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Veloso ES, Gonçalves INN, Arantes JA, de Abreu RVS, Cassali GD, Ferreira E. Quantification of EGFR family in canine mammary ductal carcinomas in situ: implications on the histological graduation. Vet Res Commun 2019; 43:123-129. [PMID: 31020460 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-019-09752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial growth factor receptors are transmembrane proteins with an important role in the neoplastic progression of tumors, and in this context, DCIS is an important phase in the progression of canine mammary tumors. Studies on the molecular profile and its relationship to a progression of canine mammary tumors are important to improve the treatment of patients and for a better understanding of canine mammary carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine, by immunohistochemistry, the relation between the expression of EGFR, ErbB-2, ErbB-3, and ErbB-4 in 52 canine mammary gland DCIS with high and low histological grade. A positive correlation between histological grade and expression of membrane ErbB-2 and cytoplasmic ErbB-4 was observed. Increased ErbB-4 membrane expression was correlated with increased ErbB-3 expression in low and high-grade DCIS. Our data suggest that increased expression of ErbB-2 and ErbB-4 may be related to more aggressive DCIS and probabily involved with canine mammary neoplastic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson Soares Veloso
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ivy Nayra Nascimento Gonçalves
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Amorim Arantes
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rafael Vitor Santos de Abreu
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Geovanni Dantas Cassali
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Enio Ferreira
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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2
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Arciero C, Somiari S, Shriver C, Brzeski H, Jordan R, Hu H, Ellsworth D, Somiari R. Functional Relationship and Gene Ontology Classification of Breast Cancer Biomarkers. Int J Biol Markers 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/172460080301800403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a complex disease that still imposes a significant healthcare burden on women worldwide. The etiology of breast cancer is not known but significant advances have been made in the area of early detection and treatment. The advent of advanced molecular biology techniques, mapping of the human genome and availability of high throughput genomic and proteomic strategies opens up new opportunities and will potentially lead to the discovery of novel biomarkers for early detection and prognostication of breast cancer. Currently, many biomarkers, particularly the hormonal and epidermal growth factor receptors, are being utilized for breast cancer prognosis. Unfortunately, none of the biomarkers in use have sufficient diagnostic, prognostic and/or predictive power across all categories and stages of breast cancer. It is recognized that more useful information can be generated if tumors are interrogated with multiple markers. But choosing the right combination of biomarkers is challenging, because 1) multiple pathways are involved, 2) up to 62 genes and their protein products are potentially involved in breast cancer-related mechanisms and 3) the more markers evaluated, the more the time and cost involved. This review summarizes the current literature on selected biomarkers for breast cancer, discusses the functional relationships, and groups the selected genes based on a Gene Ontology™ classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Arciero
- General Surgery Services, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington DC
- Windber Research Institute, Windber PA - USA
| | | | - C.D. Shriver
- General Surgery Services, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington DC
| | - H. Brzeski
- Windber Research Institute, Windber PA - USA
| | - R. Jordan
- Windber Research Institute, Windber PA - USA
| | - H. Hu
- Windber Research Institute, Windber PA - USA
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Han W, Zhang C, Cao FY, Cao F, Jiang L, Ding HZ. Prognostic and clinicopathological value of NM23 expression in patients with breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Probl Cancer 2016; 41:80-93. [PMID: 28161101 DOI: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that, NM23, as a metastasis suppressor gene, may be a good indicator of patients with breast cancer in most reports. The aim of our meta-analysis was to determine the prognostic value of NM23 in patients with breast cancer synthetically, by searching 3 databases, PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science, for relevant articles. The inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, and the standard-of-quality assessment were used according to a previous protocol. The pooled odd ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% CI were calculated to assess the