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Guerra LHA, Campos SGP, Taboga SR, Vilamaior PSL. Prostatic morphological changes throughout life: Cytochemistry as a tool to reveal tissue aging markers. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:1020-1030. [PMID: 38186358 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The prostate undergoes normal or pathological morphological changes throughout life. An understanding of these changes is fundamental for the comprehension of aging-related pathological processes such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and cancer. In the present study, we show some of these morphological changes, as well as histochemical techniques like Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin method, Picrosirius Red, and Gömöri's reticulin for use as tools in the study of prostate tissue under light microscopy. For this purpose, prostates of the Mongolian gerbil (n = 9), an experimental model that develops BPH spontaneously, were analyzed at three life stages: young (1 month old), adult (3 months old), and old (15 months old). The results showed that fibrillar components such as collagen, and reticular and elastic fibers, change throughout life. In young animals, the prostate has cuboidal epithelium surrounded by thin layers of smooth muscle, continuous collagen fibers, winding reticular fibers, and sporadic elastic fibers. With adulthood, the epithelium becomes columnar, encircled by compacted muscle cells among slender collagen fibers, elongated reticular fibers, and linear elastic fibers. In aging individuals, the prostate's epithelium stratifies, surrounded by thick muscle layers among dense collagen fibers, disordered reticular fibers, and elastic fibers in different planes. We also identified a few accumulations of lipid droplets and lipofuscin granules in adult animals and high accumulation in old animals evidenced by Oil red O and Gömöri-Halmi techniques, respectively. The histochemical techniques presented here have been demonstrated to be useful and accessible tools in prostate studies. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Cytochemical techniques to study prostate morphology. The prostate changes with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Henrique Alves Guerra
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvana Gisele Pegorin Campos
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Simone Leite Vilamaior
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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da Rocha ES, Gomes FDC, de Oliveira MR, Bruneto RV, Borges RMR, de Carvalho EP, Angeli-Junior EV, Garcia-Filho GF, Doná JPL, de Oliveira Batanero RP, Carlos CP, de Melo-Neto JS. Effects of adjuvant-induced arthritis on the ventral prostate of rats treated with angiotensin AT 1 receptor blocker. Life Sci 2020; 252:117629. [PMID: 32247619 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To analyze the prostatic compartments, extracellular matrix, microvascularization, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and angiotensin II receptors type 1 (AT1) levels, and histopathology of the ventral prostate in a rat model for rheumatoid arthritis, and to evaluate the effect of angiotensin II AT1 receptor blocker (ARB) in the disease. MAIN METHODS Fifteen male rats (90 days old) were divided into three groups (n = 5/group): control, adjuvant-induced arthritis without (AIA) or with AT1 receptor blocker (AIA + ARB). Animals were euthanized 60 days after immunization. The ventral prostate was collected, weighed, and processed for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. KEY FINDINGS Our results show that AIA increases production of the prostatic epithelium and extracellular matrix, accompanied by a reduction in the number of tissue capillaries. ARB treatment promotes decreased production of extracellular matrix and increased TGF-β and AT1 receptor immunostaining. SIGNIFICANCE AIA may activate specific mechanisms that modify the prostatic environment; the use of ARB attenuates some altered prostate parameters in a rat model for arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiana de Campos Gomes
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit (UPGEM), São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
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3
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Della-Colleta HHM, Carvalho HF. Hyaluronan content and distribution in the rat ventral prostate after castration. Biochem Cell Biol 2018. [PMID: 29533730 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2017-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) has been implicated in tissue remodeling, healing, and tumor growth. This study investigated the variation in hyaluronan content, distribution, and metabolism in the rat ventral prostate (VP) in response to androgen deprivation after castration. The mRNA abundance of hyaluronan synthases (Has1-3) and hyaluronidases (Hyal 1-3) were assessed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The results demonstrated an increased concentration, but an overall reduction in HA content. HA was located in both epithelium and stroma of the prostate of both the noncastrated and castrated animals. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that Has1 and Has2 are major synthases, and that Hyal 1 was the predominant hydrolase expressed in the VP. qRT-PCR also showed that Has1 and Has2 mRNA increased transiently after castration, whereas Has3 mRNA declined markedly. While Hyal 1 mRNA increased slowly up to day 21 after castration, Hyal 2 and Hyal 3 mRNA dropped significantly. CD44 was found in the epithelial cells and in some stromal cells in both hormonal conditions. In conclusion, castration results in increased abundance of Has1 and Has2 mRNA, but is associated with a decrease in the total content of HA, with an increased concentration, and a predominance of short-chain HA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa H M Della-Colleta
