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Gassel CJ, Nasyrov E, Wenzel DA, Voykov B. XEN45 gel stent in the treatment of pigmentary glaucoma: A two-year follow-up. Eur J Ophthalmol 2024:11206721241261093. [PMID: 38850039 DOI: 10.1177/11206721241261093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate safety and efficacy of the XEN gel stent in patients with pigmentary glaucoma (PG). METHODS A retrospective analysis of 26 eyes of 19 patients with PG undergoing XEN gel stent implantation was performed. Best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), and number of antiglaucoma medications were analyzed preoperatively, and at 2 weeks and 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery. Success, needling, and complications were analyzed. Complete success was defined as an IOP reduction of >20% and achieving a target IOP of ≤18, ≤15, or ≤12 mmHg without antiglaucoma medication. Qualified success was indicated if the IOP target was reached with or without medication. RESULTS Mean IOP decreased significantly from 27.6 ± 14.3 (standard deviation, SD) mmHg to 14.3 ± 4.6 mmHg after one year (p < 0.001) and 15.1 ± 2.7 mmHg (p < 0.001) after two years. The median number of hypotensive drugs declined significantly from 4 (range: 3-5) to 0 (0-2) and 0 (0-3) after one and two years, respectively. After two years, complete success with an IOP of ≤18 mmHg and ≤15 mmHg was achieved in 73.1% and 61.5%, respectively. Half of the eyes required needling after a median time of 8 months (0.5-34 months). No sight-threatening complications were observed. CONCLUSION The XEN gel stent is a safe and effective surgical treatment option for PG. Needling is an important part of the procedure and should be communicated preoperatively to the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Gassel
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Emil Nasyrov
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel A Wenzel
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bogomil Voykov
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Loo Y, Chan ASY, Khor CC, Aung T, Wang Z. Rodent genetically modified models of glaucoma. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 95:101229. [PMID: 38039744 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma, one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide, is a complex and heterogenous disease. While environmental factors are important, it is well-recognized that the disease has a strong heritable component. With the advent of large-cohort genome wide association studies, a myriad of genetic risk loci has been linked to different forms of glaucoma. Animal models have been an indispensable tool in characterizing these loci, especially if they lie within coding regions in the genome. Not only do these models connect genotype to phenotype, advancing our understanding of glaucoma pathogenesis in the process, they also have valuable utility as a platform for the pre-clinical testing of potential therapies. In this review, we will outline genetic models used for studying the major forms of glaucoma, including primary open angle glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma, primary angle closure glaucoma, pigmentary glaucoma, pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, and early onset glaucoma, including congenital and developmental glaucoma, and how studying these models have helped shed light on human glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Loo
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Anita Sook Yee Chan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Zhenxun Wang
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.
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3
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Rong S, Yu X, Wiggs JL. Genetic Basis of Pigment Dispersion Syndrome and Pigmentary Glaucoma: An Update and Functional Insights. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:142. [PMID: 38397132 PMCID: PMC10887877 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigment Dispersion Syndrome (PDS) and Pigmentary Glaucoma (PG) comprise a spectrum of ocular disorders characterized by iris pigment dispersion and trabecular meshwork changes, resulting in increased intraocular pressure and potential glaucomatous optic neuropathy. This review summarizes recent progress in PDS/PG genetics including rare pathogenic protein coding alterations (PMEL) and susceptibility loci identified from genome-wide association studies (GSAP and GRM5/TYR). Areas for future research are also identified, especially the development of efficient model systems. While substantial strides have been made in understanding the genetics of PDS/PG, our review identifies key gaps and outlines the future directions necessary for further advancing this important field of ocular genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shisong Rong
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Xinting Yu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Janey L. Wiggs
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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4
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Sharif NA. Gene therapies and gene product-based drug candidates for normalizing and preserving tissue functions in animal models of ocular hypertension and glaucoma. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 94:101218. [PMID: 37976898 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
