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Wang Z, Zhang F, Jin Q, Wang Y, Wang W, Deng D. Transcriptome analysis of different life-history stages and screening of male-biased genes in Daphnia sinensis. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:589. [PMID: 35964016 PMCID: PMC9375365 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the life history of Daphnia, the reproductive mode of parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction alternate in aquatic ecosystem, which are often affected by environmental and genetic factors. Recently, the sex-biased genes are of great significance for clarifying the origin and evolution of reproductive transformation and the molecular regulation mechanism of sex determination in Daphnia. Although some genes on reproductive transition of Daphnia had been researched, molecular mechanism on the maintenance of sexually dimorphic phenotypes of Daphnia are still not well known, including differentially expressed genes in different life-history stages. Results In this study, four life-history stages of Daphnia sinensis, juvenile female (JF), parthenogenetic female (PF), sexual female (SF) and male (M), were performed for transcriptome, and male-biased genes were screened. A total of 110437 transcripts were obtained and assembled into 22996 unigenes. In the four life-history stages (JF, PF, SF and M), the number of unique unigenes is respectively 2863, 445, 437 and 586, and the number of common unigenes is 9708. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between male and other three female stages (M vs JF, M vs PF and M vs SF) were 4570, 4358 and 2855, respectively. GO gene enrichment analysis showed that the up-regulated genes in male were mainly enriched in hydrolase activity and peptidase activity. Thirty-six genes in male were significantly higher expression than in the three female stages, including one Doublesex (Dsx) gene, one laminin gene, five trypsin genes and one serine protease genes, and one chitin synthase gene and two chitinase genes. Conclusions Our results showed that thirty-six candidate genes may be as the male-biased genes involving in the maintenance of sexually dimorphic phenotypes. This work will provide a reference for further exploring the functional genes related to sex differentiation in Daphnia species. Moreover, according to previous investigations, we thought that the expression level of functional genes may be related to the life-history stages of organisms, and may be also affected by different Daphnia species. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08824-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, 100 Dongshan Road, Huaibei, Anhui, China
| | - Feiyun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, 100 Dongshan Road, Huaibei, Anhui, China
| | - Qide Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, 100 Dongshan Road, Huaibei, Anhui, China
| | - Yeping Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, 100 Dongshan Road, Huaibei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenping Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, 100 Dongshan Road, Huaibei, Anhui, China.
| | - Daogui Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, 100 Dongshan Road, Huaibei, Anhui, China.
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Piprek RP, Kloc M, Kubiak JZ. Early Development of the Gonads: Origin and Differentiation of the Somatic Cells of the Genital Ridges. Results Probl Cell Differ 2016; 58:1-22. [PMID: 27300173 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31973-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The earliest manifestation of gonadogenesis in vertebrates is the formation of the genital ridges. The genital ridges form through the transformation of monolayer coelomic epithelium into a cluster of somatic cells. This process depends on increased proliferation of coelomic epithelium and disintegration of its basement membrane, which is foreshadowed by the expression of series of regulatory genes. The earliest expressed gene is Gata4, followed by Sf1, Lhx9, Emx2, and Cbx2. The early genital ridge is a mass of somatic SF1-positive cells (gonadal precursor cells) that derive from proliferating coelomic epithelium. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) immigrate to the coelomic epithelium even in the absence of genital ridges, e.g., in mouse null mutants for Gata4. And conversely, the PGCs are not required for the formation of the genital ridges. After reaching genital ridges, the PGCs become enclosed by somatic cells derived from coelomic epithelium. Subsequently, the expression of sex-determining genes begins and the bipotential gonads differentiate into either testes or ovaries. Gonadal precursor cells, derived from coelomic epithelium, give rise to the somatic supporting cells such as Sertoli cells, follicular cells, and probably also peritubular myoid and steroidogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal P Piprek
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Kloc
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jacek Z Kubiak
- CNRS, UMR 6290, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Cell Cycle Group, 35043, Rennes, France
- Université Rennes 1, UEB, UMS Biosit, Faculty of Medicine, 35043, Rennes, France
