1
|
Takenouchi A, Saito K, Saito E, Saito T, Hishiki T, Matsunaga T, Isegawa N, Yoshida H, Ohnuma N, Shirasawa H. Oncolytic viral therapy for neuroblastoma cells with Sindbis virus AR339 strain. Pediatr Surg Int 2015; 31:1151-9. [PMID: 26298056 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-015-3784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE With current treatment regimens, high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) remains largely incurable. Oncolytic viral therapy uses replication-competent viruses, like Sindbis virus (SINV), to kill cancers. The SINV AR339 strain is blood borne and relatively non-virulent. We evaluated the feasibility of SINV AR339 for treating human NB. METHODS The cytotoxicity and viral growth of SINV AR339 were evaluated for five human NB cell lines, SK-N-SH, IMR-32, LAN-5, GOTO, and RT-BM-1. SINV-induced apoptosis was confirmed by TUNEL assays and PARP-1 cleavage. In vivo effects of SINV on neuroblastoma cell xenografts in nude mice were assessed by intratumoral or intravenous SINV inoculation. RESULTS In five human NB cell lines, SINV infections induced remarkable cytotoxicity. The mRNA expressions of anti-apoptotic genes, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, in LAN-5 and RT-BM-1, which were less sensitive to SINV infection, increased in response to SINV infection, while the other NB cell lines sensitive to SINV infection failed to respond. In nude mice, intratumoral and intravenous SINV inoculations caused significant regression of NB xenograft tumors. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that SINV AR339 was significantly oncolytic against human NB. Thus, SINV showed promise as a novel therapy for treating NB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Takenouchi
- Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kengo Saito
- Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Eriko Saito
- Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tomoro Hishiki
- Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tadashi Matsunaga
- Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Naohisa Isegawa
- Laboratory Animal Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hideo Yoshida
- Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Naomi Ohnuma
- Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shirasawa
- Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Keilhoff G, Lucas B, Pinkernelle J, Steiner M, Fansa H. Effects of cerebrolysin on motor-neuron-like NSC-34 cells. Exp Cell Res 2014; 327:234-55. [PMID: 24997385 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although the peripheral nervous system is capable of regeneration, this capability is limited. As a potential means of augmenting nerve regeneration, the effects of cerebrolysin (CL)--a proteolytic peptide fraction--were tested in vitro on the motor-neuron-like NSC-34 cell line and organotypic spinal cord cultures. Therefore, NSC-34 cells were subjected to mechanical stress by changing media and metabolic stress by oxygen glucose deprivation. Afterwards, cell survival/proliferation using MTT and BrdU-labeling (FACS) and neurite sprouting using ImageJ analysis were evaluated. Calpain-1, Src and α-spectrin protein expression were analyzed by Western blot. In organotypic cultures, the effect of CL on motor neuron survival and neurite sprouting was tested by immunohistochemistry. CL had a temporary anti-proliferative but initially neuroprotective effect on OGD-stressed NSC-34 cells. High-dosed or repeatedly applied CL was deleterious for cell survival. CL amplified neurite reconstruction to limited extent, affected calpain-1 protein expression and influenced calpain-mediated spectrin cleavage as a function of Src expression. In organotypic spinal cord slice cultures, CL was not able to support motor neuron survival/neurite sprouting. Moreover, it hampered astroglia and microglia activities. The data suggest that CL may have only isolated positive effects on injured spinal motor neurons. High-dosed or accumulated CL seemed to have adverse effects in treatment of spinal cord injury. Further experiments are required to optimize the conditions for a safe clinical administration of CL in spinal cord injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerburg Keilhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Lucas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Josephine Pinkernelle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Steiner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hisham Fansa
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hand Surgery, Klinikum Bielefeld, Teutoburger Str. 50, D-33604 Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Reevaluation of trkA expression as a biological marker of neuroblastoma by high-sensitivity expression analysis--a study of 106 primary neuroblastomas treated in a single institute. J Pediatr Surg 2010; 45:2293-8. [PMID: 21129533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE It has previously been shown that neuroblastomas with favorable prognosis often express a high level of nerve growth factor receptor trkA. We performed an expression analysis of trkA in 106 NB samples based on the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reevaluated the prognostic power of trkA. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 106 primary tumors from NB patients treated from 1988 to 2009 were analyzed. MYCN was amplified in 13 cases. TaqMan probe method was used for quantitative PCR. Primers and probes were designed to detect trkA I and trkA II, but not the oncogenic splice variant trkA III. RESULTS Expression analysis by real-time PCR revealed a wide range of expression levels of trkA within neuroblastoma tissues. Extremely low levels of trkA that were undetectable by semiquantitative PCR were able to be quantified by this method. trkA was predominantly expressed in tumors with favorable outcome. Further analysis of trkA expression was performed in a cohort excluding mass-screened neuroblastomas. Strikingly, multivariate analysis containing age, MYCN status, and trkA expression identified trkA as the only variable that independently predicts the prognosis of the 44 patients who presented clinically. CONCLUSION High-resolution expression analysis targeting trkA and trkA II may add more statistical power on trkA as a biological marker.
