1
|
Gandhi L, Camidge DR, Ribeiro de Oliveira M, Bonomi P, Gandara D, Khaira D, Hann CL, McKeegan EM, Litvinovich E, Hemken PM, Dive C, Enschede SH, Nolan C, Chiu YL, Busman T, Xiong H, Krivoshik AP, Humerickhouse R, Shapiro GI, Rudin CM. Phase I study of Navitoclax (ABT-263), a novel Bcl-2 family inhibitor, in patients with small-cell lung cancer and other solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:909-16. [PMID: 21282543 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.31.6208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis represents a major obstacle to cancer control. Overexpression of Bcl-2 is seen in multiple tumor types and targeting Bcl-2 may provide therapeutic benefit. A phase I study of navitoclax, a novel inhibitor of Bcl-2 family proteins, was conducted to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary efficacy in patients with solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients enrolled to intermittent dosing cohorts received navitoclax on day -3, followed by dosing on days 1 to 14 of a 21-day cycle. Patients on continuous dosing received a 1-week lead-in dose of 150 mg followed by continuous daily administration. Blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analyses, biomarker analyses, and platelet monitoring. RESULTS Forty-seven patients, including 29 with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) or pulmonary carcinoid, were enrolled between 2007 and 2008, 35 on intermittent and 12 on continuous dosing cohorts. Primary toxicities included diarrhea (40%), nausea (34%), vomiting (36%), and fatigue (34%); most were grade 1 or 2. Dose- and schedule-dependent thrombocytopenia was seen in all patients. One patient with SCLC had a confirmed partial response lasting longer than 2 years, and eight patients with SCLC or carcinoid had stable disease (one remained on study for 13 months). Pro-gastrin releasing peptide (pro-GRP) was identified as a surrogate marker of Bcl-2 amplification and changes correlated with changes in tumor volume. CONCLUSION Navitoclax is safe and well tolerated, with dose-dependent thrombocytopenia as the major adverse effect. Preliminary efficacy data are encouraging in SCLC. Efficacy in SCLC and the utility of pro-GRP as a marker of treatment response will be further evaluated in phase II studies.
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo L, Chen P, Zhou Y, Sun Y. Non-receptor tyrosine kinase Etk is involved in the apoptosis of small cell lung cancer cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 88:401-6. [PMID: 20206622 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial and endothelial tyrosine kinase (Etk), also known as Bmx (bone marrow X kinase) plays an important role in apoptosis of epithelial cells. The goal of this study was to investigate whether Etk is involved in apoptosis of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells and correlated with the expression levels of apoptosis-associated proteins such as Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L) and p53. One hundred and seventy-one cases of lung cancer specimens including seventy-one SCLCs and one hundred NSCLCs were immunostained for Etk, Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L) and p53. Parental SCLC H446 cell line, and its subline (H446-Etk) that overexpresses Etk, were used to study the role of Etk in apoptosis induced by doxorubicin. It was found that high expression of Etk occurs in 74.6% of SCLC cases, but only in 40% of NSCLC cases, and there is marked difference in the expression levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-X(L) and p53 between Etk-positive and Etk-negative SCLC cases. Furthermore, the levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) significantly increased in H446-Etk cells than that in H446 cells after doxorubicin treatment, and were positively associated with Etk expression. However, p53 did not correspond with Etk expression although its expression decreased greatly with apoptosis both in H446-Etk and H446 cells. After doxorubicin treatment, the cell viability was significantly higher in H446-Etk cells than in parental H446 cells. Downregulation of Etk by Etk siRNA sensitized H446 cells to doxorubicin. Our results indicate that upregulation of tyrosine kinase Etk may be a new mechanism involved in protection of SCLC cells from apoptosis. Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) but not p53 may contribute to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis through Etk pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlang Guo
- Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Non-receptor tyrosine kinase Etk regulation of drug resistance in small-cell lung cancer. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:636-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
4
|
Sun B, Sun Y, Wang J, Zhao X, Wang X, Hao X. Extent, relationship and prognostic significance of apoptosis and cell proliferation in synovial sarcoma. Eur J Cancer Prev 2006; 15:258-65. [PMID: 16679870 DOI: 10.1097/01.cej.0000198896.02185.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To analyse the extent, relationship and clinical significance of apoptosis and cell proliferation in synovial sarcoma. METHODS Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL, and expression of Ki-67, Bcl-2, Bax and p53 was examined immunohistochemically in 72 synovial sarcomas. Their relation and correlation with clinicopathological parameters and survival rate were analysed. RESULTS The average values of apoptosis index (AI) and Ki-67 labelling index (LI) were 0.76% and 28.30%, respectively. Both AI and Ki-67 LI in large-volume, high-grade and advanced-stage synovial sarcomas were significantly higher than those in small-volume, low-grade and early-stage ones (P<0.05 for all). And there was a linear relationship between AI and Ki-67 LI (r=0.751, P<0.001). All examined synovial sarcomas were positive for Bcl-2 and Bax, and only 20.8% cases showed expression of p53 protein. The expressions of Bcl-2, Bax and p53 were also significantly correlated with AI (P=0.005, P=0.002, P=0.037, respectively). In addition, patients with high AI (>0.76%) had poor prognosis (log-rank test; P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS Alterations in apoptosis and cell proliferation activity might be responsible for the pathogenesis and behaviour of synovial sarcoma. Increased rate of apoptosis in synovial sarcoma was considered to be an indicator of poor prognosis. In addition, apoptosis in synovial sarcoma may be controlled by multiple apoptosis-regulating mechanisms, including the Bcl-2 family and p53 protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baocun Sun
