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Redman RS, Bandyopadhyay BC. Immunohistochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase IV in the human parotid gland. Biotech Histochem 2021; 96:565-569. [PMID: 33596759 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2021.1887936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) catalyze the hydration and dehydration of carbon dioxide. They are important for regulating ions, fluid and acid-base balance in many tissues. The location of CAs by cell type is important for understanding their roles in these functions. CAs II and VI have been demonstrated using immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the serous acinar cells of human salivary glands and ducts of rat salivary glands. CA IV has been localized by IHC to the ducts of rat salivary glands. CA IV also is present in human parotid glands as shown by real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), but this method does not show the distribution of the CA isozymes by cell type. We investigated the cell-specific distribution of CA IV in the human parotid gland. Sections from five formalin fixed, paraffin embedded specimens of human parotid gland were subjected to IHC for CA IV using a commercial antibody. Moderate to strong reactions were found in the cell membranes and cytoplasm of the intercalated, striated and excretory ducts and capillaries, and reactions in the acini were limited to faint areas in some cells. These results indicate that CA IV participates in the regulation of bicarbonate/carbon dioxide fluxes in the ductal system of the human parotid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Redman
- Oral Pathology Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Bidhan C Bandyopadhyay
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Ueno K, Hirono C, Kitagawa M, Shiba Y, Sugita M. Different rate-limiting activities of intracellular pH regulators for HCO 3- secretion stimulated by forskolin and carbachol in rat parotid intralobular ducts. J Physiol Sci 2016; 66:477-490. [PMID: 26969473 PMCID: PMC10717326 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-016-0443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular pH (pHi) regulation fundamentally participates in maintaining HCO3- release from HCO3--secreting epithelia. We used parotid intralobular ducts loaded with BCECF to investigate the contributions of a carbonic anhydrase (CA), anion channels and a Na+-H+ exchanger (NHE) to pHi regulation for HCO3- secretion by cAMP and Ca2+ signals. Resting pHi was dispersed between 7.4 and 7.9. Forskolin consistently decreased pHi showing the dominance of pHi-lowering activities, but carbachol gathered pHi around 7.6. CA inhibition suppressed the forskolin-induced decrease in pHi, while it allowed carbachol to consistently increase pHi by revealing that carbachol prominently activated NHE via Ca2+-calmodulin. Under NHE inhibition, forskolin and carbachol induced the remarkable decreases in pHi, which were slowed predominantly by CA inhibition and by CA or anion channel inhibition, respectively. Our results suggest that forskolin and carbachol primarily activate the pHi-lowering CA and pHi-raising NHE, respectively, to regulate pHi for HCO3- secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Ueno
- Department of Physiology and Oral Physiology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 2-3 Kasumi 1-Chome, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Chikara Hirono
- Department of Physiology and Oral Physiology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 2-3 Kasumi 1-Chome, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Michinori Kitagawa
- Department of Physiology and Oral Physiology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 2-3 Kasumi 1-Chome, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Shiba
- Department of Physiology and Oral Physiology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 2-3 Kasumi 1-Chome, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Makoto Sugita
- Department of Physiology and Oral Physiology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 2-3 Kasumi 1-Chome, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
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Redman RS. On approaches to the functional restoration of salivary glands damaged by radiation therapy for head and neck cancer, with a review of related aspects of salivary gland morphology and development. Biotech Histochem 2009; 83:103-30. [PMID: 18828044 DOI: 10.1080/10520290802374683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy for cancer of the head and neck can devastate the salivary glands and partially devitalize the mandible and maxilla. As a result, saliva production is drastically reduced and its quality adversely altered. Without diligent home and professional care, the teeth are subject to rapid destruction by caries, necessitating extractions with attendant high risk of necrosis of the supporting bone. Innovative techniques in delivery of radiation therapy and administration of drugs that selectively protect normal tissues can reduce significantly the radiation effects on salivary glands. Nonetheless, many patients still suffer severe oral dryness. I review here the functional morphology and development of salivary glands as these relate to approaches to preventing and restoring radiation-induced loss of salivary function. The acinar cells are responsible for most of the fluid and organic material in saliva, while the larger ducts influence the inorganic content. A central theme of this review is the extent to which the several types of epithelial cells in salivary glands may be pluripotential and the circumstances that