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Reda S, Schwarz N, Müller J, McRae HL, Oldenburg J, Pötzsch B, Rühl H. Fibrinolysis biomarker, thrombin, and activated protein C level alterations after coagulation activation depend on type of thrombophilia and clinical phenotype. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2024; 8:102351. [PMID: 38487678 PMCID: PMC10937968 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2024.102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, we have shown alterations in the anticoagulant response to recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa)-induced coagulation activation in patients with thrombophilia. Objectives This study aimed to extend this in vivo model to fibrinolysis biomarkers. Methods This interventional in vivo study included 56 patients with thrombophilia and previous venous thromboembolism (VTE+), 38 without VTE (VTE-), and 35 healthy controls. Plasma levels of D-dimer, plasmin-α2-antiplasmin (PAP) complex, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were monitored for over 8 hours after rFVIIa infusion (15 μg/kg) along with thrombin markers and activated protein C (APC). Results Throughout cohorts, median PAP increased by 40% to 52% (P < 3.9 × 10-10) and PAI-1 decreased by 59% to 79% (P < 3.5 × 10-8). In contrast to thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complex, which also increased temporarily (44% to 115%, P < 3.6 × 10-6), changes in PAP and PAI-1 did not reverse during the observation period. The area under the measurement-time curves (AUCs) of PAP and TAT, which are measures of plasmin and thrombin formation, respectively, were each greater in the VTE+ cohort than in healthy controls (median PAP-AUC = 0.48 vs 0.27 ng·h/L [P = .003], TAT-AUC = 0.12 vs 0.03 nmol·h/L [P = 2.5 × 10-4]) and were correlated with one another (r = 0.554). As evidenced by the respective AUCs, asymptomatic factor (F)V Leiden carriers showed less PAP formation (0.22 vs 0.41 ng·h/L, P = 9 × 10-4), more pronounced PAI-1 decline (0.10 vs 0.18 ng·h/L, P = .01), and increased APC formation (28.7 vs 15.4 pmol·h/L, P = .02) than those within the VTE+ group (n = 19 each). Conclusion rFVIIa-induced thrombin formation is associated with fibrinolysis parameter changes outlasting the concomitant anticoagulant response. Both correlate with thrombosis history in FV Leiden and might help explain its variable clinical expressivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Reda
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nadine Schwarz
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Müller
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hannah L. McRae
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Pötzsch
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heiko Rühl
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Gilardoni MB, Ceschin DG, Sahores MM, Oviedo M, Gehrau RC, Chiabrando GA. Decreased Expression of the Low-density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein-1 (LRP-1) in Rats with Prostate Cancer. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 51:1575-80. [PMID: 14623925 DOI: 10.1177/002215540305101201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate by immunohistochemistry (IHC) the expression of both LRP-1 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) at different developmental stages of rat prostate disease by using a prostate cancer model previously developed in our laboratory. We found that LRP-1 was weakly expressed in normal prostates and in rats with hyperplastic glands. The expression of this receptor increased and correlated with the degree of premalignant lesions (PIN I, II, and III). The IHC for uPAR in normal prostates and in premalignant lesions showed a score of immunostaining that correlated with the expression of LRP-1. On the other hand, in prostates with adenocarcinomas and undifferentiated carcinomas, LRP-1 was undetectable or weakly detected, whereas uPAR showed a significantly higher level of expression. Based on the IHC results in rat prostates with premalignant and malignant lesions and considering that LRP-1, by mediating the internalization of uPAR, is involved in the regulation of extracellular matrix remodeling and cell migration, we conclude that a decreased expression of LRP-1 could be involved with the increasing activation of plasminogen activators shown in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica B Gilardoni
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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The plasminogen activator inhibitor "paradox" in cancer. Immunol Lett 2008; 118:116-24. [PMID: 18495253 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 03/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proteolysis in general and specifically the plasminogen activating system regulated by urokinase (uPA) its specific receptor, the GPI membrane anchored urokinase receptor (uPAR) and the specific plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) plays a major role in tumorigenesis, tumor progression, tumor invasion and metastasis formation. This is exemplified by a body of published work showing a positive correlation between the expression of uPA or uPAR in several tumors and their malignancy. It is generally assumed that such a "pro-malignant" effect of the uPA-uPAR system is mediated by increased local proteolysis thus favoring tumor invasion, by a pro-angiogenic effect of this system and also by uPA-uPAR signaling towards the tumor thereby shifting the tumor phenotype to a more "malignant" one. However, when tumor patients are analyzed for long term survival, those with high levels of the inhibitor of the system, PAI-1 have a much worse prognosis than those with lower PAI-1 levels. This indicates that increased overall proteolysis alone cannot be made responsible for the adverse effects of the plasminogen activating system in tumors. Moreover, it becomes increasingly evident that components of the fibrinolytic system secreted by the tumor cells themselves are not solely responsible for a correlation between the plasminogen activating system and tumor malignancy; components of the plasminogen activating system secreted by stroma cells or cells of the immune system such as macrophages contribute also to the impact of fibrinolysis on malignancy. This review summarizes the evidence for the role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in mediating the malignant phenotype and possible mechanism thereby trying to explain the "PAI-1 paradox in cancer" on a molecular level.