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute and Hospital and Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fennell DA. Bcl-2 as a target for overcoming chemoresistance in small-cell lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2003; 4:307-13. [PMID: 14609451 DOI: 10.3816/clc.2003.n.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy that is frequently metastatic at presentation and has a poor prognosis. Although initially sensitive to primary therapy, acquisition of apoptosis resistance is typical, resulting in failure of secondary chemotherapy following relapse. Expression of the antiapoptosis protein Bcl-2 is prevalent in SCLC. The understanding of this oncoprotein's function has increased dramatically over the past decade. In vitro and in vivo evidence supports a role for overexpression of Bcl-2 in SCLC and supports the notion that it is a major factor contributing to apoptosis resistance. Targeting Bcl-2 may provide a novel therapeutic approach to overcoming chemoresistance in SCLC. This article discusses the relevance of Bcl-2 to apoptosis susceptibility in SCLC and its exploitation using gene silencing to improve the clinical outcome in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dean A Fennell
- Lung Cancer Section, Department of Medical Oncology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Palva T, Pääkkö P, Ramsay H, Chrobok V, Simáková E. Apoptosis and regression of embryonic mesenchyme in the development of the middle ear spaces. Acta Otolaryngol 2003; 123:209-14. [PMID: 12701742 DOI: 10.1080/0036554021000028105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis was studied using temporal bones from three fetuses representing different times of gestation and from three neonates. Paraffin-embedded sections 20-microm thick were studied using the terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling method based on 3'-end-labeling of fragmented DNA. Phenotyping of the immune cells was performed using regular monoclonal antibodies. In the bone marrow the granulocyte series dominated and the number of cells in the macrophage series was noticeably fewer, with apoptotic cells occurring in both. In the embryonic mesenchyme, solitary apoptotic cells occurred in all locations in both the fetuses and neonates. Apoptosis is a basic factor in the regression of embryonal mesenchyme, but may not be preprogrammed. Basic scientific data obtained from modified tissue cultures show that mechanical forces cause cells to switch between different genetic programs. It is suggested that the act of swallowing causes periodic changes in the amniotic fluid pressure and provides the necessary force for regression of the mesenchyme by apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Palva
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Despite extensive effort in improvement of diagnosis and treatment of patients with lung cancer in past three decades, the overall survival of patients with the disease remains dismal. Because the development of lung cancer takes a few decades, early diagnosis of the disease or identification of truly high-risk populations may provide us opportunity to successfully cure or prevent the disease. Recent advances in understanding biological basis of lung tumorigenesis provide new tools for detecting malignant cells or the process of malignant transformation and progression. Along with identification of molecular abnormalities in the early lung tumorigenesis, advanced molecular analytic technologies have been emerged, which may facilitate development of rapid and effective methods for early diagnosis and risk assessment. Here, I discuss recent progresses in understanding of early molecular abnormalities in lung cancer, efforts of translating laboratory findings to clinical tests, and prospective of biomarkers in lung cancer diagnosis and risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Mao
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Genetic and Molecular Coordinates of Neuroendocrine Lung Tumors, with Emphasis on Small-cell Lung Carcinomas. Mol Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03402022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
9
|
Kodani I, Shomori K, Osaki M, Kuratate I, Ryoke K, Ito H. Expression of minichromosome maintenance 2 (MCM2), Ki-67, and cell-cycle-related molecules, and apoptosis in the normal-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence of the oral mucosa. Pathobiology 2002; 69:150-8. [PMID: 11872961 DOI: 10.1159/000048770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined cell cycle and cell death biomarker trends with the normal-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence of the oral epithelia analyzing the pathological significance of a new biomarker, minichromosome maintenance 2 (MCM2). METHODS This study analyzed 12 patients with normal oral epithelia, 69 with dysplasia, and 35 with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); in 13 patients, SCCs were preceded by dysplasia. The sections were immunostained for MCM2, Ki-67, P53, P27(Kip1) and P21(CIP1/WAF1), and conducted by TUNEL methods. Western blot analysis of MCM2 was performed in the 4 human cultured oral SCCs, all of which showed the expression. RESULTS Significantly higher labeling indices (LI; %) of MCM2, Ki-67, and P53, as well as lower LI of TUNEL indices (TI; %), P27, and P21 were noted in the SCCs than in the dysplasias. The 13 dysplasias developed SCC with significantly higher LI of MCM2 and P53, and lower LI of P21 than the other dysplasias (each p < 0.05). The LI of MCM2, P21 and the TI were not correlated with P53 expression. CONCLUSIONS Oral dysplasia was characterized by lower cell proliferation and a higher frequency of cell death compared to SCCs. The higher LI of MCM2 and P53 and the lower LI of P21 might predict malignant transformation of oral dysplasia. MCM2 is regulated via a P53-independent pathway, and a useful biomarker of proliferating cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Kodani
- First Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
