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Bondok M, Bondok MS, Nguyen AXL, Law C, Nathoo N, Bakshi N, Ahuja N, Damji KF. Gender trends in match rate to surgical specialties in Canada: A retrospective study from 2003-2022. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300207. [PMID: 38598528 PMCID: PMC11006131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Canada, there is a recognized underrepresentation of women in the field of surgery. However, the extent to which this trend applies across various surgical specialties is not well delineated. The aim of this study is to identify existing disparities and trends over time to inform the need for future interventions to make the match process more equitable for applicants. METHODS Data regarding surgical specialty applicants was extracted from the Canadian Resident Matching Service (CaRMS)'s 2003 to 2022 reports. RESULTS A total of 9,488 applicants ranked surgical specialties as their first choice from 2003-2022. Increases in the proportion of women applicants comparing periods 2003-2007 to 2018-2022 were significant for cardiac surgery (22% to 43%, p = 0.03), general surgery (46% to 60%, p<0.001), orthopedic surgery (23% to 35%, p<0.001), urology (23% to 38%, p<0.001), and all aggregated surgical specialties ('all surgery') (45% to 55%, p<0.001). An increase in the proportion of women applicants who matched over the same periods was observed for general surgery (+47% to 60%, p<0.001), orthopedic surgery (24% to 35%, p<0.01), urology (21% to 34%, p<0.001), and all surgery (46% to 54%, p<0.001). From 2003-2022, a lower match rate for women compared to men was observed for otolaryngology (0.60 v 0.69, p = 0.008), urology (0.61 v 0.72, p = 0.003), and all surgery (0.71 v 0.73, p = 0.038), while higher match rates were observed for ophthalmology (0.65 v 0.58, p = 0.04). No statistically significant differences in match rate were observed from 2018-2022. CONCLUSIONS While the proportion of women applicants to surgical specialties in Canada has been increasing, women remain underrepresented in several surgical specialties. This underrepresentation cannot be solely attributed to fewer women applying to these specialties, as women experience lower success rates when matching to specific surgical specialties. Further research is essential to identify and address the underlying causes of these disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Bondok
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mohamed S. Bondok
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Anne Xuan-Lan Nguyen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christine Law
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Nawaaz Nathoo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nupura Bakshi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nina Ahuja
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Karim F. Damji
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Mah SJ, Bellini J, Pond G, Reade CJ, Nguyen JMV. Gender and Racial Diversity Among Obstetrics and Gynecology Departments and Gynecologic Oncology Divisions in Canada: Are We There Yet? JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2024; 46:102350. [PMID: 38190889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2024.102350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gender and racial diversity in academic Canadian departments of obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) have not been previously described. We examined gender representation in leadership in academic OBGYN departments and gynecologic oncology (GO) divisions, and determined factors predictive of leadership and promotion including racialized status. METHODS This cross-sectional study of Canadian residency-affiliated academic OBGYN departments queried institutional websites in January 2021 to compile a list of academic faculty. Subjective gender was assessed using photographs and pronouns, and racialized status was determined using photographs. Logistic regression analyses determined predictive factors for leadership roles. Fassiotto et al. rank equity indices (REI) and Hofler et al. representation ratios were calculated. RESULTS Within 16 Canadian institutions there were 354 (33.6%) men and 699 (66.4%) women, with 18.3% racialized faculty. Men were more likely to reach full professorship (P < 0.00001) and leadership positions of department chair, vice-chair or division head (P = 0.01). Representation ratios for women in OBGYN were <1 for all administrative leadership positions, and pairwise comparisons of the probability of promotion for women OBGYNs using REI reveal significant disparities between senior and junior administrative leadership and professorial ranks. Racialized physicians were less likely to have attained full professorship (P = 0.002). Ninety-seven academic GOs were identified: 68 (70.1%) were women, 17 (17.5%) racialized. Seven GO divisions (44%) had no racialized members. On multivariate analysis, only year of completion of fellowship was predictive of leadership. CONCLUSION In academic Canadian OBGYN departments women are underrepresented in leadership and full professor positions. Racialized faculty are underrepresented in full professorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Mah
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
| | - Jonathan Bellini
- Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
| | - Gregory Pond
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
| | - Clare J Reade
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON
| | - Julie M V Nguyen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON.