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Abstract
Cancer of the prostate can be associated with coagulopathy characterized as primary fibrinolysis or diffuse intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) with secondary fibrinolysis. These complications are usually associated with surgical manipulation of the prostate or with advanced metastatic disease. This report describes a patient with DIC and fibrinolysis following medical management of advanced prostate cancer with gonadotropin-releasing hormone leuprolide, while receiving the androgen receptor blocking agent flutamide. This report suggests that release of procoagulant material from prostatic carcinoma may be so rapid following hormonal management that consumptive coagulopathy with fibrinolysis can follow. Shortened Abstract: Medical management with gonadotropin releasing hormone allowed the expression of consumptive coagulopathy in patients with metastatic prostate cancer.
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Beecken WD, Bentas W, Engels K, Glienke W, Urbschat A, Jonas D, Binder J, Scharrer I. Reduced plasma levels of coagulation factors in relation to prostate cancer. Prostate 2002; 53:160-7. [PMID: 12242731 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer has historically been associated with coagulation abnormalities. This study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of abnormalities of coagulation factors in patients with prostate cancer before and after radical prostatectomy (RP). Because coagulation factors have been shown to be involved in tumor angiogenesis, the vascular density of the prostate tumors was assessed. METHODS Plasma of 40 consecutive patients with histologically proven prostate cancer was investigated pre-RP and post-RP. The antigen level for antithrombin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and heparin cofactor-II, and the plasma activity of antithrombin and plasminogen were determined by using immunologic and chromogenic assays. The values of these assays were compared with a group of 28 male, age-matched patients without any evidence of cancer and 18 patients with orthopedic interventions preoperatively and postoperatively. The vascular density of the prostate tumors was assessed by staining paraffin sections with an antibody to CD34. RESULTS The median plasma antigen levels and/or activities of the investigated factors were below normal in the prostate cancer patients before RP. Furthermore, coagulation factors were significantly lower than in the age-matched control group and patients before and after orthopedic surgery. In prostate cancer patients, the median values of all investigated factors went up to normal levels within 2 weeks after RP, whereas postsurgical levels in orthopedic patients remained stable. No correlations to tumor parameters have been observed. CONCLUSION We assume that the reduction of these coagulation factors is a principle concept in prostate cancer that needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf-Dietrich Beecken
- Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology, the J.W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Donadio AC, Remedi MM, Frede S, Bonacci GR, Chiabrando GA, Pistoresi-Palencia MC. Decreased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is associated with tumor cell spreading in vivo. Clin Exp Metastasis 2002; 19:437-44. [PMID: 12198772 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016329802327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of an effective antitumor immune response to control tumor growth is influenced by the tumor cell itself and/or by the tumor microenvironment. Tumor invasion and tumor cell spreading require a finely tuned regulation of the formation and loosening of adhesive contacts of tumor cells with the extracellular matrix (ECM). In our laboratory, a rat tumor cell line derived from a spontaneous rat sarcoma revealed, by flow cytometry, a high frequency of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, 70.1 +/- 8.7%) and urokinase-type plaminogen activator receptor (uPAR, 51.2 +/- 5.2%) positive cells, while a weak expression of MHC class II (IA, 2.2 +/- 0.2% and IE, 17.4 +/- 3.7%) and B7 (12.1 +/- 2.2%) antigens was detected. In our tumor experimental model, after implantation of tumor cells, visible tumor masses were present at days 5-7 with a relatively fast tumor growth until day 15 (progressive phase) followed by a suppression of the tumor growth (regressive phase). Here we present data that correlates a significant decrease in the frequency of ICAM-1 and uPAR expressing tumor cells with the appearance of tumor cells in sites distant from that of the primary tumor. In addition we describe the development of a cellular immune response which controls the tumor progression and is associated with an increase in the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II IA antigen during tumor development. The histological examination at tumor progressive and regressive time points revealed the relevant presence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) evidencing colliquative necrosis in tumor growth areas. Taken together, these results support the idea that the balance between adhesive interactions, proteolytic activity and tumorigenicity may lead to a tumor invasive phenotype.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Division
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Immunity, Cellular
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/biosynthesis
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/physiology
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/deficiency
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Phenotype
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator
