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Cappato S, Traberg R, Gintautiene J, Zara F, Bocciardi R. A case of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva associated with a novel variant of the ACVR1 gene. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1774. [PMID: 34347384 PMCID: PMC8580088 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP) is a rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by congenital malformation of the great toes and progressive heterotopic ossification of soft tissues leading to cumulative disability. The genetic cause of FOP are mutations in the ACVR1 gene that encodes a type I receptor of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins. The most recurrent mutation in FOP patients is R206H affecting the Glycine‐Serine rich domain and causing the hyper‐activation of the receptor and the responsivity to the non‐canonical ligand, Activin A. In the present study, we described a 3‐years old child with early and highly suggestive clinical features of FOP who was found negative for the recurrent p.R206H substitution. Methods Molecular screening of the whole ACVR1 coding sequence and functional characterization in transfection‐based assays. Results and Conclusions We identified a novel, de novo variant in the fifth ACVR1 coding exon (NM_001111067.4:c.772A>T; NP_001104537.1:p.(R258W)). This substitution, never reported in association with FOP, affects a conserved arginine residue in the kinase domain of the protein. In silico analysis predicted the pathogenicity of this substitution, demonstrated by in vitro assays showing that the p.R258W ACVR1 mutated receptor acquires the ability to transduce the aberrant Activin A‐mediated signaling, as observed for the gene variants associated with FOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Cappato
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rasa Traberg
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jolita Gintautiene
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Federico Zara
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Renata Bocciardi
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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Genomic Context and Mechanisms of the ACVR1 Mutation in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020154. [PMID: 33562470 PMCID: PMC7914827 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic research in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP) was carried out in the various fields involved in the disease pathophysiology and was important for designing therapeutic approaches, some of which were already developed as ongoing or planned clinical trials. Genetic research was fundamental in identifying the FOP causative mutation, and the astonishing progress in technologies for genomic analysis, coupled to related computational methods, now make possible further research in this field. We present here a review of molecular and cellular factors which could explain why a single mutation, the R206H in the ACVR1 gene, is absolutely prevalent in FOP patients. We also address the mechanisms by which FOP expressivity could be modulated by cis-acting variants in the ACVR1 genomic region in human chromosome 2q. Finally, we also discuss the general issue of genetic modifiers in FOP.
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Rauner M, Seefried L, Shore E. Genetics and future therapy prospects of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. MED GENET-BERLIN 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-019-00279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic condition characterised by progressive extra-skeletal bone formation in connective tissues. Over time, heterotopic ossification entombs patients within a second skeleton, drastically impairing their mobility and autonomy. Mutations in the ACVR1 gene have been identified as the cause of FOP. The single nucleotide missense mutation in ACVR1, c.617G > A, causes a single amino acid substitution, p.R206H, and is found in >90% of all patients. Heterotopic bone formation in FOP mimics embryonic skeletal endochondral ossification, with cartilage forming after fibroproliferative tissue condensation as an intermediate stage prior to osteogenesis and tissue ossification. In contrast to normal embryonic endochondral ossification, heterotopic ossification in FOP involves an inflammatory phase that precedes cartilage and bone formation. New insights into the mechanisms of action of heterotopic bone formation in FOP have led to the discovery of new potential treatment targets including inhibitors of BMP signalling, activin A inhibitors, and mTOR inhibitors. This review summarises the current knowledge on mutations causing FOP, as well as the molecular basis of heterotopic ossification and the therapeutic options that result from these discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rauner
- 1 grid.4488.0 0000 0001 2111 7257 Department of Medicine III & Center for Healthy Aging Technische Universität Dresden 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Lothar Seefried
- 2 grid.8379.5 0000 0001 1958 8658 Department of Orthopedics University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Eileen Shore
- 3 grid.25879.31 0000 0004 1936 8972 Departments of Orthopedics and Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA
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Bravenboer N, Micha D, Triffit JT, Bullock AN, Ravazollo R, Bocciardi R, di Rocco M, Netelenbos JC, Ten Dijke P, Sánchez-Duffhues G, Kaplan FS, Shore EM, Pignolo RJ, Seemann P, Ventura F, Beaujat G, Eekhoff EMW, Pals G. Clinical Utility Gene Card for: Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 23:ejhg2014274. [PMID: 25604857 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bravenboer