More than 76 million people worldwide are afflicted with the neurodegenerative eye diseases described and grouped together as glaucoma. A common feature amongst the many forms of glaucoma is chronically elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) within the anterior chamber of the eye that physically damages the retina, optic nerve and parts of the brain connected with visual perception. The mediators of the contusing raised IOP responsible for such damage and loss of vision include locally released inflammatory agents, tissue remodeling enzymes and infiltrating immune cells which damage the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons and eventually kill a significant number of the RGCs. Additional culprits include genetic defects of the patient that involve aberrations in receptors, enzymes and/or endogenous ligands and possible over- or under-production of the latter. Other genetic abnormalities may include issues with signal transduction machinery within key cells of critical tissues in the front (e.g. trabecular meshwork [TM] and Schlemm's canal [SC]) and back of the eye (e.g. retinal ganglion cells and their axons). Genome-wide associated studies (GWAS) coupled with next generation sequencing have provided powerful linkage of certain gene defects and polymorphic variants to the onset and progression of diseases of the tissues involved in fluid dynamics in the TM and SC, and many retinal elements (lamina cribosa, optic nerve head) at the back of the eye which cause ocular hypertension (OHT) and glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON), respectively. Despite the availability of some drugs, fluid drainage microshunts and full surgical techniques to lower and control intraocular pressure, the major modifiable biomarker of open-angle and other forms of glaucoma, their side-effect profiles, less than optimum effectiveness and short duration of action present opportunities to clinically manage the glaucomas with next generation of treatments with high therapeutic indices, including gene therapies. Thus, identification, characterization and deployment of genetic data coupled with traditional drug discovery and novel gene replacement, gene editing and genetic engineering technologies may provide some solutions to the aforementioned problems. These aspects will be discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam A Sharif
- Eye-APC Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169856, Singapore; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, W2 1PG, UK; Imperial College of Science and Technology, St. Mary's Campus, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, 77004, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, 169856, Singapore; Global Research & Development, Nanoscope Therapeutics Inc., Dallas, TX 75207, USA.
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5
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Huang L, Hong Y, Fu X, Tan H, Chen Y, Wang Y, Chen D. The role of the microbiota in glaucoma. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 94:101221. [PMID: 37866106 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common irreversible vision loss disorder because of the gradual loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the optic nerve axons. Major risk factors include elder age and high intraocular pressure (IOP). However, high IOP is neither necessary nor sufficient to cause glaucoma. Some non-IOP signaling cascades can mediate RGC degeneration. In addition, gender, diet, obesity, depression, or anxiety also contribute to the development of glaucoma. Understanding the mechanism of glaucoma development is crucial for timely diagnosis and establishing new strategies to improve current IOP-reducing therapies. The microbiota exerts a marked influence on the human body during homeostasis and disease. Many glaucoma patients have abnormal compositions of the microbiota (dysbiosis) in multiple locations, including the ocular surface, intraocular cavity, oral cavity, stomach, and gut. Here, we discuss findings in the last ten years or more about the microbiota and metabolite changes in animal models, patients with three risk factors (aging, obesity, and depression), and glaucoma patients. Antigenic mimicry and heat stress protein (HSP)-specific T-cell infiltration in the retina may be responsible for commensal microbes contributing to glaucomatous RGC damage. LPS-TLR4 pathway may be the primary mechanism of oral and ocular surface dysbiosis affecting glaucoma. Microbe-derived metabolites may also affect glaucoma pathogenesis. Homocysteine accumulation, inflammatory factor release, and direct dissemination may link gastric H. pylori infection and anterior chamber viral infection (such as cytomegalovirus) to glaucoma. Potential therapeutic protocols targeting microbiota include antibiotics, modified diet, and stool transplant. Later investigations will uncover the underlying molecular mechanism connecting dysbiosis to glaucoma and its clinical applications in glaucoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- The Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; The Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yiwen Hong
- The Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; The Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiangyu Fu
- The Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; The Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Haishan Tan
- The Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; The Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yongjiang Chen
- The School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yujiao Wang
- The Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; The Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Danian Chen
- The Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; The Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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6