- Sarcoma, Experimental/immunology
- Sarcoma, Experimental/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Experimental/pathology
- Sarcoma, Experimental/secondary
- Splenic Neoplasms/secondary
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Donadio
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón Argentina ala I (subsuelo), CP 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Plas E, Carroll VA, Jilch R, Simak R, Mihaly J, Melchior S, Thüroff JW, Binder BR, Pflüger H. Variations of components of the plasminogen activation system with the cell cycle in benign prostate tissue and prostate cancer. CYTOMETRY 2001; 46:184-9. [PMID: 11449410 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Components of the fibrinolytic system are involved in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Previous investigations suggested a cell cycle-dependent expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) in epithelial cells. In order to determine a correlation of cell cycle phases with the fibrinolytic system, we investigated the expression of u-PA, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) in normal and tumor-containing prostate extracts and analyzed a possible relationship with flow cytometry-determined proliferative activity of the samples. Cell cycle phases were correlated with fibrinolytic parameters in prostate tissue. METHODS Samples were obtained from patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer and separated into two portions for DNA analysis and the detection of u-PA, t-PA, and PAI-1. Flow cytometric analysis was performed according to the Vindelov technique. The concentrations of u-PA, t-PA, and PAI-1 were determined from tissue extracts after homogenization by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. RESULTS Correlations of u-PA and t-PA expression with the frequency of G0/G1, S, G2M, S-phase fraction (SPF), and proliferation index (PI) for normal prostate and prostate cancer revealed no significant correlation. The only significant finding was observed in normal tissue revealing a positive correlation between PAI-1 expression and G0/G1 and a negative correlation with S-phase, SPF, and PI. No dependence of PAI-1 expression on different cell phases was found in prostate cancer. Furthermore, no significant correlation of u-PA, t-PA, and PAI-1 with cell cycles in organ-confined (<pT3a) and disseminated (> or = pT3a) tumors was found. No significant correlation in prostate cancer of components of the fibrinolytic system differentiated according to tumor grade or perineural tumor infiltration and cell cycle analysis was found. Only in highly differentiated G1 (Gleason 2-4) cancer, u-PA had a significant positive correlation with G2M-phase. CONCLUSION Absence of a correlation between levels of components of the fibrinolytic system and cell cycle phases suggests that the reported association between increases of some of these components and aggressive biological behavior of prostate cancer is secondary to non-cell cycle-related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Plas
- Department of Urology and LBI for Urology and Andrology, Lainz Hospital Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Prinsloo
- Department of Urology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Vaarala MH, Porvari K, Kyllönen A, Vihko P. Differentially expressed genes in two LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines reflecting changes during prostate cancer progression. J Transl Med 2000; 80:1259-68. [PMID: 10950117 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer tends to become transformed to androgen-independent disease over time when treated by androgen-deprivation therapy. We used two variants of the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP to study gene expression differences during prostate cancer progression to androgen-independent disease. Production of prostate-specific antigen was regarded as a marker of androgen-dependence and loss of prostate-specific antigen was regarded as a marker of androgen-independence. mRNA from both cell lines was used for cDNA microarray screening. Differential expression of several genes was confirmed by Northern blotting. Monoamine oxidase A, an Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) similar to rat P044, and EST AA412049 were highly overexpressed in androgen-dependent LNCaP cells. Tissue-type plasminogen activator, interferon-inducible protein p78 (MxB), an EST similar to galectin-1, follistatin, fatty acid-binding protein 5, EST AA609749, annexin I, the interferon-inducible gene 1-8U, and phospholipase D1 were highly overexpressed in androgen-independent LNCaP cells. All studied genes had low or no expression in PC-3 cells. The EST similar to rat P044, the EST similar to galectin-1, follistatin, annexin I, and the interferon-inducible gene 1-8U were also expressed in benign prostatic hyperplasia tissue. The Y-linked ribosomal protein S4, Mat-8, and EST AA307912 were highly expressed in benign prostatic hyperplasia tissue. Additionally, both confirmation of differential expression in Northern blots and in situ hybridization were carried out for monoamine oxidase A, the EST similar to rat P044, the EST similar to galectin-1, fatty acid-binding protein 5, and the interferon-inducible gene 1-8U. We identified several potential prostate cancer markers, indicating that the method used is a useful tool for the screening of cancer markers, but other methods, such as in situ hybridization, are needed to further investigate the observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Vaarala
- Biocenter Oulu, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research on Reproductive Health, Finland
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