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Hariri F, Malek RA, Abdullah NA, Hassan SF. Midface hypoplasia in syndromic craniosynostosis: predicting craniofacial growth via a novel regression model from anatomical morphometric analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2024; 53:293-300. [PMID: 37739816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Midface hypoplasia in syndromic craniosynostosis (SC) may lead to serious respiratory issues. The aim of this study was to analyse the morphometric correlation between midface and cranial base parameters in paediatric SC patients in order to formulate predictive regression models. The computed tomography scans of 18 SC patients and 20 control were imported into Materialise Mimics Medical version 21.0 software for the measurement of multiple craniofacial landmarks and correlation analysis. The results showed a strong correlation of anterior cranial base (SN), posterior cranial base (SBa), and total cranial base (NBa) (r = 0.935) to maxilla length and width (ZMR-ZML) (r = 0.864). The model of NBa = - 1.554 + 1.021(SN) + 0.753(SBa) with R2 = 0.875 is proposed to demonstrate the development of the cranial base that causes a certain degree of midface hypoplasia in SC patients. The formula is supported using a prediction model of ZMR-ZML = 5.762 + 0.920(NBa), with R2 = 0.746. The mean absolute difference and standard deviation between the predicted and true NBa and ZMR-ZML were 2.08 ± 1.50 mm and 3.11 ± 2.32 mm, respectively. The skeletal growth estimation models provide valuable foundation for further analysis and potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hariri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - R A Malek
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N A Abdullah
- Mathematics Division, Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S F Hassan
- Mathematics Division, Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Zulkipli NS, Satari SZ, Hariri F, Abdullah NA, Wan Yusoff WNS, Hussin AG. Cranial Morphology Associated With Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Potential Detection of Abnormality in Patient's Cranial Growth Using Angular Statistics. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2023; 60:1484-1493. [PMID: 35711157 DOI: 10.1177/10556656221107524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apert, Crouzon, and Pfeiffer syndromes are common genetic syndromes related to syndromic craniosynostosis (SC), whereby it is a congenital defect that occurs when the cranial growth is distorted. Identifying cranial angles associated with these 3 syndromes may assist the surgical team to focus on a specific cranial part during the intervention planning, thus optimizing surgical outcomes and reducing potential morbidity. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to identify the cranial angles, which are associated with Apert, Crouzon, and Pfeiffer syndromes. METHODS The cranial computed tomography scan images of 17 patients with SC and 22 control groups aged 0 to 12 years who were treated in the University Malaya Medical Centre were obtained, while 12 angular measurements were attained using the Mimics software. The angular data were then divided into 2 groups (patients aged 0 to 24 months and >24 months). This work proposes a 95% confidence interval (CI) for angular mean to detect the abnormality in patient's cranial growth for the SC syndromes. RESULTS The 95% CI of angular mean for the control group was calculated and used as an indicator to confirm the abnormality in patient's cranial growth that is associated with the 3 syndromes. The results showed that there are different cranial angles associated with these 3 syndromes. CONCLUSIONS All cranial angles of the patients with these syndromes lie outside the 95% CI of angular mean of control group, indicating the reliability of the proposed CI in the identification of abnormality in the patient's cranial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Syahirah Zulkipli
- Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Zanariah Satari
- Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Firdaus Hariri
- Oro-Craniomaxillofacial Research and Surgical Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norli Anida Abdullah
- Mathematics Division, Centre for Foundation Studies in Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Abdul Ghapor Hussin
- Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Cha BK, Choi DS, Jang IS, Yook HT, Lee SY, Lee SS, Lee SK. Aberrant growth of the anterior cranial base relevant to severe midface hypoplasia of Apert syndrome. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 2018; 40:40. [PMID: 30591916 PMCID: PMC6289935 DOI: 10.1186/s40902-018-0179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A 9-year-old male showed severe defects in midface structures, which resulted in maxillary hypoplasia, ocular hypertelorism, relative mandibular prognathism, and syndactyly. He had been diagnosed as having Apert syndrome and received a surgery of frontal calvaria distraction osteotomy to treat the steep forehead at 6 months old, and a surgery of digital separation to treat severe syndactyly of both hands at 6 years old. Nevertheless, he still showed a turribrachycephalic cranial profile with proptosis, a horizontal groove above supraorbital ridge, and a short nose with bulbous tip. Methods Fundamental aberrant growth may be associated with the cranial base structure in radiological observation. Results The Apert syndrome patient had a shorter and thinner nasal septum in panthomogram, PA view, and Waters' view; shorter zygomatico-maxillary width (83.5 mm) in Waters' view; shorter length between the sella and nasion (63.7 mm) on cephalogram; and bigger zygomatic axis angle of the cranial base (118.2°) in basal cranial view than a normal 9-year-old male (94.8 mm, 72.5 mm, 98.1°, respectively). On the other hand, the Apert syndrome patient showed interdigitating calcification of coronal suture similar to that of a normal 30-year-old male in a skull PA view. Conclusion Taken together, the Apert syndrome patient, 9 years old, showed retarded growth of the anterior cranial base affecting severe midface hypoplasia, which resulted in a hypoplastic nasal septum axis, retruded zygomatic axes, and retarded growth of the maxilla and palate even after frontal calvaria distraction osteotomy 8 years ago. Therefore, it was suggested that the severe midface hypoplasia and dysostotic facial profile of the present Apert syndrome case are closely relevant to the aberrant growth of the anterior cranial base supporting the whole oro-facial and forebrain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Kuen Cha
- 1Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Dong Soon Choi
- 1Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - In San Jang
- 1Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Yook
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Chunbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Seung Youp Lee
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Chunbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Sang Shin Lee
- 3Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 123 Chibyun-dong, Gangneung, 210-702 South Korea
| | - Suk Keun Lee
- 3Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 123 Chibyun-dong, Gangneung, 210-702 South Korea
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Shoja MM, Ramdhan R, Jensen CJ, Chern JJ, Oakes WJ, Tubbs RS. Embryology of the craniocervical junction and posterior cranial fossa, part II: Embryogenesis of the hindbrain. Clin Anat 2018; 31:488-500. [PMID: 29344994 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although pathology of the hindbrain and its derivatives can have life altering effects on a patient, a comprehensive review on its embryology is difficult to find in the peer-reviewed medical literature. Therefore, this review article, using standard search engines, seemed timely. The embryology of the hindbrain is complex and relies on a unique timing of various neurovascular and bony elements. Derailment of these developmental processes can lead to a wide range of malformations such as the Chiari malformations. Therefore, a good working knowledge of this embryology as outlined in this review of the hindbrain is important for those treating patients with involvement of this region of the central nervous system. Clin. Anat. 31:488-500, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadali M Shoja
- Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rebecca Ramdhan
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University School of Medicine, Grenada
| | - Chad J Jensen
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University School of Medicine, Grenada
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Hamzaoglu V, Aktekin M, Ismi O, Ozalp H, Karşiyaka D, Baskan FC, Vayisoglu Y, Arpaci RB, Cayan F, Eti CM, Cakir EE, Gocer P, Turkegun M, Kanik A, Bagdatoglu C, Talas DU. The Measurement of Various Anatomical Structures and Assessment of Morphometric Development of Fetal Skull Base. J Craniofac Surg 2018; 29:e232-e238. [PMID: 29381626 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000004260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the skull base has a complex anatomy, we underline the importance of anomalies for side asymmetry. It is useful to investigate relationship between anatomical structures for the surgical procedure orientations. Dural adherence, enlarged superior petrosal sinus, influence of neural crest cells, and cranial base ossification are among the factors in morphometric growth on skull base. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-five fetuses of an estimated gestational age ranging from 17 to 34 weeks were studied in the Anatomy Laboratory of Mersin University Medical Faculty. Craniotomy was made to each fetus and brain hemispheres were dissected. We put plates, passing from the external points of lateral and anterior-posterior borders of fetus heads that are perpendicular to each other. An analytical calculation was formulated for the angle of foraminae to the root of zygoma by using different formulations depending on their posterior or anterior location to the root of zygoma. Statistical method was based on correlation analysis, simple regression, independent 2 group t tests, SPSS20.0, and MedCalc 11.5 (MedicReS, New York, NY). RESULTS Neither side dominance for the jugular foramen, nor the differences of foramen rotundum, spinosum, and ovale to anterior skull wall, root of zygoma, and to midline were found to be significant. CONCLUSION There is a debate on asymmetry of foramina of the skull base. No certain consensus about the initiation time and the causes of asymmetry in the past was documented. Studies are to be encouraged to further enlighten pre-postnatal factors affecting the fetal skull base morphometrism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vural Hamzaoglu
- Neurosurgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Yenisehir-Mersin, Turkey
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Li J, Li S. The Phenotypes of Spheno-Occipital Synchondrosis in Patients With Crouzon Syndrome. J Craniofac Surg 2016; 27:1244-6. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000002732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Hong SJ, Cha BG, Kim YS, Lee SK, Chi JG. Tongue Growth during Prenatal Development in Korean Fetuses and Embryos. J Pathol Transl Med 2015; 49:497-510. [PMID: 26471340 PMCID: PMC4696530 DOI: 10.4132/jptm.2015.09.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prenatal tongue development may affect oral-craniofacial structures, but this muscular organ has rarely been investigated. Methods: In order to document the physiology of prenatal tongue growth, we histologically examined the facial and cranial base structures of 56 embryos and 106 fetuses. Results: In Streeter’s stages 13–14 (fertilization age [FA], 28 to 32 days), the tongue protruded into the stomodeal cavity from the retrohyoid space to the cartilaginous mesenchyme of the primitive cranial base, and in Streeter’s stage 15 (FA, 33 to 36 days), the tongue rapidly swelled and compressed the cranial base to initiate spheno-occipital synchondrosis and continued to swell laterally to occupy most of the stomodeal cavity in Streeter’s stage 16–17 (FA, 37 to 43 days). In Streeter’s stage 18–20 (FA, 44 to 51 days), the tongue was vertically positioned and filled the posterior nasopharyngeal space. As the growth of the mandible and maxilla advanced, the tongue was pulled down and protruded anteriorly to form the linguomandibular complex. Angulation between the anterior cranial base (ACB) and the posterior cranial base (PCB) was formed by the emerging tongue at FA 4 weeks and became constant at approximately 124°–126° from FA 6 weeks until birth, which was consistent with angulations measured on adult cephalograms. Conclusions: The early clockwise growth of the ACB to the maxillary plane became harmonious with the counter-clockwise growth of the PCB to the tongue axis during the early prenatal period. These observations suggest that human embryonic tongue growth affects ACB and PCB angulation, stimulates maxillary growth, and induces mandibular movement to achieve the essential functions of oral and maxillofacial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jeong Hong
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Gangnueng-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Bong Geun Cha
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Gangnueng-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Yeon Sook Kim
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Sciences, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Suk Keun Lee
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Gangnueng-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Je Geun Chi
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Hutchinson EF, Kieser JA, Kramer B. Morphometric growth relationships of the immature human mandible and tongue. Eur J Oral Sci 2014; 122:181-9. [PMID: 24712417 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The masticatory apparatus is a highly adaptive musculoskeletal complex comprising several relatively independent structural components, which assist in functions including feeding and breathing. We hypothesized that the tongue is elemental in the maintenance of normal ontogeny of the mandible and in its post-natal growth and development, and tested this using a morphometric approach. We assessed tongue and mandibular measurements in 174 (97 male) human cadavers. Landmark lingual and mandibular data were gathered individuals aged between 20 gestational weeks and 3 yr postnatal. In this analysis, geometric morphometrics assisted in visualizing the morphometrical growth changes in the mandible and tongue. A linear correlation in conjunction with principal component analysis further visualized the growth relationship between these structures. We found that the growth of the tongue and mandible were intrinsically linked in size and shape between 20 gestational weeks and 24 months postnatal. However, the mandible continued to change in shape and size into the 3rd yr of life, whereas the tongue only increased in size over this same period of time. These findings provide valuable insights into the allometric growth relationship between these structures, potentially assisting the clinician in predicting the behaviour of these structures in the assessment of malocclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin F Hutchinson