primary end point, survival data, and the secondary end point, associations between NM23 expression and clinicopathological factors. Finally, funnel plots and Egger׳s linear regression test were used to assess the potential publication bias. Overall, 792 articles were retrieved in the initial search of databases, and 4968 patients were eventually pooled from 26 available studies selected out by 2 independent reviewers. The incorporative OR showed that elevated NM23 expression was associated with better overall survival (OR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.52-0.74; P < 0.00001; I2 = 0%; Ph = 0.46). In disease-free survival, we also obtained a good prognosis (OR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.18-0.48; P < 0.00001; I2 = 46%; Ph = 0.13). In addition, high-NM23 expression was correlated with well or moderate histologic grade, negative lymph node metastasis, and early tumor staging. Furthermore, publication bias was detected in overall survival but not in disease-free survival, and it could also be verified by Egger׳s test (P = 0.009 and P = 0.687, respectively). These results implied that NM23 might be an indicator of good prognosis in patients with breast cancer, although further researches need to be performed to confirm the prognostic value of NM23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han
- Department of General Surgery, Kunshan First People׳s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Fei-Yun Cao
- Medical College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Fang Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Kunshan First People׳s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Lai Jiang
- Basic Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hou-Zhong Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Kunshan First People׳s Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
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Ismail NI, Kaur G, Hashim H, Hassan MS. Nuclear localization and intensity of staining of nm23 protein is useful marker for breast cancer progression. Cancer Cell Int 2008; 8:6. [PMID: 18454879 PMCID: PMC2396598 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-8-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in the western world. The expression differences of many proteins are associated with breast cancer progression or suppression. The purpose of the study was to determine the expression of nm23 protein in the invasion status and metastatic potential of breast cancer by using tissue microarray and to determine its role in breast cancer based on the expression of nm23 gene product. METHOD nm23 protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using commercially available tissue microarray containing malignant and normal breast tissues from 216 patients. RESULTS a similar percentage of cases showed positive cytoplasmic/nuclear staining for nm23 in normal breast tissue (85.7%), primary breast carcinoma node negative (97.5%) and carcinoma with lymph node metastasis (92.1%). Nuclear localization of staining for nm23 protein was higher in infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) node positive (24.3%) and in matched lymph mode metastasis (18.9%) compared to IDC node negative (4.9%). Strong intensity of cytoplasmic/nucleus staining was observed in IDC node negative (42.6%), in IDC node positive (57.1%), and Infiltrating lobular carcinoma (ILC) node negative (44%) compared to normal breast tissue (16.7%). CONCLUSION nm23 protein expression appears widely expressed in normal breast, early and advanced breast cancer stages. Interestingly our study found that strong staining intensity and nuclear localization of nm23 protein may prove to be a useful marker of breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawfal I Ismail
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia.
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Park NK, Woo HD, Sohn DM, Kim SY, Lim CW, Choi TY, Kim JJ, Lee MH. The Correlation of Serum HER-2/neu and CA15-3 in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer. J Breast Cancer 2008. [DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2008.11.1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nae-Kyeong Park
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Doo Woo
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo-Min Sohn
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Yong Kim
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol-Wan Lim
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Youn Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Jun Kim