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Pickel L, Sivachandran N. Gender trends in Canadian medicine and surgery: the past 30 years. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:100. [PMID: 38291424 PMCID: PMC10829244 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the number of women entering medicine has steadily increased since the 1970s in Canada, the gender composition along each stage of the medical training pathway has not been comprehensively reported. We therefore sought to systematically examine the gender composition of students, residents, and practicing physicians over the past 30 years in Canada. RESULTS In this cross-sectional analysis of Canadian medical trainees including MD applicants (137,096 male, 169,099 female), MD students (126,422 male, 152, 967 female), MD graduates (29,413 male, 34,173 female), residents by the decade (24,425 male, 28,506 female) and practicing surgeons (total 7,457 male, 3,457 female), we find that increased female representation in medicine is not matched by representation in surgery, with the key being the specialty choice process. The likelihood of female applicants matriculating to medical school was less than male applicants in the 90s (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.92-0.93), greater in the early 2000s (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.03-1.04), and has since balanced out (OR 1.00, 95% CI 1.00-1.01), with medical school classes being nearly 60% female for the past two decades. Despite this, females have remained underrepresented in most surgical residency programs, with odds of female medical students entering surgical residency other than Ob/Gyn being about half that of male students (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.44-0.71), resulting in a slow increase in practicing female surgeons of less than 0.5% per year in many surgical disciplines and projected parity decades or centuries in the future. CONCLUSIONS While undergraduate medical education has been majority female in Canada for nearly three decades, females remain greatly underrepresented in the physician workforce within surgical specialties. To build a representative medical workforce equipped to care for diverse patient populations, factors influencing the specialty choices of early career physicians will need to be examined and addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Pickel
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Nirojini Sivachandran
- Toronto Retina Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Cohen A, Alter R, Meyer R, Guigue PA, Levin G. Gender leadership in gynecologic oncology professional societies worldwide. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2023; 163:154-157. [PMID: 37218436 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.14890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aim to study gender representation among the different national gynecologic oncology (GO) societies' presidents over the past decade. METHODS A cross-sectional study examining the period 2013-2022. The leadership positions in 11 GO societies in the USA (SGO), internationally (IGCS), Europe (ESGO), Australia (ASGO), Israel (ISGO), Japan (JSGO), Asia-Oceania (AOGIN), India (INSGO), Latin America (SLAGO), South Africa (SASGO), and Turkey (TRSGO) was studied. The proportion of leadership positions held by women was calculated and trends were evaluated. RESULTS Overall, the average rate of women's representation during the study period was 26.4%, and for the different organizations was: SASGO 70.0%, SGO 50.0%, ESGO 40.0%, ASGO 30.0%, INSGO 30.0%, and IGCS, ISGO, and SLAGO 20.0% each, TRSGO 10%, and no representation of women in JSGO and AOGIN. There was a significant decrease from 2013 to 2016 (63.6% to 9.1%) (P = 0.009) in women's representation as presidents of societies. From 2017 to 2022, there was no difference in women's representation (ranging from 9.1% to 36.4%) (P = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that women are significantly under-represented in leadership positions in GO professional societies; however, in South Africa and the USA their representation in the last decade was close to equality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiel Cohen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roie Alter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raanan Meyer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Division of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Gabriel Levin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hadassah Medical Organization and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Lady Davis Institute for Cancer Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Wondimagegn D, Whitehead CR, Cartmill C, Rodrigues E, Correia A, Salessi Lins T, Costa MJ. Faster, higher, stronger - together? A bibliometric analysis of author distribution in top medical education journals. BMJ Glob Health 2023; 8:e011656. [PMID: 37321659 PMCID: PMC10367082 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-011656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medical