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Toul M, Nikitin D, Marek M, Damborsky J, Prokop Z. Extended Mechanism of the Plasminogen Activator Staphylokinase Revealed by Global Kinetic Analysis: 1000-fold Higher Catalytic Activity than That of Clinically Used Alteplase. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Toul
- Loschmidt Laboratories, RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitri Nikitin
- Loschmidt Laboratories, RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Marek
- Loschmidt Laboratories, RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Prokop
- Loschmidt Laboratories, RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
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Nedaeinia R, Faraji H, Javanmard SH, Ferns GA, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Goli M, Mashkani B, Nedaeinia M, Haghighi MHH, Ranjbar M. Bacterial staphylokinase as a promising third-generation drug in the treatment for vascular occlusion. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:819-841. [PMID: 31677034 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular occlusion is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity. Blood vessel blockage can lead to thrombotic complications such as myocardial infarction, stroke, deep venous thrombosis, peripheral occlusive disease, and pulmonary embolism. Thrombolytic therapy currently aims to rectify this through the administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator. Research is underway to design an ideal thrombolytic drug with the lowest risk. Despite the potent clot lysis achievable using approved thrombolytic drugs such as alteplase, reteplase, streptokinase, tenecteplase, and some other fibrinolytic agents, there are some drawbacks, such as high production cost, systemic bleeding, intracranial hemorrhage, vessel re-occlusion by platelet-rich and retracted secondary clots, and non-fibrin specificity. In comparison, bacterial staphylokinase, is a new, small-size plasminogen activator, unlike bacterial streptokinase, it hinders the systemic degradation of fibrinogen and reduces the risk of severe hemorrhage. A fibrin-bound plasmin-staphylokinase complex shows high resistance to a2-antiplasmin-related inhibition. Staphylokinase has the potential to be considered as a promising thrombolytic agent with properties of cost-effective production and the least side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Nedaeinia
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Habibollah Faraji
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran. .,Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Para-Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Shaghayegh Haghjooye Javanmard
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Goli
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Baratali Mashkani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mozhdeh Nedaeinia
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Hayavi Haghighi
- Department of Health Information Management, Faculty of Para-Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Maryam Ranjbar
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.,Deputy of Food and Drug, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Mican J, Toul M, Bednar D, Damborsky J. Structural Biology and Protein Engineering of Thrombolytics. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:917-938. [PMID: 31360331 PMCID: PMC6637190 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke are the most frequent causes of death or disability worldwide. Due to their ability to dissolve blood clots, the thrombolytics are frequently used for their treatment. Improving the effectiveness of thrombolytics for clinical uses is of great interest. The knowledge of the multiple roles of the endogenous thrombolytics and the fibrinolytic system grows continuously. The effects of thrombolytics on the alteration of the nervous system and the regulation of the cell migration offer promising novel uses for treating neurodegenerative disorders or targeting cancer metastasis. However, secondary activities of thrombolytics may lead to life-threatening side-effects such as intracranial bleeding and neurotoxicity. Here we provide a structural biology perspective on various thrombolytic enzymes and their key properties: (i) effectiveness of clot lysis, (ii) affinity and specificity towards fibrin, (iii) biological half-life, (iv) mechanisms of activation/inhibition, and (v) risks of side effects. This information needs to be carefully considered while establishing protein engineering strategies aiming at the development of novel thrombolytics. Current trends and perspectives are discussed, including the screening for novel enzymes and small molecules, the enhancement of fibrin specificity by protein engineering, the suppression of interactions with native receptors, liposomal encapsulation and targeted release, the application of adjuvants, and the development of improved production systems.
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Key Words
- EGF, Epidermal growth factor domain
- F, Fibrin binding finger domain
- Fibrinolysis
- K, Kringle domain
- LRP1, Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1
- MR, Mannose receptor
- NMDAR, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
- P, Proteolytic domain
- PAI-1, Inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator
- Plg, Plasminogen
- Plm, Plasmin
- RAP, Receptor antagonist protein
- SAK, Staphylokinase
- SK, Streptokinase
- Staphylokinase
- Streptokinase
- Thrombolysis
- Tissue plasminogen activator
- Urokinase
- t-PA, Tissue plasminogen activator
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mican
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Toul
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
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Plasminogen binding proteins and plasmin generation on the surface of Leptospira spp.: the contribution to the bacteria-host interactions. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:758513. [PMID: 23118516 PMCID: PMC3481863 DOI: 10.1155/2012/758513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is considered a neglected infectious disease of human and veterinary concern. Although extensive investigations on host-pathogen interactions have been pursued by several research groups, mechanisms of infection, invasion and persistence of pathogenic Leptospira spp. remain to be elucidated. We have reported the ability of leptospires to bind human plasminogen (PLG) and to generate enzimatically active plasmin (PLA) on the bacteria surface. PLA-coated Leptospira can degrade immobilized ECM molecules, an activity with implications in host tissue penetration. Moreover, we have identified and characterized several proteins that may act as PLG-binding receptors, each of them competent to generate active plasmin. The PLA activity associated to the outer surface of Leptospira could hamper the host immune attack by conferring the bacteria some benefit during infection. The PLA-coated leptospires obstruct complement C3b and IgG depositions on the bacterial surface, most probably through degradation. The decrease of leptospiral opsonization might be an important aspect of the immune evasion strategy. We believe that the presence of PLA on the leptospiral surface may (i) facilitate host tissue penetration, (ii) help the bacteria to evade the immune system and, as a consequence, (iii) permit Leptospira to reach secondary sites of infection.