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Jalava PJ, Kuopio T, Kortelainen S, Kronqvist P, Collan YUI. Quantitation of erbB2 positivity for evaluation of high-risk patients. Ann Med 2002; 34:544-53. [PMID: 12553494 DOI: 10.1080/078538902321117751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because trastuzumab therapy is expected to be effective in a large fraction of erbB2 (HER-2/neu) overexpressing breast cancers, it is important to find the optimal method for evaluation of erbB2 positivity, and the patient group at greatest risk of dying without this therapy. AIM We evaluated erbB2 immunopositivity in breast cancer with the aim of finding a high-risk group for primary trastuzumab therapy. METHODS Three hundred and seventeen samples were evaluated with an immunostaining index. Optimal cut point was systematically tested, and the effect of bcl-2 status on survival in the high-risk group was studied. RESULTS Among N+ patients the index value 1.5 reflected the biggest difference in survival. There was a significant correlation between erbB2 positivity and bcl-2 negativity. ErbB2 was a prognosticator among postmenopausal, N+, and postmenopausal N+ patients. In multivariate analysis, erbB2 was the best prognosticator among postmenopausal N+ patients. Six out of seven N+ patients with erbB2 index 1.5 or above died including all postmenopausal patients. Bcl-2 positivity was associated with longer survival in the erbB2 positive patient group. CONCLUSIONS The most obvious patients for primary trastuzumab therapy in breast cancer are N+ patients with high erbB2 immunostaining index (> 1.5) and bcl-2 negative immunostaining. In our material 2% of all breast cancer patients fell in this category. This patient group should be selected for testing trastuzumab in the primary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi J Jalava
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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Yang YC, Shyong WY, Chang MS, Chen YJ, Lin CH, Huang ZD, Hsu MT, Chen ML. Frequent gain of copy number on the long arm of chromosome 3 in human cervical adenocarcinoma. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2001; 131:48-53. [PMID: 11734318 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(01)00510-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed genomic aberrations in 20 cervical adenocarcinomas by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Most tissue samples (85%) showed DNA copy number changes; gains were more common than losses. The most consistent region of chromosomal gain was mapped to chromosome arm 3q, found in 70% of the cases, with a minimal common region of 3q28-ter. Other recurrent amplifications of genetic material were detected on 17q (45%), 1p (30%), 1q (25%), and 11q (20%). High-level copy number increases were found in chromosomal regions 3q27-ter and 9pter-13. DNA losses were seldom observed, occurring primarily in underrepresented regions of chromosome arms 4q, 13q, and 18q. The presence of high-risk human papilloma virus genomes in the cervical adenocarcinoma samples was detected in 90% of the cases. However, there was no correlation between human papilloma virus type and the pattern of genomic changes. This study is the first report of CGH analysis in human cervical adenocarcinoma. Among the major genomic alterations, our results demonstrate the importance of DNA copy increases of chromosome arm 3q in the development of cervical adenocarcinoma and identify other amplified chromosomal regions that are also associated with cervical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 45 MinSheng Road, Tamshui, 251, Taipei, Taiwan
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Golouh R, Stanta G, Bracko M, Bonin S. Correlation of MTS1/p16 and nm23 mRNA expression with survival in patients with peripheral synovial sarcoma. J Surg Oncol 2001; 76:83-8. [PMID: 11223831 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9098(200102)76:2<83::aid-jso1015>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Tumor suppressor gene MTS1/p16 (cyclin-dependent kinase-4 inhibitor) and a putative tumor metastasis suppressor gene nm23 (nucleoside diphosphate A kinase) have been identified in a variety of human tumors but have not been well studied in mesenchymal neoplasms. METHODS Expression of nm23 and MTS1 mRNA was determined by quantitative analysis from paraffin-embedded tumor tissue. The series comprised 31 patients with localized primary synovial sarcoma of soft tissues who were followed for a median of 83 months. RESULTS Neither MTS1 nor nm23 expression levels correlated with the patient's age or sex, tumor type, depth, size, mitotic rate, or extent of tumor necrosis. In addition, there was no correlation between MTS1 and nm23 levels. Patients' survival was not related to sex, age, tumor type, location, mitotic rate, or MTS1 mRNA level. The only factors that correlated with poor survival in multivariate analysis were the presence of extensive tumor necrosis (> 15%) and higher levels of nm23 mRNA. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that increased expression level of nm23 mRNA may be implicated in the mechanism of tumor progression and is associated with poor survival in patients with synovial sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Golouh
- Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Kang HS, Youn YK, Oh SK, Choe KJ, Noh DY. Flow cytometric analysis of primary tumors and their corresponding metastatic nodes in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2000; 63:81-7. [PMID: 11079162 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006470614782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human breast carcinoma is biologically heterogeneous, and its clinical course may vary from one which is indolent to one which rapidly progresses. Although it is the metastasis rather than the primary tumor that ultimately overwhelms the patients, studies concerning the DNA pattern have focused on the primary tumors. This study was undertaken to identify heterogeneities between primary tumors and metastases, and to evaluate the prognostic significance of the ploidy pattern and the S-phase fraction (SPF) of metastatic nodes in axillary node positive patients. Seventy-four frozen specimens of the primary and corresponding metastatic nodes from 37 patients have been analyzed by flow cytometry and the SPF calculated. The results of ploidy pattern analysis in primaries revealed 25 diploidy (67.6%) and 12 aneuploidy (32.4%), while those in metastasis showed 17 diploidy (46.0%) and 20 aneuploidy (54.0%). The aneuploidy group in metastatic nodes had the poorer histological grade (85.0% vs. 15.0%, p = 0.02), and more mean metastatic nodes (5.75 +/- 2.10 vs. 3.05 +/- 1.56, p = 0.018), and more frequent lymphatic vessel invasion (65.0% vs. 11.8%, p = 0.031) than its counterpart. Decreased expression of ER (70.6% vs. 25.0% p = 0.006) and increased expression of c-erbB2 (65.0% vs. 23.5%, p = 0.012) were observed in the aneuploidy of metastatic nodes. The group with higher SPF in metastatic nodes had more metastatic nodes (5.47 +/- 2.31 vs. 4.00 +/- 1.78, p = 0.042), and the higher incidence of lymphatic vessel invasion (57.9% vs. 22.2%, p = 0.027), and poor histological grade (71.4% vs. 37.5%, p = 0.039). In conclusion, the cell populations in metastatic nodes revealed DNA pattern which differed from that of primary tumors. The ploidy pattern and SPF in metastatic nodes might be considered as discriminate measure for risk factors in breast cancer patients with positive axillary node.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Kang
- Department of Surgery, Boramae City Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Tumor metastasis is the leading cause of death in cancer patients. From a series of tumor cohort studies, low expression of Nm23/NDP kinase has been correlated with poor patient prognosis and survival, lymph node infiltration, and histopathological indicators of high metastatic potential in a number of cancer types, including mammary and ovarian carcinomas and melanoma. In other tumor types, no correlation has been established. Transfection of Nm23/NDP kinase cDNA into highly metastatic breast, melanoma, prostrate and squamous cell carcinomas, and colon adenocarcinoma cells significantly reduced the metastatic competency of the cells in vivo. In culture, cell motility, invasion, and colonization were inhibited, whereas tumorigenicity and cellular proliferation were not affected, indicating that Nm23/NDP kinase acts as a metastasis suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Hartsough
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Bhatavdekar JM, Patel DD, Shah NG, Vora HH, Suthar TP, Chikhlikar PR, Ghosh N, Trivedi TI. Prognostic significance of immunohistochemically localized biomarkers in stage II and stage III breast cancer: a multivariate analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2000; 7:305-11. [PMID: 10819372 DOI: 10.1007/s10434-000-0305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to investigate the expression of a panel of biomarkers such as prolactin (PRL), p53, Bcl-2, c-erb B2, Ki-67, CD44, and factor VIII-related antigen (FVIII-RA) in primary tumors of stage II and stage III breast cancer and its correlation with disease prognostication. METHODS The streptavidin-biotin peroxidase complex technique was used for the detection of these antigens. Cytoplasmic staining pattern was observed for PRL, Bcl-2, and Ki-67. Staining pattern for p53 was nuclear. Membranous and/or cytoplasmic staining was noted for c-erb B2 and CD44. Microvessel staining was noted for FVIII-RA. RESULTS Of the 93 primary breast tumors analyzed, positivity for PRL was noted in 82%, for p53 in 56%, for Bcl-2 in 73%, for c-erb B2 in 68%, and for Ki-67 and CD44 in 78% each. The microvessel count (MVC) for FVIII-RA ranged from 0.0 to 29.0, with a median of 6.0, which was used as a cutoff. MVC > or = 6.0 was noted in 51% of breast tumors. With increasing tumor size, the higher frequency of positivity of MVC > or = 6.0 (P = .0001), CD44 (P = .001), PRL (P = .002), and c-erb B2 (P = .008), and higher frequency of Bcl-2 negativity (P = .033), was noted. In stage III patients, a higher positivity of the following biomarkers was noted, compared with stage II patients: MVC > or = 6.0 (P = .0004), PRL (P = .0002), c-erb B2 (P = .001), and CD44 (P = .005). Further, Bcl-2 positivity was significantly lower in patients with stage III disease compared with those with stage II disease (P = .024). In patients with nodal involvement, the frequency of c-erb B2 (P = .006), MVC > or = 6.0 (P = .011), and PRL (P = .032) was higher than in those without nodal involvement. Moreover, in these patients, with the increase in the number of involved lymph nodes, there was a significant increase in frequency of CD44+ (P = .0004) and PRL+ (P = .013) tumors. Abnormal expression of one biomarker was seen in 7% of tumors, of two biomarkers in 4%, of three in 15%, of four in 19%, of five in 28%, of six in 20%, and of all seven biomarkers in 7% of tumors. The frequency of an increasing number of biomarkers coexpressed was higher in stage III patients compared with stage II patients (P = .00003). In the total number of patients (n = 93), tumors with Bcl-2 negativity (P = .00001), MVC > or = 6.0 (P = .001), PRL positivity (P = .02), and CD44 positivity (P = .034) had a significantly poorer overall survival (OS) compared with their respective counterparts. In stage II patients (n = 40), only p53 expression was significantly associated with reduced relapse-free survival (P = .009) and OS (P = .040). In multivariate analysis, p53 expression was an independent prognostic factor that influenced relapse-free survival (P = .034) of stage II breast cancer patients. However, it failed to attain statistical significance for OS. In stage III patients (n = 53), tumors with Bcl-2 negativity (P = .0005) and MVC > or = 6.0 (P = .039) had a significantly poorer OS compared with their respective counterparts. In multivariate analysis of stage III patients, Bcl-2 was the only independent prognostic factor (P = .001) for predicting OS. There was a significant association between coexpression of the biomarkers and OS (P = .001). The OS rates decreased with the increase in number of abnormally expressed biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS p53 expression in primary tumors was an independent prognostic factor that influenced relapse-free survival in patients with stage II disease. In stage III patients, lack of Bcl-2 expression was independently associated with a poor prognosis and, thus, may be an indicator of aggressive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bhatavdekar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Gujarat Cancer and Research Institute, Ahmedabad, India
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Han S, Park K, Kim HY, Lee MS, Kim HJ, Kim YD, Yuh YJ, Kim SR, Suh HS. Clinical implication of altered expression of Mad1 protein in human breast carcinoma. Cancer 2000; 88:1623-32. [PMID: 10738221 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(20000401)88:7<1623::aid-cncr17>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mad1 protein is known to repress Myc target genes and antagonize Myc function. The authors undertook this study to investigate the clinical implication of Mad1 expression in human breast carcinoma. METHODS The authors performed immunohistochemical assays for Mad1 and Myc proteins in human breast carcinoma, along with tissues from normal breast and benign diseases. The data from protein assays were analyzed in terms of the clinical and biologic characteristics of the patients. RESULTS Of 66 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma, Mad1 expression was detected in 22 (33. 3%). Intensity and area of Mad1 expression significantly decreased in DCIS and invasive cancers, whereas high levels of Mad1 expression were persistent in benign breast lesions. Mad1 expression was significantly reduced in poorly differentiated tumors (P < 0.001). Expression of Mad1 was not associated with tumor size, lymph node status, or stage of disease. The authors did not observe any correlation between S-phase and expression status of Myc or Mad1. Mad1 expression was closely linked to differentiation of the cancer cells and inversely correlated with Myc expression (P = 0.042). In survival analysis, Mad1 was a significant factor in predicting recurrence of the disease, but not overall survival after CMF chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS In human breast carcinoma cells, expression of Mad1 seems to be down-regulated, whereas expression of Myc is amplified. Altered expression of Mad1 may play a role in the malignant transformation of human mammary epithelial cells and represent an aggressive phenotype in human breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Han
- Department of Surgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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Han S, Kim HY, Park K, Lee MS, Kim HJ, Kim YD. Expression of p27Kip1 and cyclin D1 proteins is inversely correlated and is associated with poor clinical outcome in human gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 1999; 71:147-54. [PMID: 10404130 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9098(199907)71:3<147::aid-jso3>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES p27Kip1 is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases and is speculated to be a potential prognostic indicator in numerous human cancers. We investigated expression of p27Kip1 along with cyclin D1 in gastric cancer to estimate the clinical utility of p27Kip1. METHODS Immunohistochemical assay for p27Kip1 and cyclin D1 proteins was performed in 64 patients with primary gastric cancer. Correlation between p27Kip1 expression and clinical-biological parameters including patient survival was analyzed. RESULTS p27Kip1 expression was suppressed in 40 (62.5%) of 64 gastric cancer patients and cyclin D1 was overexpressed in 22 (34.4%) out of 64. Expression of p27Kip1 was significantly reduced in poorly differentiated cancers (82.1%, 23/28; P = 0.015) and was also reduced in the tumors with high S-phase fraction (86.7%, 26/30) compared with tumors showing low S-phase fraction (41.2%, 14/34; P = 0.0002). Expression of p27Kip1 and cyclin D1 was inversely correlated (P = 0.021). In univariate analysis, extent of the disease (P < 0.001), expression of cyclin D1 (P = 0.0001), and reduced expression of p27Kip1 (P = 0. 