education and medical education research are growing industries that have become increasingly globalised. Recognition of the colonial foundations of medical education has led to a growing focus on issues of equity, absence and marginalisation. One area of absence that has been underexplored is that of published voices from low-income and middle-income countries. We undertook a bibliometric analysis of five top medical education journals to determine which countries were absent and which countries were represented in prestigious first and last authorship positions. METHODS Web of Science was searched for all articles and reviews published between 2012 and 2021 within Academic Medicine, Medical Education, Advances in Health Sciences Education, Medical Teacher, and BMC Medical Education. Country of origin was identified for first and last author of each publication, and the number of publications originating from each country was counted. RESULTS Our analysis revealed a dominance of first and last authors from five countries: USA, Canada, UK, Netherlands and Australia. Authors from these five countries had first or last authored 70% of publications. Of the 195 countries in the world, 43% (approximately 83) were not represented by a single publication. There was an increase in the percentage of publications from outside of these five countries from 23% in 2012 to 40% in 2021. CONCLUSION The dominance of wealthy nations within spaces that claim to be international is a finding that requires attention. We draw on analogies from modern Olympic sport and our own collaborative research process to show how academic publishing continues to be a colonised space that advantages those from wealthy and English-speaking countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawit Wondimagegn
- College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Cynthia Ruth Whitehead
- The Wilson Centre, University Health Network and Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carrie Cartmill
- The Wilson Centre, University Health Network and Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eloy Rodrigues
- Documentation and Library Services, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Antónia Correia
- Documentation and Library Services, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Tiago Salessi Lins
- Department of Health Promotion, Federal University of Paraiba, Paraiba, Brazil
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Elkbuli A, Rhodes H, Breeding T, Ngatuvai M, Beeton G, Rosander A, Maka P, Alter N, Havron W. Analysis of Racial and Gender Distribution of US-Doctor of Medicines Graduates Entering Into General Surgery and Surgical Subspecialties' Residencies: The Need for Effective & Sustainable Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Strategies. J Surg Res 2023; 289:141-151. [PMID: 37119615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aim to investigate disparities & inequities based on race, sex, graduating age, and the number of peer-reviewed publications among allopathic U.S. Doctor of Medicine graduates who reported entering a surgical training program over a span of 5 y. METHODS A retrospective cohort analysis of the Association of American Medical Colleges student records system and Electronic Residency Application Service for graduates entering a surgical specialty residency during graduate medical education training cycles 2015-2020. RESULTS African American, Asian, and Hispanic applicants each accounted for less than 1% of graduates who reported entering a surgical training program. Asians (OR = 0.58, P = 0.01) and those identifying as other races (OR = 0.74, P = 0.01) were significantly less likely to enter a surgical subspecialty when compared to Caucasians. Orthopedic surgery contained the lowest proportion of minorities; African Americans 0.5% (n = 18), Asians 0.3% (n = 11), Hispanics 0.1% (n = 4), and others with 2% (n = 68). Females who reported entering Orthopedic surgery training represented the smallest female population in surgical specialties (17%, n = 527). The number of peer-reviewed publications was significantly associated with male sex (β = 0.28, P < 0.01), age between 30 and 32 at graduation (β = 1.76, P < 0.01), and identification as other races (β = 1.53, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Racial minorities represented only 5.1% of graduates who reported entering a surgical specialty graduate medical education training program. Minority races and females were significantly less likely to enter a surgical subspecialty training program compared to Caucasian graduates and males, especially in orthopedic surgery. Implementation of specialty-specific programs and diversity, equity, and inclusion departments that promote mentorship and guidance toward residency programs is needed to combat continued race and sex disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Elkbuli
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, Florida; Department of Surgical Education, Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, Florida.