may influence their ability to replace cells that have been lost or functionally inactivated due to the effects of radiation. The evidence suggests that the highly differentiated cells of the acini and large ducts of mature glands can replace themselves except when the respective pools of available cells are greatly diminished via apoptosis or necrosis owing to severely stressful events. Under the latter circumstances, relatively undifferentiated cells in the intercalated ducts proliferate and redifferentiate as may be required to replenish the depleted pools. It is likely that some, if not many, acinar cells may de-differentiate into intercalated duct-like cells and thus add to the pool of progenitor cells in such situations. If the stress is heavy doses of radiation, however, the result is not only the death of acinar cells, but also a marked decline in functional differentiation and proliferative capacity of all of the surviving cells, including those with progenitor capability. Restoration of gland function, therefore, seems to require increasing the secretory capacity of the surviving cells, or replacing the acinar cells and their progenitors either in the existing gland remnants or with artificial glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Redman
- Oral Pathology Research Laboratory, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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Goto T, Shirakawa H, Furukawa Y, Komai M. Decreased expression of carbonic anhydrase isozyme II, rather than of isozyme VI, in submandibular glands in long-term zinc-deficient rats. Br J Nutr 2008; 99:248-53. [PMID: 17761013 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507801565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that in rats, long-term Zn deficiency significantly reduced taste sensitivity and total carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in the submandibular gland. We therefore investigated the effects of Zn deficiency on salivary secretion and the expressions of CA isozymes (II and VI) in the rat submandibular gland, since those isozymes are thought to be related to taste sensation and salivary secretion. Male Sprague–Dawley rats, age 4 weeks, were divided into three groups (Zn-def, low-Zn and pair-fed, that were fed a diet containing 2·2, 4·1 or 33·7 mg Zn/kg, respectively, for 42 d). Northern blot analysis indicated that Zn deficiency reduced CA II mRNA expression in the submandibular gland without reducing CA VI mRNA expression. In Western blot analysis, Zn deficiency significantly reduced CA II (erythrocyte CA) protein expression in the submandibular gland without reducing CA VI protein expression. Salivary secretion was lower in the Zn-def group than in the pair-fed group. These results suggest that decreased CA isozyme II expression underlies the decreased CA activity previously reported in the submandibular gland in Zn-def rats, and this may reduce regular salivary secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Goto
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science and Engineering, Ishinomaki Senshu University, 1 Shinmito, Minamisakai, Ishinomaki 986-8580, Japan
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Tandler B, Pinkstaff CA, Phillips CJ. Interlobular excretory ducts of mammalian salivary glands: structural and histochemical review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 288:498-526. [PMID: 16612829 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the major salivary glands of mammals, excretory ducts (EDs) succeed striated ducts. They are for the most part interlobular in position, although their proximal portions sometimes are on the periphery of a lobule, where they occasionally retain some of the structural features of striated ducts. Based on a survey of a broad range of mammalian species and glands, the predominant tissue type that composes EDs is pseudostratified epithelium. In some species, there is a progression of epithelial types: the proximal EDs are composed of simple cuboidal or columnar epithelium that, in the excurrent direction, usually gives way to the pseudostratified variety. Secretory granules are visible in the apical cytoplasm of the principal cells of the EDs of only a few species, but histochemistry has shown the presence of a variety of glycoproteins in these cells in a spectrum of species. Moreover, the latter methodology has revealed the presence of a variety of oxidative, acid hydrolytic, and transport enzymes in the EDs, showing that, rather than simply acting as a conduit for saliva, these ducts play a metabolically active role in gland function. It is difficult to describe a "typical" mammalian ED because it can vary along its length and interspecific variation does not follow a phylogenetic pattern. Moreover, in contrast to intercalated and striated ducts, ED cellular features do not exhibit a relationship to diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Tandler