Collapse
|
4
|
Rouer E. [Neuronal isoforms of Src, Fyn and Lck tyrosine kinases: A specific role for p56lckN in neuron protection]. C R Biol 2010; 333:1-10. [PMID: 20176329 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
The two main tyrosine kinases (TK) in the brain are p60Src and p59Fyn, expressed as specific isoforms (p60SrcNI, p60SrcNI+NII and p59fynB). They play a pivotal role in some major processes such as neuronal growth and myelinisation. Another member of this TK family was then reported in brain, the p56lck. Its name Lck (lymphocyte cell kinase) indicates its cellular specificity observed initially, so its presence in the brain was intriguing. But no further studies were performed to understand its role in brain until recent clinical studies on Alzheimer patients' brains. One study reveals a decreased p56lck level in the brains of these patients while another study shows an association between one peculiar SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) of the lck gene and some cases of the disease. These new data prompt us to reinvestigate the original biochemical data and to confront them with the present knowledge. This analysis suggests some hypothesis concerning both the Lck protein expressed in the brain (rather an isoform than the lymphocyte protein itself) and its role (to maintain the neuronal survival presumably by protecting them from inflammation, the main pathway that leads to neuron degeneracy).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Rouer
- Inserm U-839, institut du Fer-à-Moulin, 37, rue du Fer-à-Moulin, 75005 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu X, Harder J, Flynn DC, Lanier LM. AFAP120 regulates actin organization during neuronal differentiation. Differentiation 2009; 77:38-47. [PMID: 19281763 PMCID: PMC2664250 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
During development, dynamic changes in the actin cytoskeleton determine both cell motility and morphological differentiation. In most mature tissues, cells are generally minimally motile and have morphologies specialized to their functions. In metastatic cancer, cells generally lose their specialized morphology and become motile. Therefore, proteins that regulate the transition between the motile and morphologically differentiated states can play important roles in determining cancer outcomes. AFAP120 is a neuronal-specific protein that binds Src kinase and protein kinase C (PKC) and cross-links actin filaments. Here we report that expression and tyrosine phosphorylation of AFAP120 are developmentally regulated in the cerebellum. In cerebellar cultures, PKC activation induces Src kinase-dependent phosphorylation of AFAP120, indicating that AFAP120 may be a downstream effector of Src. In neuroblastoma cells induced to differentiate by treatment with a PKC activator, tyrosine phosphorylation of AFAP120 appears to regulate the formation of the lamellar actin structures and subsequent neurite initiation. Together, these results indicate that AFAP120 plays a role in organizing dynamic actin structures during neuronal differentiation and suggest that AFAP120 may help regulate the transition from motile precursor to morphologically differentiated neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Jennifer Harder
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Daniel C. Flynn
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Lorene M. Lanier
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ootsuka S, Asami S, Sasaki T, Yoshida Y, Nemoto N, Shichino H, Chin M, Mugishima H, Suzuki T. Analyses of novel prognostic factors in neuroblastoma patients. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 30:2294-9. [PMID: 18057715 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common malignant solid tumor in childhood. There are well-recognized prognostic factors in NB such as age at diagnosis, organ of origin, stages, MYCN gene amplification, and expression of H-ras, trkA and survivin. Moreover, we investigated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), p53, stem cell factor (SCF) and c-kit of its receptor with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 22 NBs and 4 other tumors (one malignant lymphoma, one malignant teratoma, and 2 rhabdomyosarcomas) samples. The correlation between patients' prognoses and the expression of TH or c-kit was newly recognized, particularly the good prognosis in patients in whom c-kit highly expressed and the poor prognosis contrarily associated with low or no expression, although the SCF of its ligand had no relationship with patient prognosis. It is possible that tumors without c-kit expression can not react with SCF (via the autocrine or paracrine system) and remain immature. It may be that this is a new critical clinical event in NB patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Ootsuka
- Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ito R, Asami S, Motohashi S, Ootsuka S, Yamaguchi Y, Chin M, Shichino H, Yoshida Y, Nemoto N, Mugishima H, Suzuki T. Significance of survivin mRNA expression in prognosis of neuroblastoma. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:565-8. [PMID: 15802787 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common malignant solid tumor in childhood, and among all childhood malignancies is second in prevalence only to leukemia. In NB we need to both make an accurate diagnosis and rapidly analyze the expression of genetic prognostic factors such as MYCN, H-ras, and trkA. Moreover, it has recently become important to analyze the expression of survivin mRNA, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family. Expression of the survivin gene is related to tumorigenesis and inhibition of apoptosis in some malignant tumors. We investigated its expression by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in NB cell lines (SK-N-SH, NB-39, and IMR-32), two normal blood cell samples, and 13 clinical NB tumor samples. All three NB cell lines had high levels of mRNA expression for this gene, but normal blood cells had no expression. We detected expression of survivin mRNA in 7 of the 13 NB tumor samples (54%). Two NB patients were in stage I disease, 6 in stage II, and 5 in stage IV(A). Quantitative analysis by RT-PCR revealed that the ratio between survivin mRNA and human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (h-GAPDH) mRNA was very low in stages I and II (0-0.017). In contrast, in advanced NBs (stage IV(A)) the ratio was much higher (0-0.050). The prognoses of the three patients in the advanced stage who had high ratios of expression were poor. A high level of expression of survivin mRNA indicates a high grade of malignancy, high likelihood of recurrence, and poor prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rie Ito
- Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Terui E, Matsunaga T, Yoshida H, Kouchi K, Kuroda H, Hishiki T, Saito T, Yamada SI, Shirasawa H, Ohnuma N. Shc family expression in neuroblastoma: high expression of shcC is associated with a poor prognosis in advanced neuroblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:3280-7. [PMID: 15867224 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The biological features and prognosis of neuroblastoma, a neural crest-derived pediatric tumor, are closely associated with expression of the Trk receptor. Because the Shc family proteins (ShcA, ShcB, and ShcC) are adaptors for various receptors, including Trk receptors, and are regulators of neuronal cell development, we speculated that they may play a role in neuroblastoma. Therefore, in this study, we used semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR to examine the expression of these three genes in 15 neuroblastoma cell lines, an all-trans-retinoic acid-treated neuroblastoma cell line, and 52 tumor samples. In neuroblastoma cell lines and tumor samples, shcA was ubiquitously and highly expressed. Little expression of shcA was observed. Also, shcB was hardly expressed in neuroblastoma cell lines, but its expression in RT-BM-1 cells was enhanced after all-trans-retinoic acid-induced differentiation, and it was highly expressed in low-stage tumors (P = 0.0095). This suggests that ShcB participates in cellular differentiation and may correlate with a favorable prognosis in neuroblastoma. Finally, the expression of shcC was observed in most of the neuroblastoma cell lines and in some stage 4 patients. Patients with a high expression of shcC had a very poor prognosis (P < 0.0001) and amplification of MYCN, and all died within 31 months after diagnosis. Therefore, ShcC seems to be associated with an aggressive tumor phenotype, perhaps by enhancing TrkB signals. Our results suggest that the expressions of shcB and shcC are important biological factors in neuroblastoma and are useful prognostic indicators.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Infant
- Male
- N-Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein
- Neuroblastoma/genetics
- Neuroblastoma/mortality
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Prognosis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, trkA/genetics
- Receptor, trkB/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins
- Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1
- Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 2
- Survival Analysis
- Survival Rate
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Terui
- Department of Pediatric Surgery (E6), Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Rubin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Matsunaga T, Shirasawa H, Hishiki T, Enomoto H, Kouchi K, Ohtsuka Y, Iwai J, Yoshida H, Tanabe M, Kobayashi S, Asano T, Etoh T, Nishi Y, Ohnuma N. Expression of MRP and cMOAT in childhood neuroblastomas and malignant liver tumors and its relevance to clinical behavior. Jpn J Cancer Res 1998; 89:1276-83. [PMID: 10081488 PMCID: PMC5921738 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1998.tb00524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced neuroblastoma and malignant liver tumor are representative childhood cancers for which combined chemotherapy including cisplatin and doxorubicin is routinely performed. The prognosis of patients with tumors which develop multiple drug resistance (MDR) is unfavorable. To elucidate the role of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) and canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter (cMOAT) in the clinical behavior of the tumors, we examined 42 neuroblastomas and 10 malignant liver tumors for the expressions of MRP and cMOAT by quantitative RNA-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The amplification and expression of N-myc oncogene in the neuroblastomas were also investigated. We found a close association between MRP and N-myc expression in each neuroblastoma sample but no significant relationship between MRP expression and the patients' outcome. The forced expression of N-myc failed to enhance the expression of MRP in N-myc transfected neuroblastoma cell lines. cMOAT was rarely expressed in the neuroblastomas, but was frequently expressed in the malignant liver tumors. The expression of MRP and cMOAT in the childhood liver tumors was more common and higher, especially in advanced cases with a poor outcome, than that observed in normal liver or in 9 hepatocellular carcinomas from adult patients. The enhanced expression of these genes might be characteristic of childhood malignant liver tumors and related to their clinical chemoresistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Matsunaga
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chiba University, School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|