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Richards GD, Jabbour RS. Foramen Magnum Ontogeny in Homo sapiens: A Functional Matrix Perspective. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 294:199-216. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mérida Velasco JR, Rodríguez Vázquez JF, de la Cuadra Blanco C, Sanz Casado JV, Mérida Velasco JA. Incidence and development of the human supracochlear cartilage. Cells Tissues Organs 2010; 193:151-7. [PMID: 20881354 DOI: 10.1159/000317126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The supracochlear cartilage is known as an accessory cartilage of the chondrocranium situated between the otic capsule and the trigeminal ganglion. Although claimed to appear regularly during human development, its incidence and development have been reported only scarcely in the literature. The aim of this study was to describe the position and relationships of the supracochlear cartilage during its development. This study was made in 96 human specimens of 7-17 weeks of development, belonging to a collection of the Embryology Institute of Complutense University of Madrid. In addition, three-dimensional reconstruction of the supracochlear cartilage was made from 1 specimen. This cartilage, spherical in shape, appeared bilaterally in 23 specimens and unilaterally (left side) in 5. In our results, the supracochlear cartilage was found in 26.5% of the cases and was related to the trigeminal ganglion, the dura mater of the trigeminal cavity and the otic capsule. In 4 specimens, bilaterally, the supracochlear cartilage was continuous with the otic capsule. This work suggests that, based on the structures to which the supracochlear cartilage is related, it could be derived from the cranial neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Mérida Velasco
- Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humana II, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Understanding the formation of maxillary sinus in Japanese human foetuses using cone beam CT. Surg Radiol Anat 2010; 32:745-51. [PMID: 20490493 PMCID: PMC2945628 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-010-0678-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The formation of the maxillary sinus (MS) is tied to the maturation of the craniofacial bones during development. The MS and surrounding bone matrices in Japanese foetal specimens were inspected using cone beam computed tomography relative to the nasal cavity (NC) and the surrounding bones, including the palatine bone, maxillary process, inferior nasal concha and lacrimal bone. The human foetuses analysed were 223.2 ± 25.9 mm in crown-rump length (CRL) and ranged in estimated age from 20 to 30 weeks of gestation. The amount of bone in the maxilla surrounding the MS increased gradually between 20 and 30 weeks of gestation. Various calcified structures that formed the bone matrix were found in the cortical bone of the maxilla, and these calcified structures specifically surrounded the deciduous tooth germs. By 30 weeks of gestation, the uncinate process of the ethmoid bone formed a border with the maxilla. The distance from the midline to the maximum lateral surface border of the MS combined with the width from the midline to the maximum lateral surface border of the inferior nasal concha showed a high positive correlation with CRL in Japanese foetuses. There appears to be a complex correlation between the MS and NC formation during development in the Japanese foetus. Examination of the surrounding bone indicated that MS formation influences maturation of the maxilla and the uncinate process of the ethmoid bone during craniofacial bone development.
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Kim SM, Lee YJ, Lee SS, Kim YS, Lee SK, Kim IB, Chi JG. Abnormal maxillary trapezoid pattern in human fetal cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2008; 45:131-40. [PMID: 18333644 DOI: 10.1597/06-077.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate abnormal growth patterns of human fetal maxillae with cleft lip and palate (CLP). SUBJECT A total of 71 fetal maxillae with CLP were obtained from aborted human fetuses. METHOD Dimensions of the maxillary trapezoid (MT), formed by the maxillary primary growth centers (MxPGC), were taken from radiographic images. The CLP dimensions were compared with maxillary trapezoid dimensions of normal fetuses from a previous study (Lee et al., 1992). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cleft lip subjects without a cleft palate, unilateral cleft lip-alveolar cleft or cleft palate (UCL+A/UCLP), and bilateral cleft lip-alveolar cleft or cleft palate (BCL+A/BCLP) displayed abnormal MT patterns. MT abnormalities were most marked in the BCL+A/BCLP cohort. RESULTS The MT growth of prenatal CLP maxillae was severely arrested, resulting in abnormal MT shape on palatal radiograms. BCL+A/BCLP subjects had a more protruded nasal septum than subjects with other types of CLPs, while UCL+A/UCLP subjects showed severe deviation of the protruded nasal septum toward the noncleft side. Cleft lip-only subjects also exhibited abnormal MT growth. CONCLUSION MT is primarily involved in CLPs, so that the MT shape could be utilized as a sensitive indicator for the analysis of maxillary malformation in different types of CLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soung Min Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kangnung National University, Gangeung, Korea
