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Debbag R, Ávila-Agüero ML, Brea J, Brenes-Chacon H, Colomé M, de Antonio R, Díaz-Díaz A, Falleiros-Arlant LH, Fernández G, Gentile A, Gutiérrez IF, Jarovsky D, del Valle Juárez M, López-Medina E, Mascareñas A, Ospina-Henao S, Safadi MA, Sáez-Llorens X, Soriano-Fallas A, Torres JP, Torres-Martínez CN, Beltrán-Arroyave C. Confronting the challenge: a regional perspective by the Latin American pediatric infectious diseases society (SLIPE) expert group on respiratory syncytial virus-tackling the burden of disease and implementing preventive solutions. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1386082. [PMID: 39144471 PMCID: PMC11322482 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1386082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory infections in children around the world. The post-pandemic era has resulted in a notable increase in reported cases of RSV infections, co-circulation of other respiratory viruses, shifts in epidemiology, altered respiratory season timing, and increased healthcare demand. Low- and middle-income countries are responsible for the highest burden of RSV disease, contributing significantly to health expenses during respiratory seasons and RSV-associated mortality in children. Until recently, supportive measures were the only intervention to treat or prevent RSV-infection, since preventive strategies like palivizumab are limited for high-risk populations. Advances in new available strategies, such as long-acting monoclonal antibodies during the neonatal period and vaccination of pregnant women, are now a reality. As the Regional Expert Group of the Latin American Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (SLIPE), we sought to evaluate the burden of RSV infection in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region, analyze current strategies to prevent RSV infection in children, and provide recommendations for implementing new strategies for preventing RSV infection in children in LAC region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Debbag
- Latin-American Vaccinology Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María L. Ávila-Agüero
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Division, Hospital Nacional de Roberto Niños “Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera”, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS), San José, Costa Rica
- Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis (CIDMA), Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - José Brea
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud del, Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Helena Brenes-Chacon
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Division, Hospital Nacional de Roberto Niños “Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera”, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS), San José, Costa Rica
| | - Manuel Colomé
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Hugo Mendoza, Santiago Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Rodrigo de Antonio
- Executive and Scientific Director, Centro de Vacunación de Investigación (CEVAXIN), Panama City, Panama
| | - Alejandro Díaz-Díaz
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe and Hospital General de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luiza Helena Falleiros-Arlant
- Departamento de Salud del Niño de la Facultad de Medicina de la, Universidad Metropolitana de Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerardo Fernández
- Department of Pediatrics and Infantil Surgery Oriente, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angela Gentile
- Epidemiology Department, Hospital de Niños R. Gutiérrez, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Iván Felipe Gutiérrez
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department, Clinical Infantil Santa Maria del Lago, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Daniel Jarovsky
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, Pediatric Society at São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - María del Valle Juárez
- Epidemiology Department, Hospital de Niños R. Gutiérrez, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo López-Medina
- Centro de Estudios en Infectología Pediátrica CEIP, Department of Pediatrics, Universidad del Valle, Clínica Imbanaco, and Grupo Quironsalud, Cali, Colombia
| | - Abiel Mascareñas
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario “José E. Gonzalez”, Universidad Autónoma De Nuevo León, Nuevo Leon, México
| | | | - Marco A. Safadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculda de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Xavier Sáez-Llorens
- Clinical Research, Hospital del Niño Dr. José Renán Esquivel and Senacyt (SNI) y Cevaxin, Panama City, Panama
| | - Alejandra Soriano-Fallas
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Division, Hospital Nacional de Roberto Niños “Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera”, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS), San José, Costa Rica
| | - Juan P. Torres
- Department of Pediatrics and Children Surgery, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Claudia Beltrán-Arroyave
- Clínica El Rosario and Clínica del Prado, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Mejias A, Ramilo O. RSV Prevention Within Reach for Older Infants and Toddlers: The Role of Active Immunization. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2024; 13:S125-S130. [PMID: 38995087 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
This review article will summarize the vaccines and monoclonal antibodies currently under evaluation for the prevention of RSV disease in older infants, toddlers and young children. We will review the rationale for passive protection during the first months of life, and the role of active immunization afterwards, either with live attenuated, protein-based or mRNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuncion Mejias