McDoniels-Silvers AL, Stoner GD, Lubet RA, You M. Differential expression of critical cellular genes in human lung adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas in comparison to normal lung tissues. Neoplasia 2002; 4:141-50. [PMID: 11896569 PMCID: PMC1550320 DOI: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2001] [Accepted: 10/05/2001] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Atlas human cDNA expression array was used to evaluate gene expression profile changes in the genesis of human lung adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. Gene expression changes between adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas were also analyzed. Of the 588 gene targets, 262 genes were expressed in these tissues and, of these, 45 genes were differentially expressed by at least two-fold in tumor tissues compared to corresponding normal tissues. Semiquantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm gene expression changes. Only those genes that reflected changes in >50% of the analyzed tissues were included in the final analysis. Ultimately, 26 genes were evaluated with 14 genes overexpressed and 12 genes underexpressed compared to matching normal lung tissues. Although similar expression changes were detected in adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas for most of the genes analyzed, some subtype-specific differences were also found. Genes encoding cell cycle regulators, intracellular signal transducers, cell receptor and adhesion molecules, growth factors, oncogenes, and apoptotic effectors were differentially expressed in this study. These gene expression changes may directly contribute to the initiation or progression of human lung cancer or may be secondary effects of the tumorigenesis process. Regardless, many of these differences may be useful in the diagnosis and/or treatment of this deadly disease.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Aged
- Bronchi/cytology
- Bronchi/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Pulmonary Alveoli/cytology
- Pulmonary Alveoli/metabolism
- RNA/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary D Stoner
- School of Public Health, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ronald A Lubet
- Chemoprevention Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ming You
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Division of Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mao L. Molecular abnormalities in lung carcinogenesis and their potential clinical implications. Lung Cancer 2001; 34 Suppl 2:S27-34. [PMID: 11720738 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(01)00341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Development of lung cancer is multistep and requires accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. Modern molecular technology has facilitated a rapid and effective identification of these genetic alterations as well as epigenetic alterations. The determination of molecular alterations in the early tumorigenic process of the lung will not only extend our understanding of the underlying biology but also provide molecular markers for cancer risk assessment, early detection, and molecular classification. In this article, I will discuss the common molecular abnormalities in lung cancer and how these abnormalities may be used as biomarkers in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Mao
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, FC9.3014, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Maitra A, Tascilar M, Hruban RH, Offerhaus GJ, Albores-Saavedra J. Small cell carcinoma of the gallbladder: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular pathology study of 12 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2001; 25:595-601. [PMID: 11342770 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-200105000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Small cell carcinomas of the gallbladder are unusual neoplasms that have been characterized only recently. The authors describe the clinical, histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of 12 small cell carcinomas of the gallbladder. The mean age at diagnosis was 69 years, and the male-to-female ratio was 5:7. The neoplasms had an average size of 3 cm, and 90% showed invasion of the muscularis propria and perimuscular connective tissue. Seventy-five percent of the carcinomas had metastasized or extended locally beyond the gallbladder at surgery. Survival was uniformly poor, with a mean survival of 10.7 months (range, 3-25 months). Half the small cell carcinomas were combined with other neoplasms. Four had foci of adenocarcinoma, one contained areas of squamous differentiation, and another had a component of carcinosarcoma. Immunohistochemical analysis showed focal reactivity for chromogranin (six of six cases), neuron-specific enolase (six of six cases), and Leu-7 (three of three cases). The molecular changes in small cell carcinomas were similar to those of adenocarcinomas occurring at this site, with a high frequency of p53 (75%) and p16INK4a (33%) abnormalities, and a low frequency of deleted in pancreatic carcinoma-4 inactivation (0%) and K-ras codon 12 mutations (17%). In contrast to pulmonary small cell carcinomas, p16INK4a function appears to be abrogated more frequently in these carcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Maitra
- Departments of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Joseph B, Lewensohn R, Zhivotovsky B. Role of apoptosis in the response of lung carcinomas to anti-cancer treatment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 926:204-16. [PMID: 11193036 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Resistance of tumor cells to treatment often accounts for the failure of traditional forms of anti-cancer therapy. It is well known that tumors from the same histological group and stage of development are highly heterogeneous in their sensitivity to therapy. Among the factors that can influence tumor sensitivity are DNA repair capacity, distribution of cells throughout the cell cycle, proliferation potential, etc. In many cases, anti-cancer therapy eliminates tumor cells via apoptosis, an active form of cell death characterized by cell shrinkage and the removal of cells in a neat, orderly fashion. However, this process is not always efficient. In the present review, the precise role that apoptosis plays in the response of lung carcinomas to chemotherapy and radiation treatment is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Joseph