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hernandes F Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Felix-Patrício B, Miranda AF, Medeiros JL, Gallo CBM, Gregório BM, Souza DB, Costa WS, Sampaio FJB. The prostate after castration and hormone replacement in a rat model: structural and ultrastructural analysis. Int Braz J Urol 2017; 43:957-965. [PMID: 28379662 PMCID: PMC5678530 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2016.0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate if late hormonal replacement is able to recover the prostatic tissue modified by androgenic deprivation. Materials and Methods: 24 rats were assigned into a Sham group; an androgen deficient group, submitted to bilateral orchiectomy (Orch); and a group submitted to bilateral orchiectomy followed by testosterone replacement therapy (Orch+T). After 60 days from surgery blood was collected for determination of testosterone levels and the ventral prostate was collected for quantitative and qualitative microscopic analysis. The acinar epithelium height, the number of mast cells per field, and the densities of collagen fibers and acinar lumen were analyzed by stereological methods under light microscopy. The muscle fibers and types of collagen fibers were qualitatively assessed by scanning electron microscopy and polarization microscopy. Results: Hormone depletion (in group Orch) and return to normal levels (in group Orch+T) were effective as verified by serum testosterone analysis. The androgen deprivation promoted several alterations in the prostate: the acinar epithelium height diminished from 16.58±0.47 to 11.48±0.29μm; the number of mast cells per field presented increased from 0.45±0.07 to 2.83±0.25; collagen fibers density increased from 5.83±0.92 to 24.70±1.56%; and acinar lumen density decreased from 36.78±2.14 to 16.47±1.31%. Smooth muscle was also increased in Orch animals, and type I collagen fibers became more predominant in these animals. With the exception of the densities of collagen fibers and acinar lumen, in animals receiving testosterone replacement therapy all parameters became statistically similar to Sham. Collagen fibers density became lower and acinar lumen density became higher in Orch+T animals, when compared to Sham. This is the first study to demonstrate a relation between mast cells and testosterone levels in the prostate. This cells have been implicated in prostatic cancer and benign hyperplasia, although its specific role is not understood. Conclusion: Testosterone deprivation promotes major changes in the prostate of rats. The hormonal replacement therapy was effective in reversing these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Felix-Patrício
- Instituto de Ciências Humanas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio das Ostras, RJ, Brasil
| | - Alexandre F Miranda
- Urogenital Research Unit, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Carla B M Gallo
- Urogenital Research Unit, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Bianca M Gregório
- Urogenital Research Unit, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Diogo B Souza
- Urogenital Research Unit, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Waldemar S Costa
- Urogenital Research Unit, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Francisco J B Sampaio
- Urogenital Research Unit, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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5
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The prostate response to prolactin modulation in adult castrated rats subjected to testosterone replacement. J Mol Histol 2017; 48:403-415. [PMID: 28988314 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-017-9738-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the androgenic dependence, other hormones, growth factors, and cytokines are necessary to support prostatic growth and maintain the glandular structure; among them, prolactin is a non-steroidal hormone secreted mainly by the pituitary gland. However, extra-pituitary expression of prolactin, such as in the prostate, has also been demonstrated, highlighting the paracrine and autocrine actions of prolactin within the prostate. Here, we investigated whether prolactin modulation alters ventral prostate (VP) morphophysiology in adult castrated rats. Sprague Dawley rats were castrated and after 21 days, divided into ten experimental groups (n = 6/group): castrated control: castrated animals that did not receive treatment; castrated+testosterone: castrated animals that received T (4 mg/kg/day); castrated+PRL (PRL): castrated animals receiving prolactin (0.3 mg/kg/day); castrated+T+PRL: castrated animals that received a combination of testosterone and prolactin; and castrated+bromocriptine (BR): castrated animals that received bromocriptine (0.4 mg/kg/day). The control group included intact animals. The animals were treated for 3 or 10 consecutive days. At the end of experimental period, the animals were euthanized, and the blood and VP lobes were collected and analyzed by different methods. The main findings were that the administration of prolactin to castrated rats did not exert anabolic effects on the VP. Although we observed activation of downstream prolactin signaling after prolactin administration, this was not enough to overcome the prostatic androgen deficiency. Likewise, there was no additional glandular involution in the castrated group treated with bromocriptine. We concluded that despite stimulating the downstream signaling pathway, exogenous prolactin does not act on VP in the absence or presence of high levels of testosterone.