- Departments of Clinical Genetics, Clinical Chemistry and Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitra Micha
- Departments of Clinical Genetics, Clinical Chemistry and Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alex N Bullock
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roberto Ravazollo
- Department of Neusoscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova and CEBR, Genova, Italy
| | - Renata Bocciardi
- Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Rare Diseases, Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maja di Rocco
- Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Rare Diseases, Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - J Coen Netelenbos
- Departments of Clinical Genetics, Clinical Chemistry and Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gonzalo Sánchez-Duffhues
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fred S Kaplan
- The Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eileen M Shore
- The Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert J Pignolo
- The Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Petra Seemann
- Berlin Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesc Ventura
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Genevieve Beaujat
- Centre de Référence Maladies Osseuses Constitutionnelles, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Elizabeth M W Eekhoff
- Departments of Clinical Genetics, Clinical Chemistry and Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pals
- Departments of Clinical Genetics, Clinical Chemistry and Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kaplan FS, Pignolo RJ, Shore EM. From mysteries to medicines: drug development for fibrodysplasia ossificans progressive. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2013; 1:637-649. [PMID: 24800180 DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2013.825208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is the most disabling disorder of skeletal metamorphosis in humans and leads to the formation of a second skeleton of heterotopic bone. Presently, there is no effective treatment. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss heterozygous activating mutations in Activin receptor A, type I/ Activin-like kinase 2 (ACVR1/ALK2), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor that are the genetic cause of FOP and reveal a promising pharmacologic target in the BMP signaling pathway. Despite these germline mutations, episodic disease activation is induced by soft tissue injury and resultant inflammatory triggers that are dependent on responding progenitor cells and a tissue microenvironment that supports heterotopic ossification. EXPERT OPINION Here we review opportunities and challenges for the development of effective therapeutics for FOP. There are many potential approaches that may eventually be used to harness FOP. The long-term treatment of FOP is likely to involve not one, but several concomitant approaches that acknowledge molecular mechanisms involved in the induction and progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S Kaplan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ; Department of Medicine, The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ; The Center for Research In FOP and Related Disorders; The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Robert J Pignolo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ; Department of Medicine, The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ; The Center for Research In FOP and Related Disorders; The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ; Department of Genetics, The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ; The Center for Research In FOP and Related Disorders; The Perelman School of Medicine at The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Kaplan FS, Chakkalakal SA, Shore EM. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: mechanisms and models of skeletal metamorphosis. Dis Model Mech 2013; 5:756-62. [PMID: 23115204 PMCID: PMC3484858 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP; MIM #135100) is a debilitating genetic disorder of connective tissue metamorphosis. It is characterized by malformation of the great (big) toes during embryonic skeletal development and by progressive heterotopic endochondral ossification (HEO) postnatally, which leads to the formation of a second skeleton of heterotopic bone. Individuals with these classic clinical features of FOP have the identical heterozygous activating mutation (c.617G>A; R206H) in the gene encoding ACVR1 (also known as ALK2), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor. Disease activity caused by this ACVR1 mutation also depends on altered cell and tissue physiology that can be best understood in the context of a high-fidelity animal model. Recently, we developed such a knock-in mouse model for FOP (Acvr1R206H/+) that recapitulates the human disease, and provides a valuable new tool for testing and developing effective therapies. The FOP knock-in mouse and other models in Drosophila, zebrafish, chickens and mice provide an arsenal of tools for understanding BMP signaling and addressing outstanding questions of disease mechanisms that are relevant not only to FOP but also to a wide variety of disorders associated with regenerative medicine and tissue metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S Kaplan