| | | | - Tessa Breeding
- NOVA Southeastern University, Dr Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
| | - Micah Ngatuvai
- NOVA Southeastern University, Dr Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
| | - George Beeton
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Abigail Rosander
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona
| | - Piueti Maka
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Noah Alter
- NOVA Southeastern University, Dr Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, Florida
| | - Will Havron
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, Florida; Department of Surgical Education, Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, Florida
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Lee MJ, Nho WY, Jung H, Cho JW, Seo JS, Lee HM, Cho KH, Kim YJ, Kim JK. High prevalence of depression and sleep-wake disorders among female emergency medicine residents in South Korea. Ann Med 2022; 54:846-855. [PMID: 35348012 PMCID: PMC8967212 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2053568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression and sleep-wake disorders are recognized as one of the major problems among emergency physicians. While depression is more common in females than in males, the associated factors linking depression and sleep-wake disorders in emergency physicians, particularly females, remain unknown. OBJECTIVE To analyze the prevalence of depression and sleep-wake problems among emergency medicine (EM) residents in South Korea and to identify the gender differences and situations that adversely predispose female residents to mental health problems. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using the data collected from the 2019 National EM Residents Wellness Survey targeting all of 630 EM residents in South Korea. The survey included variables potentially influencing depression and sleep-wake problems, such as personal characteristics, work-related stress, and extrinsic environment. Information regarding medical conditions, depression, job stress, and sleep deprivation was obtained using the self-administered Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Apgar Wellness Score (AWS), and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). We analyzed the data using IBM SPSS Statistics version 25 and MedCalc version 17. RESULTS A total of 384 residents participated in the survey. Overall, 27.5% of the EM residents met the criteria for at least moderate depression and 36.9% of the EM residents had sleep-related problems. We found that difficulty in trading the shift schedule and frequent night shifts was associated with depression (p = .001, p = .005; respectively). Female residents demonstrated an increased risk of depression and sleepiness compared to their male counterparts (odds ratio [OR] 1.95, OR 1.81; respectively). In addition, logistic regression analysis revealed significant differences by gender in depression with regards to flexibility of trading shifts (p = .005), level of training in the emergency medical centre (p = .035), and frequent night shifts (p = .010). CONCLUSIONS Approximately, one-third of EM residents report depression and sleep-wake problems, with female residents showing a higher risk than male residents. Several risk factors were identified, and future strategies should be aimed to address these issues to improve the training environment and overall wellbeing of EM residents.KEY MESSAGESThe prevalence of depression and sleep-related problems were, respectively, 1.95 and 1.81 times higher in female residents compared to their male colleagues.The associated risk factors for depression were flexibility of shift trade, level of training in the emergency medical centre, and frequency of night shifts.Improving the training environment and facilities, as well as offering more flexible duty trading options can provide potential opportunities to reduce the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jin Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Woo Young Nho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, CHA Gumi Medical Center, CHA University, Gumi, South Korea
| | - Haewon Jung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jae Wan Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jun Seok Seo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung Min Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kyung Hee Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang Hyun Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jong Kun Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Sayal AP, Ahmed Y, Popovic MM, Schlenker M, Campbell RJ, Kantarevic J, Nadolski J, D'Souza K, El-Defrawy S. Supply and demographic characteristics of Ontario's ophthalmologists from 2010 to 2019: a population-based analysis. CMAJ Open 2022; 10:E1067-E1078. [PMID: 36735225 PMCID: PMC9771477 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20210319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With an aging population in Ontario, ophthalmologists provide most of their care to older adults, which has prominent human resource implications. In this study, we sought to investigate the supply and demographic characteristics of Ontario's ophthalmologists. METHODS In this retrospective, population-based analysis, we evaluated cohort demographics, including sex and career stage, of Ontario's ophthalmologists from 2010 to 2019, which we reported using descriptive statistics. Similarly, we detailed ophthalmologist supply within different