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Barbosa GO, Cervigne NK, Carvalho HF, Augusto TM. Heparanase 1 involvement in prostate physiopathology. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:1194-1202. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme O. Barbosa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology; State University of Campinas; Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Nilva K. Cervigne
- Faculty of Medicine of Jundiai; Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology; Jundiai Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Hernandes F. Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology; State University of Campinas; Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Taize M. Augusto
- Faculty of Medicine of Jundiai; Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology; Jundiai Sao Paulo Brazil
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7
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Puga CC, Beguelini MR, Morielle-Versute E, Vilamaior PS, Taboga SR. The effects of castration followed testosterone supplementation in prostatic complex of Artibeus planirostris (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Tissue Cell 2016; 48:252-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Gonçalves BF, Campos SGPD, Costa CF, Scarano WR, Góes RM, Taboga SR. Key participants of the tumor microenvironment of the prostate: an approach of the structural dynamic of cellular elements and extracellular matrix components during epithelial-stromal transition. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:4-13. [PMID: 25466989 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a multistep process that begins with the transformation of normal epithelial cells and continues with tumor growth, stromal invasion and metastasis. The remodeling of the peritumoral environment is decisive for the onset of tumor invasiveness. This event is dependent on epithelial-stromal interactions, degradation of extracellular matrix components and reorganization of fibrillar components. Our research group has studied in a new proposed rodent model the participation of cellular and molecular components in the prostate microenvironment that contributes to cancer progression. Our group adopted the gerbil Meriones unguiculatus as an alternative experimental model for prostate cancer study. This model has presented significant responses to hormonal treatments and to development of spontaneous and induced neoplasias. The data obtained indicate reorganization of type I collagen fibers and reticular fibers, synthesis of new components such as tenascin and proteoglycans, degradation of basement membrane components and elastic fibers and increased expression of metalloproteinases. Fibroblasts that border the region, apparently participate in the stromal reaction. The roles of each of these events, as well as some signaling molecules, participants of neoplastic progression and factors that promote genetic reprogramming during epithelial-stromal transition are also discussed.