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Sharif NA. Elevated Intraocular Pressure and Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy: Genes to Disease Mechanisms, Therapeutic Drugs, and Gene Therapies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:870. [PMID: 37375817 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article focuses on the pathogenesis of and genetic defects linked with chronic ocular hypertension (cOHT) and glaucoma. The latter ocular disease constitutes a group of ocular degenerative diseases whose hallmark features are damage to the optic nerve, apoptotic demise of retinal ganglion cells, disturbances within the brain regions involved in visual perception and considerable visual impairment that can lead to blindness. Even though a number of pharmaceuticals, surgical and device-based treatments already exist addressing cOHT associated with the most prevalent of the glaucoma types, primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), they can be improved upon in terms of superior efficacy with reduced side-effects and with longer duration of activity. The linkage of disease pathology to certain genes via genome-wide associated studies are illuminating new approaches to finding novel treatment options for the aforementioned ocular disorders. Gene replacement, gene editing via CRISPR-Cas9, and the use of optogenetic technologies may replace traditional drug-based therapies and/or they may augment existing therapeutics for the treatment of cOHT and POAG in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam A Sharif
- Eye-APC Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
- Imperial College of Science and Technology, St. Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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7
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Yao X, Yang H, Han H, Kou X, Jiang Y, Luo M, Zhou Y, Wang J, Fan X, Wang X, Li MJ, Yan H. Genome-wide analysis of genetic pleiotropy and causal genes across three age-related ocular disorders. Hum Genet 2023; 142:507-522. [PMID: 36917350 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-023-02542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), cataract, and glaucoma are leading causes of blindness worldwide. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have revealed a variety of susceptible loci associated with age-related ocular disorders, yet the genetic pleiotropy and causal genes across these diseases remain poorly understood. By leveraging large-scale genetic and observational data from ocular disease GWASs and UK Biobank (UKBB), we found significant pairwise genetic correlations and consistent epidemiological associations among these ocular disorders. Cross-disease meta-analysis uncovered seven pleiotropic loci, three of which were replicated in an additional cohort. Integration of variants in pleiotropic loci and multiple single-cell omics data identified that Müller cells and astrocytes were likely trait-related cell types underlying ocular comorbidity. In addition, we comprehensively integrated eye-specific gene expression quantitative loci (eQTLs), epigenomic profiling, and 3D genome data to prioritize causal pleiotropic genes. We found that pleiotropic genes were essential in nerve development and eye pigmentation, and targetable by aflibercept and pilocarpine for the treatment of AMD and glaucoma. These findings will not only facilitate the mechanistic research of ocular comorbidities but also benefit the therapeutic optimization of age-related ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Hongxi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Han Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xuejing Kou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yuhan Jiang
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Menghan Luo
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yao Zhou
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xutong Fan
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Mulin Jun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China. .,Department of Bioinformatics, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Hua Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China. .,Laboratory of Molecular Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China. .,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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8
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Pigment dispersion syndrome and pigmentary glaucoma: overview and racial disparities. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:601-614. [PMID: 36085315 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-022-05817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) and pigmentary glaucoma (PG) are two stages within the same ophthalmic disease spectrum, which are known to be affected by race. The prevalence of PDS is underestimated, largely due to its minor clinical symptoms. Although the prevalence of PG is low, the visual impairment associated with PG is extremely severe. The prevalence of PDS-PG is four or more times higher in Caucasians than in Blacks or Asians, and the "classic" PDS in Caucasians has long been used as a benchmark diagnostic criterion. Following extensive research focused on African Americans and Asians, the standard for diagnosing PDS-PG was refined. At the same time, the pathogenesis of PDS is not the same in different races. Hence, the effectiveness of preventive treatment and the need for treatment may not be equivalent in different races. The rate of conversion of PDS to PG is nearly 1/3 in Caucasians and higher in blacks and Asians, requiring more aggressive treatment and monitoring. We systematically searched a PubMed database from inception to March 2022 to provide an overview of research progress in various aspects of PDS-PG. Specifically, this paper considers the effects of race on disease prevalence, clinical manifestation, diagnostic criteria, disease mechanism, hereditary traits, treatment, and prevention to provide an accurate and comprehensive guide for the diagnosis and treatment of PDS-PG in various races.