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Bacterial plasminogen receptors utilize host plasminogen system for effective invasion and dissemination. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:482096. [PMID: 23118509 PMCID: PMC3477821 DOI: 10.1155/2012/482096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In order for invasive pathogens to migrate beyond the site of infection, host physiological barriers such as the extracellular matrix, the basement membrane, and encapsulating fibrin network must be degraded. To circumvent these impediments, proteolytic enzymes facilitate the dissemination of the microorganism. Recruitment of host proteases to the bacterial surface represents a particularly effective mechanism for enhancing invasiveness. Plasmin is a broad spectrum serine protease that degrades fibrin, extracellular matrices, and connective tissue. A large number of pathogens express plasminogen receptors which immobilize plasmin(ogen) on the bacterial surface. Surface-bound plasminogen is then activated by plasminogen activators to plasmin through limited proteolysis thus triggering the development of a proteolytic surface on the bacteria and eventually assisting the spread of bacteria. The host hemostatic system plays an important role in systemic infection. The interplay between hemostatic processes such as coagulation and fibrinolysis and the inflammatory response constitutes essential components of host defense and bacterial invasion. The goal of this paper is to highlight mechanisms whereby pathogenic bacteria, by engaging surface receptors, utilize and exploit the host plasminogen and fibrinolytic system for the successful dissemination within the host.
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Tamura Y, Okada K, Kawao N, Yano M, Ueshima S, Nagai N, Matsuo O. Profibrinolytic effect of Enzamin, an extract of metabolic products from Bacillus subtilis AK and Lactobacillus. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2011; 32:195-200. [PMID: 21258842 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-011-0552-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinolytic system impairment contributes to the development of thrombotic disease such as cardiovascular disease and stroke. Therefore, an agent that increases fibrinolytic activity may be useful for the prevention of these diseases. In this study, to explore novel profibrinolytic agents, we examined the profibrinolytic effect of Enzamin, an extract of metabolic products from Bacillus subtilis AK and Lactobacillus in vitro and in vivo. Enzamin directly enhanced plasmin activity generated by tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) by twofold but not by urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) in vitro, which was measured employing both the chromogenic substrate H-D: -Val-Leu-Lys-pNA (S-2251) and fibrin plate. Enzamin also increased plasmin activity generated by t-PA in the cell lysate and culture medium of endothelial cells, measured by fibrin zymography. Furthermore, the oral administration of a 1% concentration of Enzamin increased plasmin activity generated by t-PA by 1.7-fold but not by u-PA in the euglobulin fraction of mouse plasma. In conclusion, Enzamin has a unique ability to enhance the fibrinolytic activity through an increase in endogenous plasmin activity generated by t-PA released from endothelial cells, and may be a beneficial supplement for the prevention of thrombotic episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinori Tamura
- Department of Physiology, Kinki University School of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-Higashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
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Okada K, Ueshima S, Matsuno H, Nagai N, Kawao N, Tanaka M, Matsuo O. A synthetic peptide derived from staphylokinase enhances plasminogen activation by tissue-type plasminogen activator. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9:997-1006. [PMID: 21392255 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A synthetic nonadecapeptide (SP; GPYLMVNVTGVDGKGNELL) previously enhanced the activation of plasminogen by the SAK/plasmin complex. OBJECTIVES To identify the binding site for SP on plasminogen and elucidate the effects of SP on plasminogen activation by the tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA). METHODS The effects of SP on plasminogen activation were estimated using a chromogenic substrate and from the cleavage of plasmin on SDS-PAGE under reduced conditions. The binding to SP of various peptides derived from the amino acid sequence of plasminogen was analyzed with an IAsys biosensor. The SP-mediated structural change to plasminogen was analyzed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The thrombolytic effects of SP were examined using a mouse model of thrombosis. RESULTS SP enhanced the activation of plasminogen by t-PA. The catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) of Glu-plasminogen activation by t-PA was 11.4-fold higher in the presence than absence of SP. The binding of SP to plasminogen was greatly inhibited by a synthetic peptide, FEKDKYILQGVTSWGLG, located close to the C-terminal of the plasminogen B region. Near-ultraviolet CD spectra of the complex between SP and Glu-plasminogen significantly differed from those of Glu-plasminogen. When SP was administered in a mouse model of thrombosis, early recanalization was observed in a dose-dependent manner. However, SP did not cause recanalization in t-PA gene-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS SP bound to the B region and promoted the activation of plasminogen by t-PA, and then induced effective thrombolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Okada