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Delella FK, Lacorte LM, Almeida FLA, Pai MD, Felisbino SL. Fibrosis-related gene expression in the prostate is modulated by doxazosin treatment. Life Sci 2012; 91:1281-7. [PMID: 23069578 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To gain new insights into the molecular mechanisms of action of doxazosin, we investigated the prostatic stroma ultrastructure and the expression of genes involved with fibrosis, such as collagen type I and III (COL1A1 and COL3A1, respectively) and TGF-beta 1, in the rat ventral prostate. MAIN METHODS Adult Wistar rats were treated with doxazosin (25mg/kg/day), and the ventral prostates were excised at 7 and 30days after treatment. Untreated rats were controls. Ventral prostates were subjected to ultrastructural, immunohistochemical, biochemical and molecular analyses. KEY FINDINGS Doxazosin-treated prostates showed thickened bundles of collagen fibrils, activated fibroblasts, enlarged neurotransmitter vesicles and increased tissue immunostaining for collagen type I and type III when compared to untreated prostates. After 7 and 30days of doxazosin treatment mRNA expression of COL1A1 and COL3A1 was significantly increased and reduced, respectively, compared to the control group. TGF-beta 1 mRNA and protein levels were increased after 7days of doxazosin treatment, whereas only mRNA levels remained increased after 30days of treatment. SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest that relaxation of smooth muscle cells by alpha-blockers interferes with the mechanical dynamics of the prostatic stroma extracellular matrix components, generating a pro-fibrotic effect probably via the TGF-beta 1 signaling pathway. Long term treatment with doxazosin may also lead to a reduced turnover of extracellular matrix components. Our results add to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the effects of alpha-blockade on prostatic histoarchitecture and the response to treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia K Delella
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology-University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Short-term stromal alterations in the rat ventral prostate following alloxan-induced diabetes and the influence of insulin replacement. Micron 2011; 43:326-33. [PMID: 22014851 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The stromal microenvironment is pivotal to prostate physiology and malign transformation. Diabetes leads to testosterone withdrawal and affects the prostate stromal compartment and smooth muscle cells in a similar way to that observed after castration. However the response of these cells and their involvement in extracellular matrix remodeling is not satisfactorily understood. We investigated the changes caused in the short term (one week) by alloxan-induced diabetes in the stromal components of the rat ventral prostate (VP) with an emphasis on morphological alterations of stromal cells, their conversion to a myofibroblast phenotype and the remodeling of extracellular matrix and the influence of insulin therapy. Adult male Wistar rats were assigned into untreated diabetic (n=12), insulin-treated (n=8) diabetic and control (n=10) groups. Diabetes was induced by means of the injection of alloxan (40 mg/kg b.w.), while the control animals received saline solution only. Insulin (5 UI) was administered daily for one week after diabetes diagnosis. Testosterone and estrogen plasma levels were determined. VP was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy. The main stromal cells were identified by means of light microscopy, using immunocytochemistry for specific markers - vimentin for fibroblasts, α-actin for smooth muscle cells (smc) and vimentin/calponin for myofibroblasts, following the estimation of their relative frequency and absolute volume by means of stereology. After one week diabetes led to a marked decrease in testosterone levels and an atrophy of about 35% in the VP. The relative frequency of smc and collagen fibers increased in the VP of diabetic rats but their absolute weight remained unchanged. Experimental diabetes promptly altered smc morphology which assumed at the ultrastructural level a shrunken appearance with the approximation of cytoplasmic dense bodies and also exhibited a decreased immunoreactivity to calponin. The conversion of stromal cells to a myofibroblast phenotype did not occur in alloxan-induced diabetes, as evaluated by double immunoreaction to calponin and vimentin. Insulin treatment maintained testosterone levels and preserved at least partly the cell morphology and collagen fiber organization of the prostate stroma in short-term diabetes. The apparent collagen increase observed by means of microscopic analysis in the stromal prostate compartment in the short term after diabetes is mainly associated with gland atrophy and does not involve the formation of new collagen fibers, the generation of myofibroblast-like cells or the acquisition of a secretory phenotype by stromal cells.