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ghosh M, Crocker J, Morris A. Apoptosis in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung: correlation with survival and clinicopathological features. J Clin Pathol 2001; 54:111-5. [PMID: 11215278 PMCID: PMC1731346 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.54.2.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Apoptosis is recognised as a physiological mechanism for controlling cell numbers and its subversion is thought to contribute to carcinogenesis. The aims of this study were to measure the apoptotic index (AI) in a series of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the lung using standard histological staining and confirm this by immunohistology using an antibody to an apoptosis specific protein (ASP), and to seek to correlate the AI with clinicopathological parameters. METHODS Sections of 134 SCCs were stained by haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for counting apoptotic bodies of determine the AI (number of apoptotic bodies/10,000 tumour cells); 26 of these were also stained with anti-ASP antibody and the proportion of ASP positive cells counted. Clinical data were obtained from hospital notes. RESULTS The mean AI obtained by H&E staining of all 134 SCCs was 30.3 (SD, 24.75). Anti-ASP staining allowed easy identification of apoptotic bodies, and generated a somewhat higher index (mean, 51.4; SD 39); this was not a result of the selection of tumours because the AI by H&E in the subset stained with anti-ASP was 31.1. Regression analysis showed that the correlation between the two values of AI was highly significant (Rs = 0.9760; p < 0.001), indicating that the two methods were both reliable measures of apoptosis but that the anti-ASP staining is the more sensitive method. The tumours were grouped into high AI (> 50) and low AI (< 50) and survival analysis was carried out. The mean survival of the high AI group was 109 weeks and of the low AI group 72 weeks (p = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS Anti-ASP staining is a reliable, easy, and sensitive method for assessing apoptosis in tumour sections and confirms the validity of the AI obtained by H&E staining. AI is a guide to the behaviour of SCCs of the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ghosh
- Westbank Hospital, Andul Road, Howrah 711109, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kahlos K, Soini Y, Pääkkö P, Säily M, Linnainmaa K, Kinnula VL. Proliferation, apoptosis, and manganese superoxide dismutase in malignant mesothelioma. Int J Cancer 2000; 88:37-43. [PMID: 10962437 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20001001)88:1<37::aid-ijc6>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation and apoptotic indices of tumour cells may have important prognostic significance. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), an important anti-oxidant enzyme, has been shown to decrease proliferation of malignant cells transfected with the MnSOD gene. The aim of the present study was to investigate the indices of cell proliferation and apoptosis and their prognostic significance in human mesothelioma and to assess the effect of MnSOD on the proliferation and apoptosis of the mesothelioma cells expressing high constitutive MnSOD activity. Tissue sections from 35 subjects with malignant pleural mesothelioma were studied for cell proliferation by Ki-67 immunohistochemistry and for apoptosis by the TUNEL assay. In additional experiments, 2 mesothelioma cell lines expressing either low (M14K) or high (M38K) MnSOD levels were assessed for proliferative and apoptotic responses to epirubicin. The median proliferation and apoptotic indices of the mesothelioma tissue were 8.2% and 0.75%, respectively. Patients with a high proliferation (>8%) or apoptotic index (>0.75%) showed a worse prognosis (p < 0.001). MnSOD expression was inversely correlated with cell proliferation (p = 0.02). Our cell line experiments indicated that cells expressing high MnSOD levels were more resistant to apoptosis and showed lower proliferation when exposed to epirubicin in vitro. These findings show that high proliferation and apoptosis are associated with a poor prognosis of mesothelioma and that a high MnSOD level is associated with low proliferation of tumour cells. Furthermore, experiments with cultured mesothelioma cells suggest the importance of MnSOD in the proliferation and apoptosis caused by drug exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Kahlos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kawauchi S, Fukuda T, Oda Y, Saito T, Oga A, Takeshita M, Yokoyama K, Chuman H, Iwamoto Y, Sasaki K, Tsuneyoshi M. Prognostic significance of apoptosis in synovial sarcoma: correlation with clinicopathologic parameters, cell proliferative activity, and expression of apoptosis-related proteins. Mod Pathol 2000; 13:755-65. [PMID: 10912935 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3880131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
bcl-2 overexpression in synovial sarcomas has been recently reported. Although it is widely known that bcl-2 suppresses apoptosis in various cells, there are no studies that have examined the significance of apoptosis in synovial sarcoma. In the present study, we visualized apoptotic tumor cells by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate in situ nick end-labeling (TUNEL) method in 49 cases of primary synovial sarcoma. The degree of apoptosis was analyzed in relation to several clinicopathologic parameters, cell proliferative activity, and immunohistochemical expression of apoptosis-related proteins, including bcl-2, bax, bcl-x, bak, p53, p21 (WAF1/CIP1), Fas, and Fas ligand. TUNEL index (TUNEL-I) significantly correlated with the mitotic index (MI) (ñ = 0.60, P < .0001) and Ki-67 labeling index (MIB1-I) (ñ = 0.52, P = 0.0005). There was a highly significant association between high TUNEL-I value (>.8%) and poor prognosis (log-rank test; P < .0001). Many synovial sarcomas were diffusely positive for bcl-2 family proteins (bcl-2, bax, bcl-x, and bak) and were negative or only sporadically positive for Fas, Fas ligand, p53, and p21 (WAF1/CIP1) proteins. The results indicated that increased rate of apoptosis in primary synovial sarcoma was considered to be an indicator of poor prognosis. In addition, apoptosis in synovial sarcoma may be controlled by multiple apoptosis-regulating mechanisms, including the bcl-2 family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kawauchi