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Serotonin-immunoreactive Epithelial Cells in the Main Excretory Ducts of Rat Submandibular Glands. J Oral Biosci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1349-0079(04)80009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Alvarez L, Fanjul M, Carter N, Hollande E. Carbonic anhydrase II associated with plasma membrane in a human pancreatic duct cell line (CAPAN-1). J Histochem Cytochem 2001; 49:1045-53. [PMID: 11457932 DOI: 10.1177/002215540104900812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The subcellular distribution of carbonic anhydrase II, either throughout the cytosol or in the cytoplasm close to the apical plasma membrane or vesicular compartments, suggests that this enzyme may have different roles in the regulation of pH in intra- or extracellular compartments. To throw more light on the role of pancreatic carbonic anhydrase II, we examined its expression and subcellular distribution in Capan-1 cells. Immunocytochemical analysis by light, confocal, and electron microscopy, as well as immunoblotting of cell homogenates or purified plasma membranes, was performed. A carbonic anhydrase II of 29 kD associated by weak bonds to the inner leaflet of apical plasma membranes of polarized cells was detected. This enzyme was co-localized with markers of Golgi compartments. Moreover, the defect of its targeting to apical plasma membranes in cells treated with brefeldin A was indicative of its transport by the Golgi apparatus. We show here that a carbonic anhydrase II is associated with the inner leaflet of apical plasma membranes and with the cytosolic side of the endomembranes of human cancerous pancreatic duct cells (Capan-1). These observations point to a role for this enzyme in the regulation of intra- and extracellular pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Alvarez
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire des Epithéliums, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parkkila
- Departments of Anatomy and Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, FIN-90220 Oulu, Finland
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Redman RS, Peagler FD, Johansson I. Immunohistochemical localization of carbonic anhydrases I, II, and VI in the developing rat sublingual and submandibular glands. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 2000; 258:269-76. [PMID: 10705347 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(20000301)258:3<269::aid-ar6>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase has been localized to the acini and ducts of mature rat salivary glands. This enzyme has been associated with ion transport, a prominent function of striated and excretory ducts in salivary glands, suggesting that it might be used as a marker of ductal differentiation. The purpose of this study was to immunohistochemically document developmental changes in carbonic anhydrase in the ducts of the rat sublingual and submandibular glands. Immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies to human carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I, II and VI on sections of sublingual and submandibular glands from rats at representative postnatal developmental ages. Reactions were weak in the ducts of both glands at 1 day, then progressively increased. By 42 days, reactions had the adult pattern of virtually none in the mucous or seromucous acini, moderate to strong in the striated and excretory ducts, and none to weak in the intercalated ducts. Weak to moderate reactions were observed in the granular convoluted tubules of the submandibular gland as they became recognizable at age 42 days. Reactions to carbonic anhydrase I and II antibodies also increased from none (1 day) to modest (42 days) in the demilunes of the sublingual gland. The order of reaction intensity of the antibodies was II > I > VI. When localized via these anti-human antibodies, carbonic anhydrase is a useful marker of the functional differentiation of the striated and excretory ducts of the developing rat sublingual and submandibular glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Redman
- Oral Pathology Research Laboratory, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, 20422, USA
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Peagler FD, Redman RS. Enzyme histochemical localization of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and NADH-DE in the developing rat parotid gland. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 1999; 256:72-7. [PMID: 10456987 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(19990901)256:1<72::aid-ar9>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Information on ductal differentiation in the developing rat parotid gland is sparse. Striated and excretory ducts are rich in a number of enzymes related to ion movement. The objective of this investigation was to delineate histochemically the chronology of two of these, ouabain-sensitive Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and NADH-DE, in the developing rat parotid gland. Parotid glands were excised from rats at representative ages from 20 days in utero to 42 days. Enzyme histochemistry was performed on air-dried frozen sections. For Na(+), K(+)-ATPase, some sections also were fixed in phosphate-buffered formalin. Ouabain blocked Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity, and neither enzyme reacted without substrate. Weak Na(+),K(+)-ATPase reactions were initially seen in unfixed sections at 1 day, and increased steadily to the adult pattern of strong (concentrated basolaterally) in striated ducts and excretory ducts, respectively, and weak to modest (diffuse) in acini and intercalated ducts at 28 days. In fixed sections, localization was sharper but the reaction was somewhat reduced. NADH-DE was modest in terminal buds and ducts before birth, then progressively changed to the adult pattern of weak in acini and intercalated ducts and strong (concentrated basally and luminally) in striated and excretory ducts at 28 days. As demonstrated by enzyme histochemistry of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and NADH-DE, differentiation of rat parotid striated ducts and excretory ducts occurs mainly between birth and 28 days. Anat Rec 256:72-77, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Peagler
- Oral Pathology Research Laboratory, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20422, USA
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