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11
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Vieira JSBC, Saraiva KLA, Barbosa MCL, Porto RCC, Cresto JC, Peixoto CA, Wanderley MI, Udrisar DP. Effect of dexamethasone and testosterone treatment on the regulation of insulin-degrading enzyme and cellular changes in ventral rat prostate after castration. Int J Exp Pathol 2011; 92:272-80. [PMID: 21507087 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2011.00772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) has been shown to enhance the binding of androgen and glucocorticoid receptors to DNA in the nuclear compartment. Glucocorticoids cause hyperglycaemia, peripheral resistance to insulin and compensatory hyperinsulinaemia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of dexamethasone (D), testosterone (T) and dexamethasone plus testosterone (D + T) on the regulation of IDE and on the remodelling of rat ventral prostate after castration (C). Castration led to a marked reduction in prostate weight (PW). Body weight was significantly decreased in the castrated animals treated with dexamethasone, and the relative PW was 2.6-fold (±0.2) higher in the D group, 2.8-fold (±0.3) higher in the T group and 6.6-fold (±0.6) higher in the D + T group in comparison with the castrated rats. Ultrastructural alterations in the ventral prostate in response to androgen deprivation were restored after testosterone and dexamethasone plus testosterone treatments and partially restored with dexamethasone alone. The nuclear IDE protein level indicated a 4.3-fold (±0.4) increase in castrated rats treated with D + T when compared with castration alone. Whole-cell IDE protein levels increased approximately 1.5-fold (±0.1), 1.5-fold (±0.1) and 2.9-fold (±0.2) in the D, T and D + T groups, respectively, when compared with castration alone. In conclusion, the present study reports that dexamethasone-induced hyperinsulinaemic condition plus exogenous testosterone treatment leads to synergistic effects of insulin and testosterone in the prostatic growth and in the amount of IDE in the nucleus and whole epithelial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliany S B César Vieira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Campos SG, Gonçalves BF, Scarano WR, Ribeiro DL, Góes RM, Taboga SR. Prostatic stromal cells of old gerbils respond to steroidal blockades creating a microenvironment similar to reactive stroma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomag.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Delella FK, Felisbino SL. Doxazosin treatment alters stromal cell behavior and increases elastic system fibers deposition in rat prostate. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 73:1036-44. [PMID: 20155861 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Doxazosin (DOX), an α-adrenoceptor antagonist, induces the relaxation of smooth muscle cell tonus and reduces the clinical symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). However, the effects of DOX in the prostate stromal microenvironment are not fully known. In a previous study, we showed that DOX treatment for 30 days increased deposition of collagen fibers in the three rat prostatic lobes. Herein, we investigated the effects of DOX on stromal cell ultrastructure and elastic fiber deposition. Adult Wistar rats were treated with DOX (25 mg/kg/day); and the ventral, dorsal, and anterior prostates were excised at 30 days of treatment. The prostatic lobes were submitted to histochemical and stereological-morphometric analyze and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Histochemical staining plus stereological analysis of the elastic fiber system showed that DOX-treated prostatic lobes presented more elaunin and elastic fibers than controls, mainly in the ventral lobe. Ultrastructural analysis showed that fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells from DOX-treated prostates presented active synthetic phenotypes, evidenced by enlarged rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus cisterns, and confirmed the observation of thickened elaunin fibers. Our findings suggest that, under α-adrenergic blockade by DOX, the fibroblasts become more active and smooth muscle cells shift from a predominantly contractile to a more synthetic phenotype. The deposition of collagen and elastic system fibers in the prostatic stroma may counterbalance the absence of smooth muscle tone during α-blockers treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Karina Delella
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP-University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Estofolete CF, Botelho-Machado C, Taboga SR, Zucoloto S, Polli-Lopes AC, Gil CD. Effects of myenteric denervation on extracellular matrix fibers and mast cell distribution in normal stomach and gastric lesions. Cancer Cell Int 2010; 10:18. [PMID: 20569458 PMCID: PMC2908609 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-10-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study the effect of myenteric denervation induced by benzalconium chloride (BAC) on distribution of fibrillar components of extracellular matrix (ECM) and inflammatory cells was investigated in gastric carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Rats were divided in four experimental groups: non-denervated (I) and denervated stomach (II) without MNNG treatment; non-denervated (III) and denervated stomachs (IV) treated with MNNG. For histopathological, histochemical and stereological analysis, sections of gastric fragments were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin, Picrosirius-Hematoxylin, Gomori reticulin, Weigert's Resorcin-Fuchsin, Toluidine