areas of care using descriptive statistics. RESULTS Over the study period, a median of 464 ophthalmologists were practising in Ontario each year. The proportion of female ophthalmologists increased from 18.7% in 2010 to 24.1% in 2019. The proportion of late-career ophthalmologists (aged > 55 yr) significantly increased by 6.4% over the study period and constituted 45.3% of the workforce in 2019. Comprehensive cataract surgery was the most common area of care. Although the number of ophthalmologists per 100 000 people remained stable over the study period (3.27 ophthalmologists/100 000 people in 2019), the number of ophthalmologists per 100 000 people aged 65 years and older fell by 18.4% from 2010 to 2019. The greatest supply reduction was among moderate-volume comprehensive cataract surgeons (-20.2% overall and -35.4% relative to the population aged ≥ 65 yr). INTERPRETATION Between 2010 and 2019, the overall number of ophthalmologists in Ontario remained stable; however, we observed declines in the number of ophthalmologists per 100 000 people aged 65 years and older for most areas of care. Nearly half of the ophthalmology workforce is now older than 55 years and female representation is increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman P Sayal
- Faculty of Medicine (Sayal) and Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (Ahmed, Popovic, Schlenker, El-Defrawy), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Economics, Policy & Research (Kantarevic, Nadolski, D'Souza), Ontario Medical Association, Toronto, Ont
| | - Yusuf Ahmed
- Faculty of Medicine (Sayal) and Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (Ahmed, Popovic, Schlenker, El-Defrawy), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Economics, Policy & Research (Kantarevic, Nadolski, D'Souza), Ontario Medical Association, Toronto, Ont
| | - Marko M Popovic
- Faculty of Medicine (Sayal) and Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (Ahmed, Popovic, Schlenker, El-Defrawy), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Economics, Policy & Research (Kantarevic, Nadolski, D'Souza), Ontario Medical Association, Toronto, Ont
| | - Matthew Schlenker
- Faculty of Medicine (Sayal) and Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (Ahmed, Popovic, Schlenker, El-Defrawy), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Economics, Policy & Research (Kantarevic, Nadolski, D'Souza), Ontario Medical Association, Toronto, Ont
| | - Robert J Campbell
- Faculty of Medicine (Sayal) and Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (Ahmed, Popovic, Schlenker, El-Defrawy), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Economics, Policy & Research (Kantarevic, Nadolski, D'Souza), Ontario Medical Association, Toronto, Ont
| | - Jasmin Kantarevic
- Faculty of Medicine (Sayal) and Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (Ahmed, Popovic, Schlenker, El-Defrawy), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Economics, Policy & Research (Kantarevic, Nadolski, D'Souza), Ontario Medical Association, Toronto, Ont
| | - Joanna Nadolski
- Faculty of Medicine (Sayal) and Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (Ahmed, Popovic, Schlenker, El-Defrawy), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Economics, Policy & Research (Kantarevic, Nadolski, D'Souza), Ontario Medical Association, Toronto, Ont
| | - Karen D'Souza
- Faculty of Medicine (Sayal) and Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (Ahmed, Popovic, Schlenker, El-Defrawy), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Economics, Policy & Research (Kantarevic, Nadolski, D'Souza), Ontario Medical Association, Toronto, Ont
| | - Sherif El-Defrawy
- Faculty of Medicine (Sayal) and Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences (Ahmed, Popovic, Schlenker, El-Defrawy), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Ophthalmology (Campbell), Queen's University and Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ont.; Department of Economics, Policy & Research (Kantarevic, Nadolski, D'Souza), Ontario Medical Association, Toronto, Ont.
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Lim W, Gupta N, Mandel C. Analysis of gender in radiology in Australia and its importance to the profession and workforce planning. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2022; 67:170-178. [PMID: 36073993 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Medical workforce diversity is important with gender constituting a significant role. Male and female medical practitioners participate in the workforce differently: understanding the cultural and social expectations, economic productivity, professional opportunities, and the effects on workforce supply, will aid workforce planning. Having a workforce that reflects the diversity of the community is important in providing patient-centred care. As more than half of medical graduates are female, it would be expected that this is reflected in radiology specialty. We analyse the Australian gender-specific data from the Royal Australian and New Zealand Clinical Radiology (RANZCR) clinical radiology workforce census from 1992 to 2020, focusing on changes in gender representation, number of hours worked per week, differences in subspecialisation and geographical distribution. This analysis found that the proportion of the female radiologists increased from 13% to 29%: still an underrepresentation of women radiologists when compared with the gender distribution of medical students and junior doctors. This will persist in the short to medium term, given the tapering of female doctors entering radiology training. In terms of workforce planning, women are more likely to work less than their male counterparts in the early to mid-career. Women are underrepresentated in interventional and neurointerventional radiology. There is more self-reported subspecialty interest in breast and women's imaging. A review of the literature demonstrated a similar situation in comparable countries. We also considered the reasons, potential solutions for this, and knowledge gaps where research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- WanYin Lim