- Department of Pathology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pal'tsev MA, Demura SA, Kogan EA, Jaques G, Zende B. Role of Bcl-2, Bax, and Bak in spontaneous apoptosis and proliferation in neuroendocrine lung tumors: immunohistochemical study. Bull Exp Biol Med 2000; 130:697-700. [PMID: 11140590 DOI: 10.1007/bf02682109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-six primary neuroendocrine lung tumors were examined morphologically and histologically and their apoptosis level was determined. Malignant carcinomas were characterized by increased apoptotic index and enhanced expression ofBcl-2, Bak, p53, and Ki-67 compared to typical carcinoid. However, apoptosis in these tumors was not completed. Proteins of the Bcl family play an important role in the regulation of spontaneous apoptosis in neuroendocrine lung tumors. Bcl-2 accumulating in the nucleus is a morphological analogue of phosphorylated inactive form of this protein, which does not inhibit apoptosis. Expression of Bcl-2 and Bax decreases in small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) with metastases indicating attenuation of apoptosis and development of metastatic clones resistant to apoptosis induces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Pal'tsev
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, IM Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Laitinen KL, Soini Y, Mattila J, Pääkkö P. Atypical bronchopulmonary carcinoids show a tendency toward increased apoptotic and proliferative activity. Cancer 2000; 88:1590-8. [PMID: 10738217 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(20000401)88:7<1590::aid-cncr13>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors can be divided into typical and atypical carcinoids according to their histologic and clinical features. Atypical carcinoids tend to have less predictable biologic behavior and are associated with a worse prognosis than typical carcinoids. The authors examined apoptosis and the expression of apoptosis regulating proteins Bcl-2, Bax, Bak, and Mcl-1 in 21 typical and 10 atypical bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors. To find features distinguishing the growth of these types of tumors, the expression of p53 protein and the proliferation marker Ki-67 were also investigated. Finally, the parameters were compared with clinical follow-up data. METHODS Thirty-one bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors were examined by using in situ 3'-end labeling of DNA (TUNEL) for apoptosis and immunohistochemical staining methods for Bcl-2, Bax, Bak, Mcl-1, p53, and Ki-67 in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue specimens. RESULTS The apoptotic indices (AIs) were low in general (mean 0.18%), but higher AIs (> 0.5%) were observed significantly more often in atypical than in typical carcinoids (P < 0.008) in association with shortened survival (P < 0. 008). No relation between apoptosis and Bcl-2, Bax, Bak, or Mcl-1 expression was found. Expression of p53 protein was detected in only three atypical carcinoids, which also had significantly higher AIs than p53 negative tumors (P < 0.03). Proliferation rates measured by Ki-67 index were unusually low; the highest proliferation rates were observed in atypical carcinoids. There was a positive correlation between AI and Ki-67 indices (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the extent of apoptosis in bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors is low. This, together with a low proliferation rate and an apparent absence of p53 mutation, enables a benign growth pattern. Some atypical carcinoids with enhanced apoptosis are associated with shortened survival, clearly deviating from typical carcinoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K L Laitinen
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lam KY, Law S, Tung PH, Wong J. Esophageal small cell carcinomas: clinicopathologic parameters, p53 overexpression, proliferation marker, and their impact on pathogenesis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000; 124:228-33. [PMID: 10656731 DOI: 10.5858/2000-124-0228-escc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinicopathologic features and the roles of p53 and MIB-1 in esophageal small cell carcinoma. METHOD Twenty patients (14 men and 6 women) with esophageal small cell carcinoma treated in our hospital from 1982 through 1996 were studied. The clinicopathologic features, treatment received, and survival data of these patients were documented. Representative tissue was collected from each tumor, and immunohistochemical preparations for p53 protein and MIB-1 were made. RESULTS Small cell carcinoma accounted for 1.3% of all esophageal malignant tumors. The median age of patients at presentation was 60 years. On gross examination, the tumors were large ulcerative lesions (median length, 7.5 cm). In 17 patients in whom p53 immunohistochemical study was performed, p53 protein was detected in 65% (9 of 17). All stage IV tumors were negative for p53 expression. The median tumor cell MIB-1 score was high at 855 (range, 810-964) positive cells per 1000. Overall median survival was 3.4 months. In patients who underwent chemotherapy, there was significant response. CONCLUSIONS Esophageal small cell carcinoma is an aggressive tumor. Overexpression of p53 is associated with early stages of carcinogenesis. The high proliferative index, as defined by the MIB-1 immunohistochemical method, may be related to aggressive behavior and high sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Y Lam
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sehested M, Jensen PB. Small cell and its stroma: determinant of pan-resistance? Drug Resist Updat 1999; 2:281-283. [PMID: 11504501 DOI: 10.1054/drup.1999.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Sehested
- Laboratory and Finsen Centres, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hansen PR, Holm AM, Svendsen UG, Olsen PS, Andersen CB. Apoptosis in acute pulmonary allograft rejection and cytomegalovirus infection. APMIS 1999; 107:529-33. [PMID: 10335958 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1999.tb01589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death, characterized by activation of endonucleases that cleave DNA into oligonucleosomal fragments, which can be identified by in situ terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). This process has recently been implicated in cardiac and hepatic allograft rejection, and we investigated its contribution to acute pulmonary allograft rejection and cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonitis by in situ TUNEL of transbronchial biopsy specimens. In situ TUNEL was performed on 70 transbronchial biopsy samples collected from 25 pulmonary allograft recipients for diagnosis of acute rejection or CMV pneumonitis, and the number of apoptotic nuclei/mm2 was correlated with the rejection grade (International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation classification). During acute pulmonary allograft rejection, apoptotic nuclei were demonstrated in pulmonary parenchymal cells and mononuclear infiltrating cells, and the number of apoptotic cells was positively correlated with the rejection grade. In addition, a marked increase in the density of apoptotic cells was found in pulmonary allografts with CMV pneumonitis. We conclude that apoptosis contributes to cell death during acute pulmonary allograft rejection and CMV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P R Hansen