Blue and Alcian-Blue/Safranin (AB-SAF). RESULTS BAC denervation causes an increase in the frequency of reticular and elastic fibers in the denervated (group II) compared to the non-denervated stomachs (group I). The treatment of the animals with MNNG induced the development of adenocarcinomas in non-denervated and denervated stomachs (groups III and IV, respectively) with a notable increase in the relative volume of the stroma, the frequency of reticular fibers and the inflammatory infiltrate that was more intense in group IV. An increase in the frequency of elastic fibers was observed in adenocarcinomas of denervated (group IV) compared to the non-denervated stomachs (group III) that showed degradation of these fibers. The development of lesions (groups III and IV) was also associated with an increase in the mast cell population, especially AB and AB-SAF positives, the latter mainly in the denervated group IV. CONCLUSIONS The results show a strong association in the morphological alteration of the ECM fibrillar components, the increased density of mast cells and the development of tumors induced by MNNG in the non-denervated rat stomach or denervated by BAC. This suggests that the study of extracellular and intracellular components of tumor microenvironment contributes to understanding of tumor biology by action of myenteric denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássia F Estofolete
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine - FAMERP, Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima 5416, CEP 15090-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
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15
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Ribeiro DL, Taboga SR, Góes RM. Diabetes induces stromal remodelling and increase in chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans of the rat ventral prostate. Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 90:400-11. [PMID: 19659898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2009.00657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling is an important process involved in prostate cancer progression. Alterations in ECM caused by diabetes in different tissues such as kidney is well described; however, it is poorly investigated in prostate. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in ECM of rat prostate showing gland atrophy caused by diabetes and their implications in development of malignant lesions. Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats using alloxan (45 mg/kg bw). After 90 days of diabetes onset, animals were killed and ventral prostate was removed and prepared for light microscopy following immunoreaction for fibronectin, chondroitin sulphate and Picrossirius staining for collagen fibres. Proteoglycans (PG) were identified at transmission electron microscopy after fixation with Cuprolinic Blue. Diabetes led to a thickening of 25% in the acinar basement membrane accompanied by increase and disorganization of its proteoglycans (P1). Three additional populations of prostatic stromal PGs were identified: collagen fibril linked (P2) and interstitial (P3) and (P4) PGs. Diabetes increased P3 and mainly P4 which had higher dimension and accumulated around the smooth muscle cells. In addition, an increase in chondrotin sulphate (33%, mainly in sites where P4 were noted) and collagen (44%) was noted in diabetic rats, whereas fibronectin did not change. Atrophic changes observed in rat ventral prostate after diabetes are accompanied by stromal remodelation related to increase in collagen and chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans. Thus, diabetes can promote a stromal microenvironment rich in elements that could favour cell migration, proliferation and pathological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lisboa Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas-Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Cordeiro RS, Scarano WR, Campos SG, Santos FC, Vilamaior PS, Góes RM, Taboga SR. Androgen receptor in the Mongolian gerbil ventral prostate: Evaluation during different phases of postnatal development and following androgen blockage. Micron 2008; 39:1312-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Bruni-Cardoso A, Vilamaior PSL, Taboga SR, Carvalho HF. Localized matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activity in the rat ventral prostate during the first week of postnatal development. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 129:805-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Antonioli E, Cardoso AB, Carvalho HF. Effects of long-term castration on the smooth muscle cell phenotype of the rat ventral prostate. JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 2007; 28:777-83. [PMID: 17522419 DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.107.002873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Smooth muscle (SM) is an important component of the prostatic stroma. We previously showed that, despite extensive morphologic changes, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of the rat ventral prostate preserve some differentiation markers 21 days after castration. In the present study, we investigated whether the expression of SMC markers is preserved in the rat ventral prostate after long-term castration. Adult Wistar rats were castrated and sacrificed 100 days after surgery. The ventral prostates were processed for histology, stereology, immunocytochemistry (SM alpha-actin and SM-myosin heavy chain [MHC]), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (smoothelin, sm22, and calponin). The prostates of castrated rats showed significant weight reduction, corresponding to only 