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Sips RJA, Mulder L, Koolstra JH, van Eijden TMGJ. Development of the micro architecture and mineralization of the basilar part of the pig occipital bone. Connect Tissue Res 2008; 49:22-9. [PMID: 18293175 DOI: 10.1080/03008200701818678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the development of the architecture and the degree and distribution of mineralization in the basilar part of the pig occipital bone, one of the contact points between the spine and skull base, was investigated. Multiple regions of the basiocciput of pig specimens of different gestational ages were examined with three-dimensional microcomputed tomography (microCT). The cortex of the basilar part developed from a structure with a large intertrabecular separation into a more compact one, whereas its center maintained a trabecular structure. The cortex displayed a significant increase in bone volume fraction with age, together with an increase in trabecular thickness. In the center no change in bone volume fraction was observed, because of a combined decrease in trabecular number and increase in trabecular separation. During development the degree of mineralization was almost identical in both the center and the cortex and it tended to increase with age. This chance was, however, insignificant. The distribution of mineralization within the trabecular elements of both regions demonstrated that the cores of the elements were more highly mineralized than their surfaces. This difference in mineralization confirms the preexisting notion that trabecular elements grow in size due to surface apposition of new bone that initially is less mineralized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud J A Sips
- Department of Functional Anatomy, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Tafelbergweg, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lee YJ, Lee SS, Park BG, Woo SD, Kim EC, Kim YS, Lee SK, Chi JG. Radiological trace of mandibular primary growth center in postnatal human mandibles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 288:1234-42. [PMID: 17054118 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mandibular primary growth center (MdPGC) of human fetus was conspicuously defined in the soft X-ray view of fetal mandibles. As the peripheral adaptive growth of mandible advances during the postnatal period, the MdPGC image became overshadowed by condensed cortical bones in soft X-ray view. In this study, we traced a sclerotic sequela of MdPGC during the postnatal period. Panoramic radiograms of 200 adults and soft X-ray views of 30 dried adult mandibles were analyzed by statistical methods. The former clearly showed an MdPGC below the middle portion of apices of canine and first premolar, which was distinguishable from mental foramen, and the latter also showed the MdPGC at the same area as a radiating and condensed radiopaque image, measuring 0.5-1.0 cm in diameter. This MdPGC position was seldom changed in the elderly people, even in the edentulous mandibles. Additionally, in the radiological examination, the benign tumors including odontogenic cysts hardly involved the MdPGC, while the malignant tumors of both primary and metastatic cancer frequently destroyed the MdPGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Joon Lee
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Kangnung National University, Gangneung, Korea
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Jeffery N, Spoor F. Brain size and the human cranial base: a prenatal perspective. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2002; 118:324-40. [PMID: 12124913 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.10040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pivotally positioned as the interface between the neurocranium and the face, the cranial base has long been recognized as a key area to our understanding of the origins of modern human skull form. Compared with other primates, modern humans have more coronally orientated petrous bones and a higher degree of basicranial flexion, resulting in a deeper and wider posterior cranial fossa. It has been argued that this derived condition results from a phylogenetic increase in the size of the brain and its subcomponents (infra- and supratentorial volumes) relative to corresponding lengths of the cranial base (posterior and anterior, respectively). The purpose of this study was to test such evolutionary hypotheses in a prenatal ontogenetic context. We measured the degree of basicranial flexion, petrous reorientation, base lengths, and endocranial volumes from high-resolution magnetic resonance images (hrMRI) of 46 human fetuses ranging from 10-29 weeks of gestation. Bivariate comparisons with age revealed a number of temporal trends during the period investigated, most notable of which were coronal rotation of the petrous bones and basicranial retroflexion (flattening). Importantly, the results reveal significant increases of relative endocranial sizes across the sample, and the hypotheses therefore predict correlated variations of cranial base flexion and petrous orientation in accordance with these increases. Statistical analyses did not yield results as predicted by the hypotheses. Thus, the propositions that base flexion and petrous reorientation are due to increases of relative endocranial sizes were not corroborated by the findings of this study, at least for the period investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Jeffery
- Evolutionary Anatomy Unit, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.