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Du J, Huang LL, Tan YQ, Cheng DH, Li SF, Li LY, Lu GX. Mutation Analysis and Prenatal Exclusion of Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva in a Chinese Fetus. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2010:110306133116090. [PMID: 20059392 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2009.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare and severely disabling autosomal dominant disorder characterized by congenital malformations of the great toes and progressive postnatal heterotopic ossification. A point mutation in the activin receptor IA (ACVR1) gene is the cause of FOP. Most of the reported cases of FOP are sporadic and caused by de novo mutations; however, some rare cases can also result from parental germline mosaicism associated with a greater risk of recurrence in successive pregnancies. Therefore, once the pathogenic mutation has been identified in the proband, it is relative cheaper and important to perform prenatal diagnostic tests to exclude the recurrence risk of FOP in subsequent pregnancies. In this study, we first investigated the mutation in the ACVR1 gene in a Chinese FOP patient and then performed prenatal tests to exclude the risk of recurrence in the patient's unborn sibling. Methods: A couple visited our clinic with their 4-year-old son, who was clinically diagnosed with FOP, for genetic counseling. Genetic testing was performed by amplifying all the nine exons of the ACVR1 gene using the conventional polymerase chain reaction. Further, DNA sequencing was used to determine the mutation based on the results of a mutation screening using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. Subsequently, a prenatal test was performed using the same technique as that used for the proband. Results: A recurrent single nucleotide mutation c.617 G>A (R206H) of the ACVR1 gene was identified in the patient; however, both the parents had a normal ACVR1 gene. Prenatal tests showed that the fetus did not carry the pathogenic mutation. Conclusion: The results confirmed that a recurrent single nucleotide mutation c.617 G>A (R206H) was the genetic cause of FOP and explored the utility of prenatal testing in excluding the risk of recurrence in the successive pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University , Changsha, China
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Morales-Piga A, Kaplan FS. Osteochondral diseases and fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 686:335-48. [PMID: 20824454 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9485-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Osteochondrodysplasias like thanatophoric dysplasia, osteogenesis imperfecta, achondroplasia, and other genetic skeletal disorders like fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva are infrequently seen in clinical practice. In cases of sporadic achondroplasia as well as in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, there is a strong association with paternal age, a relationship that is less evident in other genetic osteochondral diseases. No other constitutional or environmental factor has proven to be associated with these disorders. The use of prenatal ultrasonography as a routine component of prenatal care is crucial in the early suspicion of osteochondrodysplasias whereas definitive diagnosis is usually obtained by pre-natal molecular analysis. In the case of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, recognition of congenital great toe malformations associated with rapidly-appearing soft tissue swelling is sufficient to make the proper clinical diagnosis, which can be confirmed by genetic testing. Large regional centres will improve diagnosis performance, provide accurate genetic counselling, and ensure an integral assistance for these often severe and incapacitating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Morales-Piga
- Jefe de Servicio de Proyectos Clínicos del Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Sinesio Delgado, 6, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Kaplan FS, Xu M, Glaser DL, Collins F, Connor M, Kitterman J, Sillence D, Zackai E, Ravitsky V, Zasloff M, Ganguly A, Shore EM. Early diagnosis of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. Pediatrics 2008; 121:e1295-300. [PMID: 18450872 PMCID: PMC3502043 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is a rare and disabling genetic condition characterized by congenital malformation of the great toes and by progressive heterotopic ossification in specific anatomic patterns. Most patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva are misdiagnosed early in life before the appearance of heterotopic ossification and undergo diagnostic procedures that can cause lifelong disability. Recently, the genetic cause of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva was identified, and definitive genetic testing for fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is now available before the appearance of heterotopic ossification. METHODS We recently evaluated 7 children for diagnosis of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva before the onset of heterotopic ossification. A medical history, physical examination, and skeletal survey were obtained on all of the patients, as well as clinical genetic testing for the canonical fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva mutation. RESULTS All 7 of the children (4 girls and 3 boys; ages 3 months to 6 years) had congenital malformations of the great toes, but none had radiographic evidence of heterotopic ossification at the time of evaluation. Five of the 7 children had soft tissue lesions of the neck and back, suggestive of early fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva flare-ups, 3 of whom had undergone invasive diagnostic procedures that exacerbated their condition. Two children had no history or signs of soft tissue swelling or flare-ups. DNA sequence analysis found that