- Dr Jones and Partner, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nishant Gupta
- The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine Mandel
- Swinburne University of Technology and Integral Diagnostics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Georgakopoulos JR, Felfeli T, Canizares M, Jin YP, Joseph M, Yeung J, Buys YM. Differences in Practice Patterns and Payments for Female and Male Dermatologists: A Canadian Population-Based Study Over 3 Decades. J Cutan Med Surg 2022; 26:575-585. [PMID: 36065083 DOI: 10.1177/12034754221119500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canada's fee-for-service physician reimbursement system, where a set rate is provided for each service, suggests that a physician sex pay gap should not exist. However, recent evidence has questioned this presumption. OBJECTIVES To characterize trends in demographics and billing, overall and by sex, for dermatologists compared to other medical and surgical specialty groups in Ontario, Canada. METHODS Using population-based data, analysis of physician billing and clinical activity from Ontario, Canada, over 27 years (1992-2018) was performed. Multilevel regression models were used to examine unadjusted and adjusted differences in payments between females and males over time, while controlling for age, distinct patients seen, patient visits, and full-time equivalent. RESULTS A total of 22 389 physicians were included in the analyses, including 381 dermatologists. The proportion of female dermatologists increased from 32% in 1992 to 46% in 2018. Dermatologists' median Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) payments were $415 340 (IQR: 285 630-566 580) in 1992 compared to $296 750 (IQR: 164 480-493 180) in 2018. Male dermatologists' OHIP payments were 20% more than their female counterparts across the entire study period. After adjusting for practice volumes, there was no significant pay gap amongst female and male dermatologists (P = .42); however, the sex pay gap remained significant for the other specialty groups (P < .001). From 1992 to 2018, dermatologists on average saw 19% fewer distinct patients per year and 15% fewer visits per patient. CONCLUSIONS The overall sex pay gap within medical dermatology can be attributed to differences in practice patterns, whereas the sex pay gap remained significant in the other specialty groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge R Georgakopoulos
- 7938 Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tina Felfeli
- 7938 Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,7938 Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mayilee Canizares
- 7989 Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ya-Ping Jin
- 7938 Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,7938 Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marissa Joseph
- 7938 Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,7938 Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jensen Yeung
- 7938 Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,7938 Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,7938 Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yvonne M Buys
- 7938 Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Women Leadership in Liver Transplantation-Results of an International Survey. Transplantation 2022; 106:1699-1702. [PMID: 36001485 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Liver Transplantation Society (ILTS) has placed a strong focus on achieving gender equality and equity in liver transplant (LT). We aimed to understand gender distribution in leadership positions among LT physicians around the world and within ILTS. METHODS In 2019, the ILTS Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion Committee distributed a survey to obtain granular data on gender and characteristics of transplant physicians as well as those in leadership positions in each center. Additionally, data were collected on the gender composition of the ILTS membership, council, chairpersons, and committees and from the United Network for Organ Sharing. RESULTS Data were collected from 243 transplant centers. Thirty-two (13.2%) had at least 1 woman as the director of LT, chief of transplant surgery, or chief of transplant hepatology. Of the 243 centers, 133 reported the age and gender of the leadership personnel. Women physicians comprised 152 of the 833 transplant surgeons (18.2%) and 298 of the 935 hepatologists (31.9%). Among the 1331 ILTS physician members, 588 (44.2%) provided gender information in their member profiles, and 155 (26.3%) identified themselves as women. Of the 26 ILTS leadership positions, 7 (26.9%) were held by women. CONCLUSIONS This analysis of worldwide gender distribution in the LT physician workforce showed notable gender disparity in LT leadership around the globe and within the ILTS. These data provide a launching point for promoting and achieving gender equality and equity in LT.