5.6% of the control. Stereology showed that SMCs occupied the same proportion of the prostate volume but suffered a significant reduction in absolute volume (5.5% of control). The SMCs were retracted and showed spinous outlines. TEM revealed the presence of an abundant myofibrillar component, dense plaques, and an external lamina in these cells. SMCs were reactive to antibodies against SM alpha-actin and SM-MHC and expressed mRNA for smoothelin, sm22, and calponin. The results confirmed that rat prostatic SMCs are affected by androgen deprivation. Although showing marked phenotypic changes, these cells expressed SMC markers at the protein (SM alpha-actin and SM-MHC) and mRNA (smoothelin, sm22, and calponin) levels. These observations support the idea that SMCs may modulate their phenotypes (contractile vs synthetic) without changing their differentiation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Antonioli
- Department of Cell Biology, UNICAMP, CP6109, 13083-863 Campinas SP, Brazil
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19
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Góes RM, Zanetoni C, Tomiosso TC, Ribeiro DL, Taboga SR. Surgical and chemical castration induce differential histological response in prostate lobes of Mongolian gerbil. Micron 2007; 38:231-6. [PMID: 16919465 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2006.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the short-term alterations in the prostate ventral and dorsal lobe of the adult Mongolian gerbil, in response to two different androgen suppression approaches. Groups (n=6) of 16-week-old gerbils were maintained intact or subjected, either to the bilateral surgical castration 1 week previously or to daily subcutaneous injections of Flutamide (10mg/kg body weight) for 7 days. The main microscopic features of both prostate lobes in these groups were compared using conventional paraffin tissue sections, measurements of acinar epithelial height and stereological data of main gland components (acini, collagen fibers and fibromuscular stroma). Marked alterations were observed in the basement membrane of the ventral lobe after both surgical and chemical castration, such as an increase in thickness and collagen staining. A low degree of epithelial atrophy was detected in the dorsal lobe following both androgen suppression approaches in comparison with that found in the ventral lobe, indicating that this lobe is not so responsive to testosterone ablation induced by castration or Flutamide treatment, at least insofar as secretory activity is concerned. However, the dorsal lobe exhibited marked stromal modification, such as an increase in collagen fibers following castration and an increase in fibromuscular stroma following Flutamide-treatment. Thus, the histological and quantitative data indicates a differential short-term response of the prostate dorsal lobe to surgical castration and Flutamide therapy, suggesting the existence of lobe-specific mechanisms for stromal remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rejane Maira Góes
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University, IBILCE/UNESP, Brazil.
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20
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García-Flórez M, Oliveira CA, Carvalho HF. Early effects of estrogen on the rat ventral prostate. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005; 38:487-97. [PMID: 15962174 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2005000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex interactions between androgen and estrogen (E2) regulate prostatic development and physiology. We analyzed the early effects of a high single dose of E2 (25 mg/kg body weight) and castration (separately or combined) on the adult 90-day-old male Wistar rat ventral prostate. Androgen levels, prostate weight, and the variation in the relative and absolute volume of tissue compartments and apoptotic indices were determined for 7 days. Castration and exogenous E2 markedly reduced ventral prostate weight (about 50% of the control), with a significant reduction in the epithelial compartment and increased stroma. The final volume of the epithelium was identical at day 7 for all treatments (58.5% of the control). However, E2 had an immediate effect, causing a reduction in epithelial volume as early as day 1. An increase in smooth muscle cell volume resulted from the concentration of these cells around the regressing epithelium. The treatments resulted in differential kinetics in epithelial cell apoptosis. Castration led to a peak in apoptosis at day 3, with 5% of the epithelial cells presenting signs of apoptosis, whereas E2 caused an immediate increase (observed on day 1) and a sustained (up to day 7) effect. E2 administration to castrated rats significantly increased the level of apoptosis by day 3, reaching 9% of the epithelial cells. The divergent kinetics between treatments resulted in the same levels of epithelial regression after 7 days (approximately 30% of control). These results show that E2 has an immediate and possibly direct effect on the prostate, and anticipates epithelial cell death before reducing testosterone to levels as low as those of castrated rats. In addition, E2 and androgen deprivation apparently cause epithelial cell death by distinct and independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M García-Flórez
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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21