- Department of Physiology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka, Japan
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Plasminogen acquisition and activation at the surface of leptospira species lead to fibronectin degradation. Infect Immun 2009; 77:4092-101. [PMID: 19581392 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00353-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Leptospira species are the etiological agents of leptospirosis, a widespread disease of human and veterinary concern. In this study, we report that Leptospira species are capable of binding plasminogen (PLG) in vitro. The binding to the leptospiral surface was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence confocal microscopy with living bacteria. The PLG binding to the bacteria seems to occur via lysine residues because the ligation is inhibited by addition of the lysine analog 6-aminocaproic acid. Exogenously provided urokinase-type PLG activator (uPA) converts surface-bound PLG into enzymatically active plasmin, as evaluated by the reaction with the chromogenic plasmin substrate d-Val-Leu-Lys 4-nitroanilide dihydrochloridein. The PLG activation system on the surface of Leptospira is PLG dose dependent and does not cause injury to the organism, as cellular growth in culture was not impaired. The generation of active plasmin within Leptospira was observed with several nonvirulent high-passage strains and with the nonpathogenic saprophytic organism Leptospira biflexa. Statistically significant higher activation of plasmin was detected with a low-passage infectious strain of Leptospira. Plasmin-coated virulent Leptospira interrogans bacteria were capable of degrading purified extracellular matrix fibronectin. The breakdown of fibronectin was not observed with untreated bacteria. Our data provide for the first time in vitro evidence for the generation of active plasmin on the surface of Leptospira, a step that may contribute to leptospiral invasiveness.
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Mölkänen T, Tyynelä J, Helin J, Kalkkinen N, Kuusela P. Enhanced activation of bound plasminogen on Staphylococcus aureus by staphylokinase. FEBS Lett 2002; 517:72-8. [PMID: 12062412 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of plasminogen (plg) to plasmin by the staphylococcal activator, staphylokinase (SAK), is effectively regulated by the circulating inhibitor, alpha2-antiplasmin (alpha2AP). Here it is demonstrated that intact Staphylococcus aureus cells and solubilized staphylococcal cell wall proteins not only protected SAK-promoted plg activation against the inhibitory effect of alpha2AP but also enhanced the activation. The findings suggest that the surface-associated plg activation by SAK may have an important physiological function in helping staphylococci in tissue dissemination. Amino acid sequencing of tryptic peptides originating from the 59-, 56- and 43-kDa proteins, isolated as putative plg-binding proteins, identified them as staphylococcal inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase, alpha-enolase, and ribonucleotide reductase subunit 2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Mölkänen
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, The Haartman Institute, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Okada K, Ueshima S, Tanaka M, Fukao H, Matsuo O. Analysis of plasminogen activation by the plasmin-staphylokinase complex in plasma of alpha2-antiplasmin-deficient mice. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2000; 11:645-55. [PMID: 11085285 DOI: 10.1097/00001721-200010000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Staphylokinase (SAK) expresses plasminogen activator (PA) activity by forming a complex with plasmin; this PA activity is inhibited by alpha2-antiplasmin (alpha2-AP) in plasma. However, SAK's activity is protected against inhibition by alpha2-AP in the presence of fibrin because the plasmin-SAK complex binds to fibrin. In the present study, the interaction between SAK and murine plasminogen was investigated in the plasma of alpha2-AP-deficient (alpha2-AP-/-) mice or plasminogen-deficient (Plg-/-) mice. Although the human plasmin-SAK complex was formed in equimolar mixtures of plasmin and SAK, the murine plasmin-SAK complex was not formed. Human plasminogen was activated by the human plasmin-SAK complex, although equimolar mixtures of murine plasmin and SAK did not activate murine plasminogen. These findings suggest that SAK does not react with murine plasmin. However, the murine plasminogen was activated by the human plasmin-SAK complex, although this activation was approximately 100-fold weaker than human plasminogen. Human and wild-type mouse plasminogens were not activated by the human plasmin-SAK complex in their plasma. In alpha2-AP-/- mouse plasma, murine plasminogen was activated by the human plasmin-SAK complex. Human or murine plasminogen, which had been added to Plg-/- mouse plasma, was not activated by the human plasmin-SAK complex. However, plasma clot lysis by the human plasmin-SAK complex was observed in both human and murine plasma. These findings indicate that: (1) murine plasmin does not react with SAK, (2) human plasmin-SAK complex activates murine plasminogen, (3) this activation is inhibited by murine alpha2-AP, but (4) this activation is not inhibited by murine alpha2-AP in the presence of fibrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Okada
- Department of Physiology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osakasayama City, Osaka, Japan.
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