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Degani S, Leibovitz Z, Shapiro I, Gonen R, Ohel G. Ultrasound evaluation of the fetal skull base throughout pregnancy. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2002; 19:461-466. [PMID: 11982978 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-0705.2002.00639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct nomograms for cranial base parameters of normal fetuses. STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional study of 386 normal singleton fetuses at 14-40 weeks' gestation. Measurements of the length and width of the sphenoid bone anteriorly and the otic cartilage posteriorly and of the angles between the ridges were obtained. RESULTS Nomograms of the length and width of sphenoid ridge and otic cartilage, and of the angles in the cranial fossae are presented. A linear growth function was observed between cranial base measurements (sphenoid ridge length, otic cartilage length, cranial base angles) and gestational age, femur length and biparietal diameter. CONCLUSION Measurements of the length of cranial base ridges and the angles between them can be obtained easily in the second and third trimesters and might prove useful in the evaluation of pregnancies at high risk for associated fetal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Degani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bnai-Zion Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Sherwood TF, Mooney MP, Sciote JJ, Smith TD, Cooper GM, Siegel MI. Cranial base growth and morphology in second-trimester normal human fetuses and fetuses with cleft lip. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2001; 38:587-96. [PMID: 11681992 DOI: 10.1597/1545-1569_2001_038_0587_cbgami_2.0.co_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present radiographic study describes the size and shape of the cranial base from the sagittal aspect for a sample of 77 second-trimester "normal" control fetuses (n = 61) and fetuses (n = 16) exhibiting isolated, unilateral clefts of the lip (CL), ranging in fertilization age from 10 to 22 weeks. METHODS Fetuses were placed in a cephalostat, and standardized, lateral head radiographs were taken. The radiographs were traced, and 15 cephalometric landmarks were identified and digitized for analysis. Growth curves for cranial base lengths, angles, and areas were compared between control and CL groups. Also, cranial base triangles were constructed and shape comparisons were made using tensor biometric analysis. RESULTS No significant differences (p >.05) in regression line slopes were noted for any comparisons between the control and CL samples. Tensor biometric analysis also revealed no significant differences in the shapes of various cranial base triangles between the control and CL samples. CONCLUSION This report presents second-trimester baseline growth curves for various cranial base components in CL human fetal specimens, and these data suggest that CL fetuses may also be used as an appropriate control sample for prenatal growth comparison studies of cleft lip and palate and cleft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Sherwood
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Sherwood TF, Mooney MP, Sciote JJ, Smith TD, Cooper GM, Siegel MI. Cranial Base Growth and Morphology in Second-Trimester Normal Human Fetuses and Fetuses With Cleft Lip. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2001. [DOI: 10.1597/1545-1569(2001)038<0587:cbgami>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Morphospatial disharmony of the craniomaxillary and mandibular complexes may yield apparent mandibular prognathism, but Class III malocclusions can exist with any number of aberrations of the craniofacial complex. Deficient orthocephalization of the cranial base allied with a smaller anterior cranial base component has been implicated in the etiology of Class III malocclusions. Whereas the more acute cranial base angle may affect the articulation of the condyles resulting in their forward displacement, the reduction in anterior cranial size may affect the position of the maxilla. As well, intrinsic skeletal elements of the maxillary complex may be responsible for maxillary hypoplasia that may exacerbate the anterior crossbite seen in the Class III condition. Conversely, with an orthognathic maxilla, condylar hyperplasia and anterior positioning of the condyles at the temporo-mandibular joint may produce an anterior crossbite. Aside from the skeletal components, soft tissue matrices, particularly labial pressure from the circumoral musculature, may influence the final outcome of craniofacial growth of a child skeletally predisposed to Class III conditions. Indeed, as some Asian ethnic groups demonstrate an increased prevalence of Class III malocclusions, it is likely that the skeletal components and soft tissues matrices are genetically determined. Presumably, the co-morphologies of the craniomaxillary and mandibular complexes are likely dependent upon candidate genes that undergo gene-environmental interactions to yield Class III malocclusions. The identification of such genes is a desirable step in unraveling the complexity of Class III malocclusions. With this knowledge, the clinician may elect an early course of dentofacial orthopedic and orthodontic treatments aimed at preventing the development of Class III malocclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Singh
- Dundee Dental Hospital and School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.
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