0006), were statistically significant to predict patient's outcome, but depth of invasion (P = 0.008) and pathologic stage (P = 0.009) emerged as significant prognostic indicators in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION Expression of p27Kip1 is closely linked with cell proliferation and differentiation of human gastric cancer. p27Kip1 seems to have potential as a prognostic marker in the management of gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Han
- Department of Surgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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14
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Han S, Park K, Kim HY, Lee MS, Kim HJ, Kim YD. Reduced expression of p27Kip1 protein is associated with poor clinical outcome of breast cancer patients treated with systemic chemotherapy and is linked to cell proliferation and differentiation. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1999; 55:161-7. [PMID: 10481943 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006258222233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 is a negative regulator of cell proliferation. Its expression is known to be altered in a proteasome-dependent manner without changes in DNA level. Reduced expression of p27Kip1 is associated with aggressive behavior in a variety of human cancers. We investigated expression of p27Kip1 protein in human breast cancer using immunohistochemistry to assess its biologic implication along with cell-cycle analysis by flow cytometry. A total of 68 patients with invasive ductal cancer received adjuvant chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-FU every 3 weeks for six cycles. In epithelial cells of normal and benign breast disease, expression of p27Kip1 was well preserved while its expression markedly decreased in breast cancer (45 of 68). Expression of p27Kip1 is significantly reduced in poorly differentiated cancers and in the advanced stage of the disease. Levels of p27Kip1 expression correlated with cell populations in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. In survival analysis, p27Kip1 was useful to predict disease free survival but not overall survival of the patients after adjuvant chemotherapy. In summary, p27Kip1 seems to have a role in the cell proliferation and differentiation process during carcinogenesis of breast cancer. The results of the present study suggest that p27Kip1 can be used in predicting response to systemic chemotherapy in a subset of patients with breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/mortality
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/mortality
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Cycle Proteins
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27
- Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Fluorouracil/administration & dosage
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Mastectomy
- Methotrexate/administration & dosage
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/biosynthesis
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/deficiency
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/physiology
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/deficiency
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Ploidies
- Receptors, Estrogen/analysis
- Receptors, Progesterone/analysis
- Risk Factors
- Survival Analysis
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- S Han
- Department of Surgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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15
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Henderson IC, Patek AJ. The relationship between prognostic and predictive factors in the management of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1999; 52:261-88. [PMID: 10066087 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006141703224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new prognostic factors proceeds at a much more rapid pace than our knowledge of how to properly utilize this information in the management of patients with breast cancer, especially those with early breast cancer that has not metastasized to regional lymph nodes. Prognostic factors provide information on how the patient is likely to do regardless of treatment. Predictive factors provide information on whether a patient is likely to benefit from therapy. Most factors identified to date provide prognostic information, but relatively few provide information that is truly helpful in making a therapeutic decision in the management of individual patients. In large part this is because there has been insufficient study of the factor, especially prospective evaluations of the factor. Unfortunately this has resulted in the premature use of this information under the general rubric that patients with a poor prognosis deserve more treatment in spite of the fact that there may be no benefit from that therapy in the poor prognostic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Henderson
