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Schultz KS, Moore MS, Pantel HJ, Mongiu AK, Reddy VB, Schneider EB, Leeds IL. For Whom the Bell Tolls: Assessing the Incremental Costs Associated With Failure-To-Rescue After Elective Colorectal SurgeryRunning Title: Cost of Failure-To-Rescue After Colorectal Surgery. J Gastrointest Surg 2024:S1091-255X(24)00587-0. [PMID: 39181234 DOI: 10.1016/j.gassur.2024.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Failure-to-rescue after elective surgery is associated with increased healthcare costs. These costs are poorly understood and have not been reported for colorectal surgery. The purpose of this study was to assess the incremental costs of failure-to-rescue after elective colorectal surgery. METHODS This was a retrospective study of adult patients identified in the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2016 to 2019 who underwent an elective colectomy or proctectomy. Patients were stratified into four groups: uneventful recovery, successfully rescued, failure-to-rescue, and died without rescue attempts. "Rescue" was defined as admissions with ≥1 procedure code ≥1 day after the initial procedure. The primary outcome was total admission costs. RESULTS Of 451,490 admissions for elective colorectal resection, 94.6% had an uneventful recovery, 4.8% were successfully rescued, 0.4% were failure-to-rescue, and 0.3% died without rescue attempts. The median total hospital cost for the uneventful recovery cohort was $16,751 (IQR $12,611-23,116), for the successfully rescued cohort was $42,295 (IQR $27,959-67,077), for the failure-to-rescue cohort was $53,182 (IQR $30,852-95,615), and for the died without attempted rescue cohort was $29,296 (IQR $19-812-45,919). When comparing cost quantiles by regression analysis, failure-to-rescue patients had significantly higher costs compared to the successfully rescued patients for the last three quantiles (fifth quantile (90th percentile): $163,963 vs. $106,521, p<0.001). DISCUSSION Across a nationally representative cohort, the median total hospital costs for patients who failed to be rescued were $10,887 more than for those who were successfully rescued. These findings emphasize the importance of shared decision-making and medical futility and highlight opportunities for resource optimization following postoperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt S Schultz
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Miranda S Moore
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Haddon J Pantel
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Anne K Mongiu
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Vikram B Reddy
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Eric B Schneider
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ira L Leeds
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, New Haven, CT, United States.
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Wells CI, Bhat S, Xu W, Varghese C, Keane C, Baraza W, O'Grady G, Harmston C, Bissett IP. Variation in the definition of 'failure to rescue' from postoperative complications: a systematic review and recommendations for outcome reporting. Surgery 2024; 175:1103-1110. [PMID: 38245447 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Failure to rescue is the rate of death amongst patients with postoperative complications and has been proposed as a perioperative quality indicator. However, variation in its definition has limited comparisons between studies. We systematically reviewed all surgical literature reporting failure to rescue rates and examined variations in the definition of the 'numerator,' 'denominator,' and timing of failure to rescue measurement. METHODS Databases were searched from inception to 31 December 2022. All studies reporting postoperative failure to rescue rates as a primary or secondary outcome were included. We examined the complications included in the failure to rescue denominator, the percentage of deaths captured by the failure to rescue numerator, and the timing of measurement for complications and mortality. RESULTS A total of 359 studies, including 212,048,069 patients, were analyzed. The complications included in the failure to rescue denominator were reported in 295 studies (82%), with 131 different complications used. The median number of included complications per study was 10 (interquartile range 8-15). Studies that included a higher number of complications in the failure-to-rescue denominator reported lower failure-to-rescue rates. Death was included as a complication in the failure to rescue the denominator in 65 studies (18%). The median percentage of deaths captured by the failure to rescue calculation when deaths were not included in the denominator was 79%. Complications (52%) and mortality (40%) were mostly measured in-hospital, followed by 30-days after surgery. CONCLUSION Failure to rescue is an important concept in the study of postoperative outcomes, although its definition is highly variable and poorly reported. Researchers should be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to defining failure to rescue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron I Wells
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Surgery, Te Whatu Ora Te Toka Tumai, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Sameer Bhat
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Surgery, Te Whatu Ora MidCentral, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - William Xu
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Surgery, Te Whatu Ora Te Tai Tokerau, Whangārei, New Zealand
| | - Chris Varghese
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of General Surgery, Te Whatu Ora Counties Manukau, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Celia Keane
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Surgery, Te Whatu Ora Te Tai Tokerau, Whangārei, New Zealand
| | - Wal Baraza
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Surgery, Te Whatu Ora Te Toka Tumai, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Greg O'Grady
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Surgery, Te Whatu Ora Te Toka Tumai, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chris Harmston