- The Heart Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Törmänen U, Nuorva K, Soini Y, Pääkkö P. Apoptotic activity is increased in parallel with the metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence of the bronchial epithelium. Br J Cancer 1999; 79:996-1002. [PMID: 10070903 PMCID: PMC2362669 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A high level of apoptotic activity and an independence of apoptosis from the expression of p53 and bcl-2 have been observed in non-small-cell lung carcinoma. We examined 44 samples of normal, metaplastic and premalignant (i.e. mild, moderate and severe dysplasias and carcinoma in situ) bronchial epithelia to evaluate whether differences in the apoptotic activity could already be seen in the stages preceding squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (SQCLC). Apoptotic cells and bodies were visualized by 3' end labelling. The expression of p53 and members of the bcl-2 gene family, such as bcl-2, bax and mcl-1, were determined immunohistochemically with specific antibodies. The relative number of apoptotic cells and bodies [apoptotic index (AI%)] was already increased threefold as the normal bronchial epithelium changed to squamous metaplasia, and the AIs of the dysplastic lesions were about four times higher than those of the normal epithelium. Apoptosis was significantly associated with cell proliferation, as determined by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry. However, the extent of apoptosis did not correlate with the expression of p53, bcl-2, bax and mcl-1. We conclude that, in the metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence in the lung, the elevation of the AI% is an early event associated with cell proliferation activity, but is independent of the expression of p53, bcl-2, mcl-1 and bax.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Törmänen
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hirvikoski P, Kumpulainen E, Virtaniemi J, Pirinen R, Salmi L, Halonen P, Johansson R, Kosma VM. Enhanced apoptosis correlates with poor survival in patients with laryngeal cancer but not with cell proliferation, bcl-2 or p53 expression. Eur J Cancer 1999; 35:231-7. [PMID: 10448265 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(98)00347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to analyse apoptosis and bcl-2 expression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with special reference to their prognostic significance, correlation with the clinical and pathological characteristics as well as cell proliferation and p53 accumulation. 172 patients with primary laryngeal SCC were followed-up for a median of 67 months. The volume corrected apoptotic (A/V) index was analysed using an in situ end labelling method (TUNEL) in 85 randomly selected patients. The expression of bcl-2 and p53 was analysed with monoclonal antibodies. The proliferative activity was measured both with Ki-67 (MIB-1) antibody and the volume corrected mitotic (M/V) index. The A/V index was not associated with p53 (P = 0.6) or bcl-2 (P = 0.6) expression or with proliferative parameters (P = 0.9 for M/V and P = 0.3 for MIB-1). The 10-year overall survival in patients with a high A/V index was poorer when compared with patients with a low index (47% versus 81%, P = 0.005), while accumulation of bcl-2 had no prognostic significance (P = 0.5). In Cox multivariate analysis of the whole cohort, stage (P < 0.0005) and histological grade (P = 0.04) were predictors of overall survival. In the subset of patients with an A/V index available, predictors of survival were stage (P = 0.05), A/V index (P = 0.02) and histological grade (P = 0.04). A high A/V index was an independent predictor of poor survival in laryngeal SCC. This effect was not associated with tumour cell proliferation. Accumulations of p53 and bcl-2 were not associated with apoptosis. Expression of bcl-2 lacks any prognostic significance in laryngeal SCC. We propose that assessment of the A/V index may help in selecting patients with poor prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Hirvikoski
- Department of Oncology, Tampere University Hospital, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Borner MM, Brousset P, Pfanner-Meyer B, Bacchi M, Vonlanthen S, Hotz MA, Altermatt HJ, Schlaifer D, Reed JC, Betticher DC. Expression of apoptosis regulatory proteins of the Bcl-2 family and p53 in primary resected non-small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 1999; 79:952-8. [PMID: 10070896 PMCID: PMC2362678 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the Bcl-2 family as well as p53 are important regulators of apoptosis. Alterations in the expression of these proteins can contribute to the formation of cancer, as well as influence tumour response to chemo- and radiotherapy. We used antibodies specific for the human Bcl-2, Mcl-1, Bax, Bak and p53 proteins to examine the expression of these apoptosis-regulating genes in 49 archival specimens of patients with radically resected non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Tumour cells containing immunostaining for the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 were present in 31% and 58% of the cases evaluated, respectively, whereas immunopositivity for the proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bak was found in 47% and 58% of the samples. p53 immunopositivity was detected in 61% of the samples. The expression of Bcl-2 and p53 and the expression of Mcl-1 and Bax showed a positive association (P = 0.02 and P = 0.06 respectively), whereas the expression of Bax was inversely related to p53 (P = 0.008). The expression of Bcl-2 had a negative influence on relapse-free survival in this population of primary resected NSCLC patients (P = 0.02). The expression of p53 and Bcl-2 was significantly associated with metastasis-free survival (P < 0.01). Only patients with p53-positive tumours developed metastases during the follow-up period. Our results establish the frequent expression of the Bcl-2 family proteins Bcl-2, Mcl-1, Bax and Bak in NSCLC. It can be expected that Bcl-2 family members have no straightforward impact on clinical outcome in this disease because their interactions in the regulation of apoptosis are complex.