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The involvement of proliferation and apoptosis in the early human gonad development. J Mol Histol 2012; 44:55-63. [PMID: 23070517 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-012-9455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Distributions of the Ki-67, TP53, caspase-3 and AIFM1 markers were histologically investigated in the 5th to 9th week developing gonads of 12 human conceptuses using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence methods. Between the 5th and 8th developmental week, proliferation gradually increased in the surface gonad epithelium (26-52 %) and stroma (19-42 %), but then slightly decreased in the surface epithelium (35 %) during the early foetal period. In medulla, low proliferation activity decreased from 15 to 12 % between the 7th and 9th week. At earliest stages of gonadal development, primordial germ cells (PGC) were only rarely TP53 positive. In the 7th and 8th week, almost all PGC-s displayed TP53 positivity, while their number decreased in early fetal period. During the investigated period, caspase-3 reactivity gradually decreased in surface epithelium, while it increased in PGC and medulla of developing gonad AIFM1-positivity first appeared in surface gonad epithelium and then predominantly in PCG-s while caspase-3 characterized different cell populations within the developing gonad. AIFM1 and caspase-3 co-localized only during the migration of PCG-s. The number and distribution of Ki-67, TP53, caspase-3 and AIFM1 reacting cells changed coincidently with development end regression of the sex cords in indifferent and early fetal gonad. Our results indicate that the number of PGC might be controlled by balance of TP53 and AIFM1, leading to caspase-3 independent cell death. Other cell populations are probably eliminated by caspase-3-dependent cell death. Both pathways of cell death seem to operate during early human gonad development, while their intensity varies depending on the cell type and developmental period analysed.
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Saotome K, Isomura T, Seki T, Nakamura Y, Nakamura M. Structural changes in gonadal basement membranes during sex differentiation in the frog Rana rugosa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 313:369-80. [PMID: 20535767 DOI: 10.1002/jez.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Here we report that structural changes in gonadal basement membranes during sex differentiation in the frog Rana rugosa are revealed using an antibody to its laminin component. Immunohistochemical staining indicated that the first sexual dimorphism appeared in testicular cords and ovarian cavities in differentiating gonads of tadpoles at St. 25-3W, three weeks after they reached St. 25. During development, as the testis enlarged, testicular cord partitions appeared to form by invagination of the testicular epithelium. Ovarian cavities also increased in volume. Laminin-positive basement membranes initially surrounded a partial surface of oocytes close to the ovarian cavity, fully covering growing oocytes by St. X. Laminin-reactive signals were present in somatic cells outside seminiferous tubules in the testis and outside oocytes in one-year-old frogs. BrdU-labeling showed that the number of dividing germ cells increased continuously in male gonads but increased in females only up to St. V, declining at St. X and thereafter. The number of dividing germ cells declined when the basement membranes had fully covered the oocytes. Together, these findings suggest that the first sexual dimorphism in the gonad of R. rugosa first appears as a structural change in the basement membranes. Finally, we speculate that the basement membrane on the surface of oocytes may affect their proliferation in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Saotome
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Falconi R, Dalpiaz D, Zaccanti F. Ultrastructural aspects of gonadal morphogenesis inBufo bufo (Amphibia Anura) 1. sex differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 301:378-88. [PMID: 15114645 DOI: 10.1002/jez.a.20069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The morphogenesis of gonads in Bufo bufo tadpoles was studied, and ultrastructural differences between sexes were identified. All specimens analyzed initially developed gonads made up of a peripheral fertile layer (cortex) surrounding a small primary cavity. Subsequently a central layer of somatic cells (medulla) developed. Both layers were separated by two uninterrupted basal laminae between which a vestige of the primary cavity persisted. During female differentiation, the peripheral layer continued to be the fertile layer. In males, the central layer blended into the peripheral layer and the basal laminae disappeared. The somatic cells of the central layer came into direct contact with the germ cells; this did not occur in females. Testicular differentiation continued with the migration of germ cells towards the center of the gonad. The somatic elements surrounding the germ cells appeared to play an active role in their transfer to the center of the gonad. The peripheral layer shrank and became sterile. Two basal laminae then re-formed to separate the fertile central layer from the peripheral sterile one. Germ cells have always been thought to perform a passive role in sex differentiation in amphibians. Following the generally accepted "symmetric model", the mechanism of gonad development is symmetrical, with cortical somatic cells determining ovarian differentiation and medullary somatic cells determining testicular differentiation. In contrast, we found that sex differentiation follows an "asymmetric" pattern in which germ cells tend primarily toward a female differentiation and male differentiation depends on a secondary interaction between germ cells and medullary somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Falconi