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Surgery, Te Whatu Ora Te Tai Tokerau, Whangārei, New Zealand
| | - Ian P Bissett
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Surgery, Te Whatu Ora Te Toka Tumai, Auckland, New Zealand
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Leeds IL, Moore MS, Schultz K, Canner JK, Pantel HJ, Mongiu AK, Reddy V, Schneider E. More problems, more money: Identifying and predicting high-cost rescue after colorectal surgery. Surg Open Sci 2023; 16:148-154. [PMID: 38026825 PMCID: PMC10656212 DOI: 10.1016/j.sopen.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Successful rescue after elective surgery is associated with increased healthcare costs, but costs vary widely. Treating all rescue events the same may overlook targeted opportunities for improvement. The purpose of this study was to predict high-cost rescue after elective colorectal surgery. Methods We identified adult patients in the National Inpatient Sample (2016-2021) who underwent elective colectomy or proctectomy. Rescued patients were defined as those who underwent additional major procedures. Three groups were stratified: 1) uneventful recovery; 2) Low-cost rescue; 3) High-cost rescue. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to identify preoperative clinical predictors of high-cost versus low-cost rescue. Results We identified 448,590 elective surgeries, and rescued patients composed 4.8 %(21,635) of the total sample. The median increase in costs in rescued patients was $25,544(p < 0.001). Median total inpatient costs were $95,926 in the most expensive rescued versus $34,811 in the less expensive rescued versus $16,751 in the uneventfully discharged(p < 0.001). When comparing the secondary procedures between the less expensive and most expensive rescued groups, the most expensive had an increased proportion of reoperation (73.4 % versus 53.0 %,p < 0.001). When controlling for other factors and stratification by congestive heart failure due to an interaction effect, a reoperation was independently associated with high-cost rescue (RR with CHF = 3.29,95%CI:2.69-4.04; RR without CHF = 2.29,95%CI:1.97-2.67). Conclusions High-cost rescue after colorectal surgery is associated with disproportionately greater healthcare utilization and reoperation. For cost-conscious care, preemptive strategies that reduce reoperation-related complications can be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira L. Leeds
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Miranda S. Moore
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Kurt Schultz
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Joseph K. Canner
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Haddon J. Pantel
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Anne K. Mongiu
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Vikram Reddy
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Eric Schneider
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, New Haven, CT, United States
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Verma A, Bakhtiyar SS, Chervu N, Hadaya J, Kronen E, Sanaiha Y, Benharash P. Center-Level Variation in Failure to Rescue After Elective Adult Cardiac Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2023; 116:1311-1318. [PMID: 37031769 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2023.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been increasing emphasis on evaluation of failure to rescue (FTR) after major inpatient operations. The present study characterized center-level variation in FTR within a national cohort of patients undergoing elective cardiac operations. METHODS All adults undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting and/or valve operations were identified in the 2016-2019 Nationwide Readmissions Database. FTR was defined as in-hospital death after prolonged mechanical ventilation, stroke, reoperation, acute kidney injury requiring dialysis, sepsis, cardiac arrest or pulmonary embolism. Multi-level, mixed-effects regressions were used to model mortality, complications, and FTR. Centers with high hospital-specific rates of FTR (≥95th percentile) were identified and compared to others. RESULTS Of an estimated 454,506 patients included for analysis, 32,537 (7.2%) developed at least 1 complication, and 7669 (1.7%) died before discharge. Overall, 5370 (16.5%) patients experienced FTR. Compared with those who developed ≥1 complication but survived to discharge, FTR patients were significantly older, more commonly female, and had a greater burden of comorbidities as measured by the Elixhauser Comorbidity Index. Risk-adjusted, hospital-specific rates of mortality and FTR were moderately correlated (r = 0.64), mortality and complications were weakly associated (r = 0.16), and complications and FTR exhibited a very weak relationship (r = -0.02). Relative to others, centers with high rates of FTR had lower annual cardiac surgical volume (median 61 [interquartile range 33-133] vs 80 [interquartile range 43-149] cases/y, P = .019). CONCLUSIONS The present findings affirm prior work demonstrating a close link between variation in FTR and mortality, but not complications. Further study is necessary to delineate modifiable care pathways that mitigate FTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Verma
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Syed Shahyan Bakhtiyar
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nikhil Chervu
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joseph Hadaya
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elsa Kronen
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yas Sanaiha
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peyman Benharash