Collapse
|
25
|
Eerola AK, Ruokolainen H, Soini Y, Raunio H, Pääkkö P. Accelerated apoptosis and low bcl-2 expression associated with neuroendocrine differentiation predict shortened survival in operated large cell carcinoma of the lung. Pathol Oncol Res 1999; 5:179-86. [PMID: 10491014 DOI: 10.1053/paor.1999.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to test the hypothesis that increased apoptotic activity is connected with neuroendocrine differentiation and low differentiation degree in large cell carcinoma (LCLC) and is regulated by bcl-2 family proteins, we analysed the extent of apoptosis and tumor necrosis and their relation to the expression of bcl-2, bax, bak and mcl-1 in 35 LCLCs, of which 20 were classified as large cell neuroendocrine lung carcinomas (LCNEC) and 15 as large cell non-neuroendocrine lung carcinomas (LCNNEC). The extent of apoptosis was determined by detecting and counting the relative and absolute numbers of apoptotic cells and bodies using in situ 3 -end labelling of the apoptotic DNA. The extent and intensity of expression of the bcl-2, bax, bak and mcl-1 proteins were studied by immunohistochemistry. Also the relative volume density of necrosis was evaluated and correlated with the other parameters. Finally, all the parameters were evaluated as prognostic markers and correlated with data on the survival of the patients. Relatively high apoptotic indices were seen in both tumor types (average for both 2.53%, range 0.09 27.01%). Significantly higher bcl-2 and bak indices were detected more often in LCNECs than in LCNNECs. Immunohistochemically detected bax, bcl-2 and bak expression was independent of apoptotic index in both tumor types, while there was a statistically significant positive association between mcl-1 expression and apoptotic index in LCNNEC but not in LCNEC. There was a statistically significant association between high apoptotic index and shortened survival in LCLC. However, no association was found between tumor stage and apoptosis. The patients with LCNEC and low bcl-2 protein expression had a significantly shorter survival time than those with high bcl-2 indices. There was also a clear association between shortened survival and necrotic LCNNEC. LCLCs show relatively high apoptotic activity, which is associated with shortened survival. The expression of bcl-2, bak and mcl- 1 is associated with neuroendocrine differentiation in LCLC. Finally, our results support some previous reports suggesting that bcl-2 expression in combination with some other markers involved in apoptosis and/or proliferation may be of prognostic value in cases of lung carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Eerola
- University of Oulu, Department of Pathology Kajaanintie 52 D, Oulu, FIN-90401, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang X, Jin L, Takenaka I. MVAC chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and p53 alterations in the rat model of bladder cancer. Urology 1998; 52:925-31. [PMID: 9801132 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(98)00364-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the induction of apoptosis by methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) therapy as well as p53 alterations in a rat model of bladder cancer induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN). METHODS At 20 and 28 weeks after starting the administration of BBN, 60 rats (30 at 20 weeks, and 30 at 28 weeks) were divided into an MVAC treatment group (20 rats) and a control group of untreated rats (10 rats). After one intraperitoneal injection of MVAC, the rat bladder was obtained on day 1 or 7 for evaluation of apoptosis by biohistochemical and electron microscopic observations, and of p53 alterations immunohistochemically. RESULTS All tumors were noninvasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) at 20 weeks and invasive TCC at 28 weeks. In comparison with untreated tumors, a threefold increase of apoptotic indexes (Als) was noted in invasive TCC and a twofold increase in noninvasive TCC on day 1 after MVAC therapy. Both decreased Als and a frequent occurrence of apoptotic necrosis were observed on day 7. Occurrence of tumor necrosis was not affected by MVAC therapy, and the extent of necrosis was not related to apoptosis. Detection of p53 alterations, 45% and 40% in MVAC treated and untreated tumors, respectively, did not correlate with Als. CONCLUSIONS MVAC therapy may act through the induction of apoptosis, and invasive TCC cells may be much more sensitive to MVAC therapy in the rat model of bladder cancer. Neither spontaneous nor MVAC-induced apoptosis may be related to p53 alterations in the rat model of bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Department of Urology, Kagawa Medical University Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sirzén F, Zhivotovsky B, Nilsson A, Bergh J, Lewensohn R. Higher spontaneous apoptotic index in small cell compared with non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines; lack of correlation with Bcl-2/Bax. Lung Cancer 1998; 22:1-13. [PMID: 9869102 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(98)00066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous apoptosis was assessed in ten small-cell (SCLC) and five non-small cell (NSCLC) lung carcinoma cell lines by the TUNEL assay and chromatin cleavage. TUNEL staining showed significantly higher apoptotic index (AI) in SCLC (2-20%) compared with NSCLC lines (0.2-1%) in untreated exponentially growing cells. Six out of ten SCLC and none of the NSCLC showed DNA fragmentation when analysed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Field inversion pulse gel electrophoresis was used in a subset of cell lines and showed the presence of high molecular weight fragments in untreated SCLC lines U-1285 and U-1906 cells, but not in the NSCLC line U-1810. Important molecular determinants of apoptosis were studied by Western blot. Bcl-2 was detected at highest level in SCLC. There was no correlation between the ratio Bcl-2/Bax and AI in all tested cell lines. Neither p53 nor c-Myc protein status correlated to AI. Pro-caspase-3 was expressed in all cell lines without correlation to AI and no difference between the SCLC and NSCLC groups was found. In conclusion, this study shows a high degree of spontaneous apoptosis in SCLC lines compared to NSCLC lines unrelated to Bcl-2/Bax ratio.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/pathology