- UCSF Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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16
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Klapper LN, Kirschbaum MH, Seta M, Yarden Y. Biochemical and Clinical Implications of the ErbB/HER Signaling Network of Growth Factor Receptors. Adv Cancer Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Shimada M, Taguchi K, Hasegawa H, Gion T, Shirabe K, Tsuneyoshi M, Sugimachi K. Nm23-H1 expression in intrahepatic or extrahepatic metastases of hepatocellular carcinoma. LIVER 1998; 18:337-42. [PMID: 9831363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0676.1998.tb00815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/BACKGROUND Decreased expression of nm23, a putative metastasis suppressor gene, has been reported to be related to either intrahepatic metastasis or a poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to elucidate the true role of nm23-H1 expression in both intrahepatic and distant metastases of HCC. METHODS Thirteen patients with single-nodule HCC, seven patients with HCC having satellite nodules and seven patients with HCCs having extrahepatic metastases were included in this study. The expression of nm23-H1 protein was immunohistochemically examined in both primary and metastatic nodules. RESULTS Ten of 13 single-nodule HCCs were found to overexpress nm23-H1 protein. All main tumors, having satellite nodules, were found to overexpress nm23-H protein, except for two HCCs, which only partially expressed nm23-H1 protein. Regarding the nm23-H1 expression in intrahepatic metastases, most nodules overexpressed the protein. The expression of nm23-H1 was found to be low in only one intrahepatic metastasis specimen, while its primary tumor was also found to show a low expression of nm23-H1 protein. Microscopic portal vein invasion was found in three of the five patients studied, and all cancer cells in portal invasion overexpressed nm23-H1 protein. Nm23-H1 protein was expressed in all distant metastatic tumors and the staining intensity of most metastatic nodules was similar to that of the primary tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that nm23-H1 expression did not always decrease but instead tended to increase at both intrahepatic and extrahepatic metastatic sites. Based on these findings, nm23-H1 expression is not considered to be a reliable indicator of either intrahepatic or distant metastasis in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shimada
- Department of Surgery II, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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18
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Russell RL, Pedersen AN, Kantor J, Geisinger K, Long R, Zbieranski N, Townsend A, Shelton B, Brünner N, Kute TE. Relationship of nm23 to proteolytic factors, proliferation and motility in breast cancer tissues and cell lines. Br J Cancer 1998; 78:710-7. [PMID: 9743288 PMCID: PMC2062960 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1998.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low expression of the antimetastatic gene nm23 has been associated with shorter overall survival in breast cancer. To better understand the mechanism(s) of action of this protein, we compared the levels of the nm23 protein in 152 breast cancer samples with other factors known to be involved in metastasis or related to prognosis. There was no significant relationship between either of the nm23 isoforms and cathepsin D (Cat-D), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), its inhibitor (PAI-1), steroid hormone receptors or ploidy status. A marginal inverse correlation was observed between per cent S-phase and nm23-H1 expression (r = -0.193, P = 0.047) and a positive correlation was observed between uPA receptor (uPAR) and both nm23-H1 (r = 0.263, P = 0.0018) and nm23-H2 (r = 0.230, P = 0.0064). The nm23-H1 gene was transfected into MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and 12 clones were selected, of which two were characterized extensively. We found no significant differences in Cat-D, uPA, PAI-1 or uPAR, as a function of nm23 expression in either the MDA-MB-231 cells or the transfected clones. Compared with the parent cell line, we did observe a dose-dependent decrease in growth factor-stimulated motility and a decrease in metastatic potential in two clones with four- and eightfold elevated nm23-H1 expression, whereas the proliferative activities were similar. We conclude that the decreased metastatic potential might be related to down-regulation of growth factor-stimulated motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Russell
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1072, USA
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