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9
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Wagner IV, Stewart MW, Dorairaj SK. Updates on the Diagnosis and Management of Glaucoma. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 2022; 6:618-635. [PMID: 36405987 PMCID: PMC9673042 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness throughout the world (after cataracts); therefore, general physicians should be familiar with the diagnosis and management of affected patients. Glaucomas are usually categorized by the anatomy of the anterior chamber angle (open vs narrow/closed), rapidity of onset (acute vs chronic), and major etiology (primary vs secondary). Most glaucomas are primary (ie, without a contributing comorbidity); however, several coexisting ophthalmic conditions may serve as the underlying etiologies of secondary glaucomas. Chronic glaucoma occurs most commonly; thus, regular eye examinations should be performed in at-risk patients to prevent the insidious loss of vision that can develop before diagnosis. Glaucoma damages the optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer, leading to peripheral and central visual field defects. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), a crucial determinant of disease progression, remains the only modifiable risk factor; thus, all current treatments (medications, lasers, and operations) aim to reduce the IOP. Pharmacotherapy is the usual first-line therapy, but noncompliance, undesirable adverse effects, and cost limit effectiveness. Laser and surgical treatments may lower IOP significantly over long periods and may be more cost effective than pharmacotherapy, but they are plagued by greater procedural risks and frequent treatment failures. Traditional incisional procedures have recently been replaced by several novel, minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries with improved safety profiles and only minimal decreases in efficacy. Minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries have dramatically transformed the surgical management of glaucoma; nevertheless, large, randomized trials are required to assess their long-term efficacy.
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Key Words
- ACA, anterior chamber angle
- ACG, angle-closure glaucoma
- AIT, ab-interno trabeculotomy
- CAI, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
- CE, cataract extraction
- GDD, glaucoma drainage device
- IOP, intraocular pressure
- KDB, Kahook Dual Blade
- MIGS, minimally invasive glaucoma surgery
- MMC, mitomycin C
- OAG, open-angle glaucoma
- OCT, optical coherence tomography
- ONH, optic nerve head
- PGA, prostaglandin analog
- PGI, PAUL glaucoma implant
- POAG, primary open-angle glaucoma
- RNFL, retinal nerve fiber layer
- SLT, selective laser trabeculoplasty
- TM, trabecular meshwork
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella V. Wagner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Michael W. Stewart
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Syril K. Dorairaj
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL
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10
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Tang Y, Chen Y, Chen D. The heterogeneity of astrocytes in glaucoma. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:995369. [PMID: 36466782 PMCID: PMC9714578 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.995369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness with progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells. Aging and increased intraocular pressure (IOP) are major risk factors. Lowering IOP does not always stop the disease progression. Alternative ways of protecting the optic nerve are intensively studied in glaucoma. Astrocytes are macroglia residing in the retina, optic nerve head (ONH), and visual brain, which keep neuronal homeostasis, regulate neuronal activities and are part of the immune responses to the retina and brain insults. In this brief review, we discuss the activation and heterogeneity of astrocytes in the retina, optic nerve head, and visual brain of glaucoma patients and animal models. We also discuss some recent transgenic and gene knockout studies using glaucoma mouse models to clarify the role of astrocytes in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Astrocytes are heterogeneous and play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, especially in the process of neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. In astrocytes, overexpression of Stat3 or knockdown of IκKβ/p65, caspase-8, and mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (Ucp2) can reduce ganglion cell loss in glaucoma mouse models. Based on these studies, therapeutic strategies targeting the heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes by enhancing their beneficial reactivity or suppressing their detrimental reactivity are alternative options for glaucoma treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjing Tang
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongjiang Chen
