is Interim Editor in Chief, Dr Golub is Executive Deputy Editor, and Ms Flanagin is Executive Managing Editor, JAMA and the JAMA Network
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24
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Sanders JJ, Gray TF, Sihlongonyane B, Durieux BN, Graham L. A Framework for Anti-Racist Publication in Palliative Care: Structures, Processes, and Outcomes. J Pain Symptom Manage 2022; 63:e337-e343. [PMID: 34662725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic or structural racism describes an embedded pattern of explicit and implicit racial biases that, through policy and action, systematically confer advantage to white people and disadvantage Black, indigenous, and other people of color. Hospice and palliative care journals participate in this broader system of racial discrimination. Building on palliative care's explicit focus on patients' goals and values, which may in and of itself comprise a form of social justice in healthcare, palliative care journals and their publishers have an opportunity to lead others in cultivating anti-racist practices and explicitly promoting equity. The publication life cycle of submission and solicitation, manuscript peer-review, and publication provide a framework for examining the structures, processes, and outcomes by which palliative care and other journals might address systemic racism. We describe the current academic publishing landscape, which diminishes the voices and experiences of racial and ethnic minority patients and undermines the careers of under-represented scholars. We then propose reforms that we believe will improve publication equity and quality as well as healthcare outcomes. These include an Equity in Publication checklist, solicitation of manuscripts on equity-relevant topics, promotion of scholars through editorial structures and peer review processes, and a standard Equity Rating for publications. Greater efforts to include non-dominant voices in every aspect of publication, through appropriate recognition of their scholarship and remuneration for their efforts, will drive equity in health outcomes. By pursuing an anti-racist and equity-focused publishing agenda, hospice and palliative medicine journals and their publishers have an opportunity to transform healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Sanders
- Department of Family Medicine (J.J.S.), Palliative Care McGill, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Tamryn F Gray
- Harvard Medical School (T.F.G.), Boston, MA; Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care (T.F.G., B.N.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | | | - Brigitte N Durieux
- Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care (T.F.G., B.N.D.), Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
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25
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Diallo MS, Tan JM, Heitmiller ES, Vetter TR. Achieving Greater Health Equity: An Opportunity for Anesthesiology. Anesth Analg 2022; 134:1175-1184. [PMID: 35110516 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Anesthesiology and anesthesiologists have a tremendous opportunity and responsibility to eliminate health disparities and to achieve health equity. We thus examine health disparity and health equity through the lens of anesthesiology and the perspective of anesthesiologists. In this paper, we define health disparity and health care disparities and provide tangible, representative examples of the latter in the practice of anesthesiology. We define health equity, primarily as the desired antithesis of health disparity. Finally, we propose a framework for anesthesiologists, working toward mitigating health disparity and health care disparities, advancing health equity, and documenting improvements in health care access and health outcomes. This multilevel and interdependent framework includes the perspectives of the patient, clinician, group or department, health care system, and professional societies, including medical journals. We specifically focus on the interrelated roles of social identity and social determinants of health in health outcomes. We explore the foundational role that clinical informatics and valid data collection on race and ethnicity have in achieving health equity. Our ability to ensure patient safety by considering these additional patient-specific factors that affect clinical outcomes throughout the perioperative period could substantially reduce health disparities. Finally, we explore the role of medical journals and their editorial boards in ameliorating health disparities and advancing health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mofya S Diallo
- From the Division of Anesthesiology, Sedation and Perioperative Medicine, Children's National Hospital-George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Jonathan M Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Spatial Sciences Institute at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eugenie S Heitmiller
- Division of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Children's National Hospital-George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Thomas R Vetter
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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26
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McMullen K, Kraus MB, Kosiorek H, Harbell MW. Representation of Women as Editors in Anesthesiology Journals. Anesth Analg 2022; 134:956-963. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Chew M, Das P, Aujla M, Horton R. Advancing racial and ethnic equity in science, medicine, and health: a call for papers. Lancet 2021; 398:1287-1289. [PMID: 34592136 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Raina M Merchant
- Penn Medicine Center for Digital Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia
| | - Carlos Del Rio
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - L Ebony Boulware
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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