Formation of cadherin-expressing brain nuclei in diencephalic alar plate divisions

Neurogenetic Heterochrony in Chick, Lizard, and Rat Mapped with Wholemount Acetylcholinesterase and the Prosomeric Model

In the developing brain, the phenomenon of neurogenesis is manifested heterotopically, that is, much the same neurogenetic steps occur at different places with a different timetable. This is due apparently to early molecular regionalization of the neural tube wall in the anteroposterior and dorsoventral dimensions, in a checkerboard pattern of more or less deformed quadrangular histogenetic areas. Their respective fate is apparently specified by a locally specific combination of active/repressed genes known as "molecular profile." This leads to position-dependent differential control of proliferation, neurogenesis, differentiation, and other aspects, eventually in a heterochronic manner across adjacent areal units with sufficiently different molecular profiles. It is not known how fixed these heterochronic patterns are. We reexamined here comparatively early patterns of forebrain and hindbrain neurogenesis in a lizard (Lacerta gallotia galloti), a bird (the chick), and a mammal (the rat), as demonstrated by activation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This is an early marker of postmitotic neurons, which leaves unlabeled the neuroepithelial ventricular cells, so that we can examine cleared wholemounts of the reacted brains to have a birds-eye view of the emergent neuronal pattern at each stage. There is overall heterochrony between the basal and alar plates of the brain, a known fact, but, remarkably, heterochrony occurs even within the precocious basal plate among its final anteroposterior neuromeric subdivisions and their internal microzonal subdivisions. Some neuromeric units or microzones are precocious, while others follow suit without any specific spatial order or gradient; other similar neuromeric units remain retarded in the midst of quite advanced neighbors, though they do produce similar neurogenetic patterns at later stages. It was found that some details of such neuromeric heterochrony are species-specific, possibly related to differential morphogenetic properties. Given the molecular causal underpinning of the updated prosomeric model used here for interpretation, we comment on the close correlation between some genetic patterns and the observed AChE differentiation patterns.