- The School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Danian Chen
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Simcoe MJ, Shah A, Fan B, Choquet H, Weisschuh N, Waseem NH, Jiang C, Melles RB, Ritch R, Mahroo OA, Wissinger B, Jorgenson E, Wiggs JL, Garway-Heath DF, Hysi PG, Hammond CJ. Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Two Common Loci Associated with Pigment Dispersion Syndrome/Pigmentary Glaucoma and Implicates Myopia in its Development. Ophthalmology 2022; 129:626-636. [PMID: 35031440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify genetic variants associated with pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) and pigmentary glaucoma (PG) in unrelated patients and to further understand the genetic and potentially causal relationships between PDS and associated risk factors. DESIGN A 2-stage genome-wide association meta-analysis with replication and subsequent in silico analyses including Mendelian randomization. PARTICIPANTS A total of 574 cases with PG or PDS and 52 627 controls of European descent. METHODS Genome-wide association analyses were performed in 4 cohorts and meta-analyzed in 3 stages: (1) a discovery meta-analysis was performed in 3 cohorts, (2) replication was performed in the fourth cohort, and (3) all 4 cohorts were meta-analyzed to increase statistical power. Two-sample Mendelian randomization was used to determine whether refractive error and intraocular pressure exert causal effects over PDS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The association of genetic variants with PDS and whether myopia exerts causal effects over PDS. RESULTS Significant association was present at 2 novel loci for PDS/PG. These loci and follow-up analyses implicate the genes gamma secretase activator protein (GSAP) (lead single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP]: rs9641220, P = 6.0×10-10) and glutamate metabotropic receptor 5 (GRM5)/TYR (lead SNP: rs661177, P = 3.9×10-9) as important factors in disease risk. Mendelian randomization showed significant evidence that negative refractive error (myopia) exerts a direct causal effect over PDS (P = 8.86×10-7). CONCLUSIONS Common SNPs relating to the GSAP and GRM5/TYR genes are associated risk factors for the development of PDS and PG. Although myopia is a known risk factor, this study uses genetic data to demonstrate that myopia is, in part, a cause of PDS and PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Simcoe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ameet Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Baojian Fan
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hélène Choquet
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Nicole Weisschuh
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Naushin H Waseem
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chen Jiang
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Ronald B Melles
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Department of Ophthalmology, Redwood City, California
| | - Robert Ritch
- Einhorn Clinical Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Omar A Mahroo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bernd Wissinger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eric Jorgenson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Janey L Wiggs
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David F Garway-Heath
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Pigment dispersion syndrome and its implications for glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 66:743-760. [PMID: 33444629 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) represents a clinical spectrum of a relatively common and usually underdiagnosed phenomenon produced by spontaneous pigment dispersion from the iris into the anterior segment. PDS is often bilateral, has no gender predisposition, and presents at a young age, particularly in myopes. Although most patients experiencing an episode of pigment dispersion are asymptomatic, extreme photophobia, ocular pain, redness, and blurred vision may occur. Other characteristic signs are iridolenticular contact, concave iris configuration, 360° peripheral iris transillumination, and pigment deposition on the anterior chamber angle or the corneal endothelium (Krukenberg spindle). Early PDS diagnosis is crucial to detect patients with pigment-related ocular hypertension (POHT) that can eventually lead to pigmentary glaucoma (PG). The latter represents a sight-threatening condition in which mechanical, environmental, and genetic factors contribute to optic nerve damage. In this review, we update the pathogenic mechanisms involved in the clinical spectrum of the disease. We describe its clinical presentation, ophthalmologic manifestations, and complications, including the factors influencing the development of POHT and PG. Because PDS has variable clinical presentations that lead to misdiagnoses, we emphasize the differential diagnosis and the actual therapeutic strategies according to disease status.
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