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Jawaid N, LoMonaco J, Bollegala N. The Under-representation of Canadian Women in Gastroenterology from Residency to Leadership. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2021; 4:251-256. [PMID: 34877463 PMCID: PMC8643676 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To determine representation of women in gastroenterology (GI) at residency and leadership levels in Canada. Methods The Canadian Resident Matching Service provided data for internal medicine (IM), general surgery (GS), GI and cardiology applicant cycles 2014 to 2018. Z-tests were used to compare proportion of women entering each residency program. An internet search was conducted to calculate percentages of women as GI association presidents, residency program directors, division heads and oral speakers at conferences. Results IM residency had on average of 1789 applicants with 487 matched (49.4% versus 49.5% women). GS residency had on average 357 applicants with 90 matched (41% versus 54.4% women). GI residency had on average 46 applicants with 34 matched (37% versus 35.3% women). Cardiology residency had on average 76 applicants with 54 matched (29% versus 27.8% women). The Canadian Association of Gastroenterology (CAG) has had two out of 47 (4.2%) women presidents. The Ontario Association of Gastroenterology (OAG) has had no women presidents (0/9). The Association des gastro-entérologues du Québec (AGEQ) has had two out of 15 (13%) women presidents. The Alberta Society of Gastroenterology (ASG) has had one out of five (20%) women presidents. From 2018 to 2020, university division heads ranged from 0% to 13.3% women (0 to 2/15). University GI training program directors ranged from 28.6% to 35.7% (4 to 5/14). Women speakers at CAG’s annual conference varied 27% to 42% from 2016 to 2020, averaging 32.7%. Women speakers at OAG’s, AGEQ’s and ASG’s annual conferences averaged 23.3%, 24.1% and 35%, respectively. Conclusion Women gastroenterologists display low representation at multiple levels along the GI career pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Jawaid
- Gastroenterology Residency Training Program, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Correspondence: Noor Jawaid, MD, FRCPC, Gastroenterology Residency Training Program, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 2116–386 Yonge Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2H3, Canada, e-mail:
| | | | - Natasha Bollegala
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Women’s College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Merali Z, Malhotra AK, Balas M, Lorello GR, Flexman A, Kiran T, Witiw CD. Gender-based differences in physician payments within the fee-for-service system in Ontario: a retrospective, cross-sectional study. CMAJ 2021; 193:E1584-E1591. [PMID: 34663601 PMCID: PMC8547248 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.210437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Differences in physician income by gender have been described in numerous jurisdictions, but few studies have looked at a Canadian cohort with adjustment for confounders. In this study, we aimed to understand differences in fee-for-service payments to men and women physicians in Ontario. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of all Ontario physicians who submitted claims to the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) in 2017. For each physician, we gathered demographic information from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario registry. We compared differences in physician claims between men and women in the entire cohort and within each specialty using multivariable linear regressions, controlling for length of practice, specialty and practice location. Results: We identified a cohort of 30 167 physicians who submitted claims to OHIP in 2017, including 17 992 men and 12 175 women. When controlling for confounding variables in a linear mixed-effects regression model, annual physician claims were $93 930 (95% confidence interval $88 434 to $99 431) higher for men than for women. Women claimed 74% as much as men when adjusting for covariates. This discrepancy was present in nearly all specialty categories. Men claimed more than women throughout their careers, with the greatest gap 10–15 years into practice. Interpretation: We found a gender gap in fee-for-service claims in Ontario, with women claiming less than men overall and in nearly every specialty. Further work is required to understand the root causes of the gender pay gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamir Merali
- Division of Neurosurgery (Merali, Malhotra, Balas), Department of Surgery, and Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (Lorello), University of Toronto; Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Lorello), Toronto Western Hospital - University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics (Flexman), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kiran), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kiran, Witiw), University of Toronto; Division of Neurosurgery (Witiw), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - Armaan K Malhotra
- Division of Neurosurgery (Merali, Malhotra, Balas), Department of Surgery, and Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (Lorello), University of Toronto; Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Lorello), Toronto Western Hospital - University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics (Flexman), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kiran), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kiran, Witiw), University of Toronto; Division of Neurosurgery (Witiw), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - Michael Balas
- Division of Neurosurgery (Merali, Malhotra, Balas), Department of Surgery, and Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (Lorello), University of Toronto; Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Lorello), Toronto Western Hospital - University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics (Flexman), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kiran), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kiran, Witiw), University of Toronto; Division of Neurosurgery (Witiw), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - Gianni R Lorello
- Division of Neurosurgery (Merali, Malhotra, Balas), Department of Surgery, and Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (Lorello), University of Toronto; Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Lorello), Toronto Western Hospital - University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics (Flexman), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kiran), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kiran, Witiw), University of Toronto; Division of Neurosurgery (Witiw), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - Alana Flexman
- Division of Neurosurgery (Merali, Malhotra, Balas), Department of Surgery, and Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (Lorello), University of Toronto; Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Lorello), Toronto Western Hospital - University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics (Flexman), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kiran), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kiran, Witiw), University of Toronto; Division of Neurosurgery (Witiw), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - Tara Kiran
- Division of Neurosurgery (Merali, Malhotra, Balas), Department of Surgery, and Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (Lorello), University of Toronto; Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Lorello), Toronto Western Hospital - University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics (Flexman), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kiran), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kiran, Witiw), University of Toronto; Division of Neurosurgery (Witiw), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont
| | - Christopher D Witiw
- Division of Neurosurgery (Merali, Malhotra, Balas), Department of Surgery, and Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine (Lorello), University of Toronto; Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Lorello), Toronto Western Hospital - University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics (Flexman), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kiran), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kiran, Witiw), University of Toronto; Division of Neurosurgery (Witiw), Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.