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Winthrop ZA, Perez JM, Staffa SJ, McManus ML, Duvall MG. Pediatric Respiratory Syncytial Virus Hospitalizations and Respiratory Support After the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2416852. [PMID: 38869896 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.16852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance After the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a surge of pediatric respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections, but national data on hospitalization and intensive care unit use and advanced respiratory support modalities have not been reported. Objective To analyze demographics, respiratory support modes, and clinical outcomes of children with RSV infections at tertiary pediatric hospitals from 2017 to 2023. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study evaluated children from 48 freestanding US children's hospitals registered in the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database. Patients 5 years or younger with RSV from July 1, 2017, to June 30, 2023, were included. Each season was defined from July 1 to June 30. Prepandemic RSV seasons included 2017 to 2018, 2018 to 2019, and 2019 to 2020. The postpandemic season was delineated as 2022 to 2023. Exposure Hospital presentation with RSV infection. Main Outcomes and Measures Data on emergency department presentations, hospital or intensive care unit admission and length of stay, demographics, respiratory support use, mortality, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation were analyzed. Postpandemic season data were compared with prepandemic seasonal averages. Results A total of 288 816 children aged 5 years or younger (median [IQR] age, 8.9 [3.3-21.5] months; 159 348 [55.2%] male) presented to 48 US children's hospitals with RSV from July 1, 2017, to June 30, 2023. Respiratory syncytial virus hospital presentations increased from 39 698 before the COVID-19 pandemic to 94 347 after the pandemic (P < .001), with 86.7% more hospitalizations than before the pandemic (50 619 vs 27 114; P < .001). In 2022 to 2023, children were older (median [IQR] age, 11.3 [4.1-26.6] months vs 6.8 [2.6-16.8] months; P < .001) and had fewer comorbidities (17.6% vs 21.8% of hospitalized patients; P < .001) than during prepandemic seasons. Advanced respiratory support use increased 70.1% in 2022 to 2023 (9094 vs 5340; P < .001), and children requiring high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) or noninvasive ventilation (NIV) were older than during prepandemic seasons (median [IQR] age for HFNC, 6.9 [2.7-16.0] months vs 4.6 [2.0-11.7] months; for NIV, 6.0 [2.1-16.5] months vs 4.3 [1.9-11.9] months). Comorbid conditions were less frequent after the pandemic across all respiratory support modalities (HFNC, 14.9% vs 19.1%, NIV, 22.0% vs 28.5%, invasive mechanical ventilation, 30.5% vs 38.0%; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance This cross-sectional study identified a postpandemic pediatric RSV surge that resulted in markedly increased hospital volumes and advanced respiratory support needs in older children with fewer comorbidities than prepandemic seasons. These clinical trends may inform novel vaccine allocation to reduce the overall burden during future RSV seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Winthrop
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer M Perez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven J Staffa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael L McManus
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Melody G Duvall
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Neumann S, Alverson B. Nirsevimab: The Hidden Costs. Hosp Pediatr 2024; 14:e2024007739. [PMID: 38721666 DOI: 10.1542/hpeds.2024-007739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Neumann
- Nemours Children's Health, Wilmington, Delaware
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian Alverson
- Nemours Children's Health, Wilmington, Delaware
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Milani GP, Ronchi A, Agostoni C, Marchisio P, Chidini G, Pesenti N, Bellotti A, Cugliari M, Crimi R, Fabiano V, Pietrasanta C, Pugni L, Mosca F. Long-lasting effects of COVID-19 pandemic on hospitalizations and severity of bronchiolitis. Eur J Pediatr 2024; 183:1751-1758. [PMID: 38236404 PMCID: PMC11001736 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Bronchiolitis is a common cause of hospitalization in infants. The long-lasting impact of hygiene and social behavior changes during the pandemic on this disease is debated. We investigated the prevalence of hospitalized cases, clinical severity, and underlying risk factors before and during pandemic. The study was conducted in 27 hospitals in Italy and included infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis during the following four periods: July 2018-March 2019, July 2020-March 2021, July 2021-March 2022, and July 2022-March 2023. Data on demographics, neonatal gestational age, breastfeeding history, underlying chronic diseases, presence of older siblings, etiologic agents, clinical course and outcome were collected. A total of 5330 patients were included in the study. Compared to 2018-19 (n = 1618), the number of hospitalizations decreased in 2020-21 (n = 121). A gradual increase was observed in 2021-22 (n = 1577) and 2022-23 (n = 2014). A higher disease severity (need and length of O2-supplementation, need for non-invasive ventilation, hospital stay) occurred in the 2021-22 and, especially, the 2022-23 periods compared to 2018-19. This tendency persisted after adjusting for risk factors associated with bronchiolitis severity. Conclusions: Compared to adults, COVID-19 in infants is often asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic and rarely results in hospitalization. This study indicates that the pandemic has indirectly induced an increased burden of bronchiolitis among hospitalized infants. This shift, which is not explained by the recognized risk factors, suggests the existence of higher infant vulnerability during the last two seasons. What is known: • The pandemic led to a change in epidemiology of respiratory diseases • Large data on severity of bronchiolitis and underlying risk factors before and during COVID-19 pandemic are scarce What is new: • Compared to pre-pandemic period, hospitalizations for bronchiolitis decreased in 2020-21 and gradually increased in 2021-22 and 2022-23 • Compared to pre-pandemic period, higher disease burden occurred in 2021-22 and, especially, in 2022-23. This tendency persisted after adjusting for risk factors associated with bronchiolitis severity • The interplay among viruses, preventive measures, and the infant health deserves to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Paolo Milani
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Della Commenda 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Ronchi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Della Commenda 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Marchisio
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Chidini
- Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Pesenti
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Anita Bellotti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Della Commenda 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Cugliari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Della Commenda 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Crimi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Della Commenda 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Fabiano
- Pediatric Department, "Vittore Buzzi" Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Pietrasanta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Della Commenda 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenza Pugni
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Della Commenda 9, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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