all 7 of the children had the recurrent fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva missense mutation, a single nucleotide substitution (c.617G>A) at codon 206 in the glycine-serine activation domain of activin receptor IA, a bone morphogenetic protein type 1 receptor. CONCLUSION Clinical suspicion of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva early in life on the basis of malformed great toes can lead to early clinical diagnosis, confirmatory diagnostic genetic testing, and the avoidance of additional harmful diagnostic and treatment procedures. This is the first report of genetic confirmation of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva before the appearance of heterotopic ossification. Pediatricians should be aware of the early diagnostic features of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, even before the appearance of heterotopic ossification. This awareness should prompt early genetic consultation and testing and the institution of assiduous precautions to prevent iatrogenic harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S. Kaplan
- Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Meiqi Xu
- Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David L. Glaser
- Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Felicity Collins
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Connor
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Glasgow Medical School, Yorkhill Academic Campus, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Kitterman
- Department of Pediatrics and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - David Sillence
- Department of Genetic Medicine, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elaine Zackai
- Department of Genetics; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vardit Ravitsky
- Center for Bioethics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Zasloff
- Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Departments Surgery and Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine; Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Arupa Ganguly
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eileen M. Shore
- Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Xu MQ, Feldman G, Le Merrer M, Shugart YY, Glaser DL, Urtizberea JA, Fardeau M, Connor JM, Triffitt J, Smith R, Shore EM, Kaplan FS. Linkage exclusion and mutational analysis of the noggin gene in patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP). Clin Genet 2000; 58:291-8. [PMID: 11076054 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2000.580407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an extremely rare and disabling genetic disorder characterized by congenital malformation of the great toes and by progressive heterotopic endochondral ossification in predictable anatomical patterns. Although elevated levels of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) occur in lymphoblastoid cells and in lesional cells of patients with FOP, mutations have not been identified in the BMP4 gene, suggesting that the mutation in FOP may reside in a BMP4-interacting factor or in another component of the BMP4 pathway. A powerful antagonist of BMP4 is the secreted polypeptide noggin. A recent case report described a heterozygous 42-bp deletion in the protein-coding region of the noggin gene in a patient with FOP. In order to determine if noggin mutations are a widespread finding in FOP, we examined 31 families with 1 or more FOP patients. Linkage analysis with an array of highly polymorphic microsatellite markers closely linked to the noggin gene was performed in four classically-affected multigenerational FOP families and excluded linkage of the noggin locus to FOP (the multipoint lod score was -2 or less throughout the entire range of markers). We sequenced the noggin gene in affected members of all four families, as well as in 18 patients with sporadic FOP, and failed to detect any mutations. Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of 4 of these patients plus an additional 9 patients also failed to reveal any mutations. Among the samples analyzed by SSCP and DNA sequencing was an independently obtained DNA sample from the identical FOP patient previously described with the 42-bp noggin deletion; no mutation was detected. Examination of the DNA sequences of 20 cloned noggin PCR products, undertaken to evaluate the possibility of a somatic mutation in the noggin gene which could be carried by a small subset of white blood cells, also failed to detect the presence of the reported 42-bp deletion. We conclude that mutations in the coding region of noggin are not associated with FOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Q Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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Abstract
The formation of heterotopic bone within soft connective tissue is a common feature of at least three distinct genetic disorders of osteogenesis in humans: fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva; progressive osseous heteroplasia; and Albright hereditary osteodystrophy. The pathobiologic characteristics of osteogenic induction, the histopathologic features of osteogenesis, the anatomic distribution of heterotopic lesions, and the developmental patterns of disease progression differ among all three conditions. The molecular and cellular basis of redirecting a mature connective tissue phenotype to form bone is a remarkable biological phenomenon with enormous implications for the control of bone regeneration, fracture healing, and disorders of osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Shore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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