- Department of Biology, University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Koulish S, Kramer CR, Grier HJ. Organization of the male gonad in a protogynous fish, Thalassoma bifasciatum (Teleostei: Labridae). J Morphol 2002; 254:292-311. [PMID: 12386899 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although the testis in teleosts has been investigated for many years, little attention has been paid to the structure of the outer layers that enclose the testis and to their possible contributions to its organization. The present study in a protogynous male labrid, Thalassoma bifasciatum (bluehead wrasse), describes the arrangement and cytology of these tissues (for convenience, referred to collectively as the outer wall, OW) which include: the outer peritoneal layer and subjacent collagen fibers, myoid cells and diverse other cells and tissues, e.g., fibrocytes, presumptive mesenchyme, macrophages, granulocytes, nerves, and blood vessels. Beneath the OW are two compartments; one is the gamete-laden spermatocysts, the other the interstitium, which is composed of cells and tissues that lie between the spermatocysts. Both OW and interstitium contain similar kinds of tissues and cells. Moreover, the layers of the OW immediately subjacent to the peritoneum are continuous with that in the interstitium. It is suggested that the continuity between these two areas provides opportunities for the exchange of cells that could aid in the maintenance and reorganization of the testis and with the myoid and neural tissue to establish an extensive, coordinated motile system that aids movement of sperm from spermatocysts to the ducts. A recent report on the reexamination of the germinal epithelium concept and its identification in the common snook, Centropomus undecimalis, stimulated us to examine the feasibility of applying this concept to gonad organization and gamete development in T. bifasciatum. In addition, the ultrastructure of the Sertoli cell and formation of spermatocysts are described. Spermatocysts increase in size during the development of gametes. Observations and discussion are presented suggesting how Sertoli cells may accommodate this growth and how new populations of these cells may arise in the mature adult. Finally, ultrastructural characteristics for each stage of spermatogenesis are presented and, using (3H)thymidine and autoradiography, data on the chronology of spermatogonia-sperm cycle are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Koulish
- Center for Fisheries Enhancement, The Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida 34236, USA.
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Mazaud S, Oréal E, Guigon CJ, Carré-Eusèbe D, Magre S. Lhx9 expression during gonadal morphogenesis as related to the state of cell differentiation. Gene Expr Patterns 2002; 2:373-7. [PMID: 12617828 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-133x(02)00050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lhx9 (LIM/Homeobox gene 9) encodes a transcription factor implicated in various developmental processes, including gonadogenesis. Our observations in the rat show that Lhx9 expression present in undifferentiated gonads disappears as epithelial cells differentiate into Sertoli cells and begin to express AMH. In rat and in chick testes, Lhx9 expression present in interstitial cells decreases progressively to become undetectable after birth. In the female rat, Lhx9 is highly expressed in epithelial ovigerous cords of the fetal ovary. Its expression is down-regulated as epithelial cells differentiate into granulosa cells during the process of folliculogenesis occurring at birth. If this process is impaired by the lack of oocytes, ovigerous cord organization is maintained together with Lhx9 expression. In conclusion, Lhx9 expression can be inversely correlated with the commitment into a differentiation pathway of the different categories of mesothelium-derived cells of the gonad.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mazaud
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et Physiopathologie, CNRS-UMR 7079, Université Paris VI, 7 quai Saint-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
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Pelliniemi LJ, Fröjdman K. Structural and regulatory macromolecules in sex differentiation of gonads. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 2001; 290:523-8. [PMID: 11555860 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The manifestations of sex determination were studied in vivo by detection and localization of structural and regulatory macromolecules (type IV collagen alpha 1, alpha 2, alpha 3, alpha 4, and alpha 5; laminin alpha 5, beta 1, and beta 2; cytokeratins 18 and 19, desmin, vimentin; integrin alpha(6;) anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH); and SOX9 in developing male and female gonads by light and electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and protein analysis. The goal has been to find sex-related differences and on this basis to offer new molecules to be tested further for a possible role in sex determination. Specific antibodies for each molecule or for a defined subchain were used to allow tentative correlation with specific genes. Sex-dependent differences in timing and localization were found in laminin alpha 5; collagen, alpha 3, alpha 4, and alpha 5; cytokeratin 19; AMH; and SOX9. On this basis we hypothesize that the transcription factors for the mentioned structural proteins must be directly or indirectly involved in the regulatory chain of gonadal sex differentiation. Especially promising is the finding in the rat that laminin alpha 5 chain disappears from the basement membrane of embryonic testicular cords (Sertoli cells) when AMH secretion by Sertoli cells starts, and that the same chain reappears as the AMH disappears two weeks after birth. Via AMH as an intermediary factor, we now have for the first time a putative cascade of regulatory molecules from SRY, SF1, and SOX9 to a component of a structural protein (laminin alpha 5 chain) which directly participates in the formation of the basement membrane of the testicular cords. J. Exp. Zool. 290:523-528, 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Pelliniemi