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dos Santos FCA, Carvalho HF, Góes RM, Taboga SR. Structure, histochemistry, and ultrastructure of the epithelium and stroma in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) female prostate. Tissue Cell 2004; 35:447-57. [PMID: 14580358 DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(03)00071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The female prostate has aroused scientific interest because it is subjected to the same diseases compromising the male prostate during aging. The objective of this work was to characterize structurally, cytochemically, and ultrastructurally the tissue compartments of the normal adult female prostate of Meriones unguiculatus gerbils. The morphological analyses showed that the gerbil's female prostate is constituted of a cluster of glands and ducts inserted in a musculofibrous stroma. The alveolar epithelium is differentiated and consisted of basal proliferating cells, intermediary cells, and secretory cells. The secretory cells are the most numerous cell type and continuously secrete glycoproteins. The basal cells are the source of the secretory cells and they are then responsible for the alveolus renovation. The prostatic stroma is abundant and rich in elastic and collagen fibers, which are closely associated with smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. The results showed that the gerbil's female prostate shows morphological and ultrastructural homology to the human female prostate (Skene's gland), and despite being a small organ, it is a mature and physiologically active gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C A dos Santos
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6109, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Corradi LS, Góes RM, Carvalho HF, Taboga SR. Inhibition of 5-α-reductase activity induces stromal remodeling and smooth muscle de-differentiation in adult gerbil ventral prostate. Differentiation 2004; 72:198-208. [PMID: 15270776 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2004.07205004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostatic differentiation during embryogenesis and its further homeostatic state maintenance during adult life depend on androgens. Dihydrotestosterone, which is synthesized from testosterone by 5 alpha-reductase (5 alpha-r), is the active molecule triggering androgen action within the prostate. In the present work, we examined the effects of 5 alpha-reductase inhibition by finasteride in the ventral prostate (VP) of the adult gerbil, employing histochemical and electron microscopy techniques to demonstrate the morphological and organizational changes of the organ. After 10 days of finasteride treatment at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day, the prostatic complex (VP and dorsolateral prostate) absolute weight was reduced to about 18%. The epithelial cells became short and cuboidal, with less secretory blebs and reduced acid phosphatase activity. The luminal sectional area diminished, suggestive of decreased secretory activity. The stromal/epithelial ratio increased, the stroma becoming thicker but less cellular. There was a striking accumulation of collagen fibrils, which was accompanied by an increase in deposits of amorphous granular material adjacent to the basal lamina and in the clefts between smooth muscle cells (SMC). Additionally, the periacinar smooth muscle became loosely packed. Some SMC were atrophic and showed a denser array of the cytoskeleton, whereas other SMC had a highly irregular outline with numerous spine-like projections. The present data indicate that 5 alpha-r inhibition causes epithelial and stromal changes by affecting intra-prostatic hormone levels. These alterations are probably the result of an imbalance of the homeostatic interaction between the epithelium and the underlying stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara S Corradi
- Department of Cell Biology, UNICAMP, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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23
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Vilamaior PS, Felisbino SL, Taboga SR, Carvalho HF. Collagen fiber reorganization in the rat ventral prostate following androgen deprivation: a possible role for smooth muscle cells. Prostate 2000; 45:253-8. [PMID: 11074528 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0045(20001101)45:3<253::aid-pros8>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroma plays an essential role in glandular function in different systems. In the prostate, it is responsible for the development and maintenance of the differentiated state of the epithelium. The marked reduction in the epithelial compartment of the prostate gland following castration is followed by a similarly important reorganization of the stroma. In this work, we characterized the reorganization of collagen fibers in the ventral prostate of castrated rats. METHODS Histochemical tests and immunohistochemistry for type I and III collagens plus confocal microscopy of triple-labeled (collagen III, actin, and DNA) tissue sections were employed. RESULTS We showed that collagen fibers are composed of type I and type III collagens and that they are progressively concentrated around the epithelial structures (ducts and acini) and become increasingly undulated and folded. Double-labeling of collagen fibers and F-actin demonstrated that smooth muscle cells (SMC) are intimately associated with collagen fibers. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated a marked reorganization of the collagen fibers, and suggest an active role of the SMC in the reorganization of the fibrillar components of the stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Vilamaior
- Department of Cell Biology, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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