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Amplifying women's voices and representation of women speakers and moderators at the Society of Anesthesia and Sleep Medicine: A retrospective analysis, 2011-2020. J Clin Anesth 2021; 75:110494. [PMID: 34464769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2021.110494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Sergeant A, Saha S, Shin S, Weinerman A, Kwan JL, Lapointe-Shaw L, Tang T, Hawker G, Rochon PA, Verma AA, Razak F. Variations in Processes of Care and Outcomes for Hospitalized General Medicine Patients Treated by Female vs Male Physicians. JAMA HEALTH FORUM 2021; 2:e211615. [PMID: 35977207 PMCID: PMC8796959 DOI: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.1615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saeha Shin
- Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Aggarwal A, Panayi AC, Lorello GR, Silver JK. Letter to the Editor: How Do Medical Students Perceive Diversity in Orthopaedic Surgery, and How Do Their Perceptions Change After an Orthopaedic Clinical Rotation? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2021; 479:1626-1627. [PMID: 33856396 PMCID: PMC8208404 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000001762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Aggarwal
- Harvard Medical School and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adriana C. Panayi
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gianni R. Lorello
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital – University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julie K. Silver
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Schreiber JU, El-Tahan MR, Erdoes G. European Association of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Fellowship Program: The Graduates' Experience. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2021; 35:3176-3182. [PMID: 34183253 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2021.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In 2009, the European Association of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (EACTAIC) established a fellowship program to train highly qualified specialists in the field of cardiac anesthesia. For the further development of the program, a survey among graduates was distributed to get information about the individual motivation and career perspectives of fellows. DESIGN Online survey among graduates of the EACTAIC cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia (CTVA) fellowship program. SETTING Twenty-four-item online survey after personal invitation from the EACTAIC office PARTICIPANTS: Forty-nine graduates. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The survey had a response rate of 77%. On average, graduates joined the EACTAIC fellowship program four years after completing their residency program. Participants felt well-prepared by the program regarding their clinical and nonclinical skills. The majority participated in research activities during the fellowship and continued to work in the field of CTVA. Ninety-two percent of the respondents found a job opportunity within a reasonable time after completing the training. CONCLUSIONS Among the respondents, the survey showed a high satisfactory rate with the received training and good job opportunities after completing the fellowship. Further research should investigate the question of beneficial effects on research activities after completing the fellowship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Uwe Schreiber
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Maastricht UMC, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed R El-Tahan
- Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Anesthesia, Surgical Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gabor Erdoes
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Lorello GR, Silver JK, Flores LE, Larson AR, McCarthy K, Odonkor CA, Flexman AM. Diversity of residency applicants to anaesthesiology and other specialties in the USA from 2014 to 2019. Br J Anaesth 2021; 127:e27-e30. [PMID: 34045063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gianni R Lorello
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Wilson Centre, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Julie K Silver
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura E Flores
- College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Kristian McCarthy
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Charles A Odonkor
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Physiatry, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alana M Flexman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology, St Paul's Hospital/Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Kowalski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
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