- Caspase 3
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Division
- DNA Fragmentation
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field
- Humans
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- S Phase
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/cytology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/radiation effects
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Sirzén
- Department of Oncology, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Soini Y, Pääkkö P, Lehto VP. Histopathological evaluation of apoptosis in cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1998; 153:1041-53. [PMID: 9777936 PMCID: PMC1853067 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Soini
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sekido Y, Fong KM, Minna JD. Progress in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of human lung cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1378:F21-59. [PMID: 9739759 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-419x(98)00010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We review the molecular pathogenesis of lung cancer including alterations in dominant oncogenes, recessive oncogenes/tumor suppressor genes, alterations in growth regulatory signaling pathways, abnormalities in other pathways, such as apoptosis, autocrine and paracrine growth stimulatory loops, angiogenesis, and host immune responses, other mechanisms of genetic changes, such as microsatellite and methylation alterations, and the potential for inherited predisposition to lung cancer. These changes are related to multistage carcinogenesis involving preneoplastic lesions, and lung development and differentiation. The translational applications of these findings for developing new ways of early detection, prevention, treatment, and prognosis of lung cancer are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Sekido
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-8593, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Soini Y, Törmänen U, Pääkkö P. Apoptosis is inversely related to bcl-2 but not to bax expression in salivary gland tumours. Histopathology 1998; 32:28-34. [PMID: 9522213 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.1998.00334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated the extent of apoptosis in 55 benign and malignant salivary gland tumours and its association with the immunohistochemical expression of bcl-2 and bax. METHODS AND RESULTS Apoptosis was detected in histological sections by the 3'-end DNA labelling method. bcl-2 and bax protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. The frequency of apoptosis was clearly higher in malignant than in benign tumours. In pleomorphic adenomas and Warthin's tumours the average apoptotic index was 0.01% (range 0.00-0.07%) while in the malignant salivary gland tumours it was 0.42% (range 0.00-1.75%). Immunohistochemical bcl-2 expression was observed in all pleomorphic adenomas and Warthin's tumours and in most cases the expression was strong. In malignant tumours, 9/25 cases showed no expression and in the rest of the cases, apart from adenoid cystic carcinomas, the bcl-2 expression was often weak. There were significantly more cases with no or weak bcl-2 positivity in malignant than in benign salivary gland tumours (P = 0.001). There was a statistically significant association between a weak bcl-2 expression and a high frequency of apoptosis (P = 0.02). In contrast to bcl-2, strong bax expression was found in both benign and malignant tumours and was not associated with the frequency of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The low bcl-2 expression in malignant tumours suggests that down-regulation of its expression might contribute to their higher frequency of apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Soini
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Virkajärvi N, Pääkkö P, Soini Y. Association between p53 overexpression, cell proliferation, tumor necrosis and extent of apoptosis in operated pancreatic adenocarcinoma. APMIS 1997; 105:765-72. [PMID: 9368591 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1997.tb05082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the immunohistochemical expression of the p53 protein in 44 ductal pancreatic adenocarcinomas and its relation to cell proliferation, apoptosis and necrosis, three factors affecting tumor growth. The results were evaluated against survival and other clinical parameters of the patients. p53-positivity was found in 18/44 (41%) of the tumors. A positive p53 status was significantly associated with a high extent of necrosis (> or = 10% of tumor tissue)(p = 0.04, Fisher's exact test), with a high immunohistochemical expression of PCNA (p = 0.04, Fisher's exact test) and with a high mitotic count (p = 0.05, two-tailed t test). No statistically significant association was found between p53-positivity and high or low extent of apoptosis as evaluated by in situ labeling of the 3'-ends of the DNA fragments (p = 0.34, Fisher's exact test). Patient survival was not associated with the p53 expression of the tumors or separately with tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis or necrosis. The results suggest that an altered p53 function, as reflected by p53 overexpression, affects tumor growth by promoting cell proliferation and necrosis, but does not show a significant association with the extent of apoptosis in operated pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Virkajärvi
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|