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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Clinton M, Haines LC. An overview of factors influencing sex determination and gonadal development in birds. EXS 2001:97-115. [PMID: 11301602 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7781-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The morphological development of the embryonic gonads is very similar in birds and mammals, and recent evidence suggests that the genes involved in this process are conserved between these classes of vertebrates. The genetic mechanism by which sex is determined in birds remains to be elucidated, although recent studies have reinforced the contention that steroids may play an important role in the structural development of the testes and ovaries in birds. So far, few genes have been assigned to the avian sex chromosomes, but it is known that the Z and W chromosomes do not share significant homology with the mammalian X and Y chromosomes. The commercial importance of poultry breeding has motivated considerable investment in developing physical and genetic maps of the chicken genome. These efforts, in combination with modern molecular approaches to analyzing gene expression, should help to elucidate the sex-determining mechanism in birds in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clinton
- Department of Gene Expression & Development, Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK
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Silversides DW, Pilon N, Behdjani R, Boyer A, Daneau I, Lussier J. Genetic manipulation of sex differentiation and phenotype in domestic animals. Theriogenology 2001; 55:51-63. [PMID: 11198088 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(00)00445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, a gene based sex determination system ensures that approximately 50% of offspring will be of the male sex and 50% will be of the female sex. In domestic animal production systems, this ratio is not always ideal. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular biology of sex determination and differentiation, as well as in the control of gene expression and the direct modification of animal genomes, allows us to consider methods for the direct genetic manipulation of sexual phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Silversides
- Centre de recherche en reproduction animale (CRRA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, St. Hyacinthe Québec, Canada J2S 7C6.
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Stratakis CA, Rennert OM. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: molecular genetics and alternative approaches to treatment. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1999; 36:329-63. [PMID: 10486704 DOI: 10.1080/10408369991239222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Several autosomal recessive disorders affecting the adrenal cortex and its development and leading to defective cortisol biosynthesis are known under the collective term "congenital adrenal hyperplasia" (CAH). Over the last two decades, the genes causing most of these disorders have been identified and molecular genetics may supplement their clinical and biochemical diagnosis. In addition, new treatments have emerged; although gene therapy has yet to be applied in humans, studies are ongoing in gene transfer in adrenocortical cell lines and animal models. In this review, after a brief introduction on the developmental biology and biochemistry of the adrenal cortex and its enzymes, we will list the new developments in the genetics and treatment of diseases causing CAH, starting with the most recent findings. This order happens to follow adrenal steroidogenesis from the mitochondrial entry of cholesterol to cortisol synthesis; it is unlike other presentations of CAH syndromes that start with the most frequently seen syndromes, because the latter were also the first to be investigated at the genetic level and have been extensively reviewed elsewhere. We will start with the latest syndrome to be molecularly investigated, congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia (CLAH), which is caused by mutations in the gene coding for the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein. We will then present new developments in the genetics of 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta HSD), 17 hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase (P450c17), 11 hydroxylase (P450c11 beta), and 21 hydroxylase (P450c21) deficiencies. Alternative treatment approaches and gene therapy experiments are reviewed collectively in the last section, because they are still in their infantile stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Stratakis
- Unit on Genetics and Endocrinology (UGEN), National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1862, USA
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