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories (CORELAB), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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Roy JM, Segura AC, Rumalla K, Skandalakis GP, Covell MM, Bowers CA. A Predictive Model of Failure to Rescue After Thoracolumbar Fusion. Neurospine 2023; 20:1337-1345. [PMID: 38171301 PMCID: PMC10762394 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2346840.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although failure to rescue (FTR) has been utilized as a quality-improvement metric in several surgical specialties, its current utilization in spine surgery is limited. Our study aims to identify the patient characteristics that are independent predictors of FTR among thoracolumbar fusion (TLF) patients. METHODS Patients who underwent TLF were identified using relevant diagnostic and procedural codes from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database from 2011-2020. Frailty was assessed using the risk analysis index (RAI). FTR was defined as death, within 30 days, following a major complication. Univariate and multivariable analyses were used to compare baseline characteristics and early postoperative sequelae across FTR and non-FTR cohorts. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the discriminatory accuracy of the frailty-driven predictive model for FTR. RESULTS The study cohort (N = 15,749) had a median age of 66 years (interquartile range, 15 years). Increasing frailty, as measured by the RAI, was associated with an increased likelihood of FTR: odds ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) is RAI 21-25, 1.3 [0.8-2.2]; RAI 26-30, 4.0 [2.4-6.6]; RAI 31-35, 7.0 [3.8-12.7]; RAI 36-40, 10.0 [4.9-20.2]; RAI 41- 45, 21.5 [9.1-50.6]; RAI ≥ 46, 45.8 [14.8-141.5]. The frailty-driven predictive model for FTR demonstrated outstanding discriminatory accuracy (C-statistic = 0.92; CI, 0.89-0.95). CONCLUSION Baseline frailty, as stratified by type of postoperative complication, predicts FTR with outstanding discriminatory accuracy in TLF patients. This frailty-driven model may inform patients and clinicians of FTR risk following TLF and help guide postoperative care after a major complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M. Roy
- Topiwala National Medical College, Mumbai, India
- Bowers Neurosurgical Frailty and Outcomes Data Science Lab, Sandy, UT, USA
| | - Aaron C. Segura
- Bowers Neurosurgical Frailty and Outcomes Data Science Lab, Sandy, UT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico Hospital (UNMH), Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Kranti Rumalla
- Bowers Neurosurgical Frailty and Outcomes Data Science Lab, Sandy, UT, USA
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Georgios P. Skandalakis
- Bowers Neurosurgical Frailty and Outcomes Data Science Lab, Sandy, UT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico Hospital (UNMH), Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Michael M. Covell
- Bowers Neurosurgical Frailty and Outcomes Data Science Lab, Sandy, UT, USA
- School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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Roy JM, Rumalla K, Skandalakis GP, Kazim SF, Schmidt MH, Bowers CA. Failure to rescue as a patient safety indicator for neurosurgical patients: are we there yet? A systematic review. Neurosurg Rev 2023; 46:227. [PMID: 37672166 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-023-02137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Failure to rescue (FTR) is a standardized patient safety indicator (PSI-04) developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) to assess the ability of a healthcare team to prevent mortality following a major complication. However, FTR rates vary and are impacted by non-modifiable individual patient characteristics such as baseline frailty. This raises concerns regarding the validity of FTR as an objective quality metric, as not all patients have the same baseline frailty level, or physiological reserve, to recover from major complications. Literature from other surgical specialties has identified flaws in FTR and called for risk-adjusted metrics. Currently, knowledge of factors influencing FTR and its subsequent implementation in neurosurgical patients are limited. The present review assesses trends in FTR utilization to assess how FTR performs as an objective neurosurgery quality metric. This review then proposes how FTR may be best modified to optimize use in neurosurgical patients. A PubMed search was performed to identify articles published until August 9, 2023. Studies that reported FTR as an outcome in patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures were included. A qualitative assessment was performed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS). The initial search revealed 1232 citations. After a title and abstract screen, followed by a full text screen, 12 studies met criteria for inclusion. These articles measured FTR across a total of 764,349 patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures. Five studies analyzed FTR with regard to hospital characteristics, and three studies utilized patient characteristics to predict FTR. All studies were considered high quality based on the NOS. Modifications in criteria to measure FTR are necessary since FTR depends on patient characteristics like frailty. This would allow for the incorporation of risk-adjusted FTR metrics that would aid in clinical decision making in neurosurgical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Roy
- Topiwala National Medical College, Mumbai, India
- Bowers Neurosurgical Frailty and Outcomes Data Science Lab, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Kavelin Rumalla
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico Hospital (UNMH), 1 University New Mexico, MSC10 5615, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Georgios P Skandalakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico Hospital (UNMH), 1 University New Mexico, MSC10 5615, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Syed Faraz Kazim
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico Hospital (UNMH), 1 University New Mexico, MSC10 5615, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Meic H Schmidt
- Bowers Neurosurgical Frailty and Outcomes Data Science Lab, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico Hospital (UNMH), 1 University New Mexico, MSC10 5615, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Christian A Bowers
- Bowers Neurosurgical Frailty and Outcomes Data Science Lab, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico Hospital (UNMH), 1 University New Mexico, MSC10 5615, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 1 University New Mexico, MSC10 5615, Albuquerque, NM, 81731, USA.
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