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Postiglione I, Barra F, Aloj SM, Palumbo G. Photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolaevulinic acid and DNA damage: unravelling roles of p53 and ABCG2. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:523-38. [PMID: 27389299 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In spite of high sensitivity of A549 cells (p53(+/+) ) to lethal effects of photodynamic therapy with 5-aminolaevulinic acid (5-ALA/PDT), DNA damage was observed only in H1299 cells (p53(-/-) ), suggesting that p53 may exert a protective effect. Studies on human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines HCT-116, and their cognate knockouts for p53, were not entirely consistent with the assumption above. Exploring alternative explanations for such conflicting behaviour, we observed that expression of the ATP-binding cassette G2 (ABCG2), a regulator of cell component efflux, had important effects on PDT-generated DNA injury in PC3 cells (prostate) which are p53(-/-) and positive for ABCG2. Addition of an ABCG2 inhibitor in ABCG2 positive A549 (p53(+/+) ) and PC3 (p53(-/-) ) cells eliminated resistance to DNA damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS All cell lines investigated were incubated with 5-ALA and irradiated. Effects of PDT were evaluated assessing residual cell viability, cell-cycle profiles, PpIX localization, comet assay and Western blotting. Identical measurements were made in the presence of ABCG2 inhibitor, in cells expressing the transporter. RESULTS Our data show that cell aptitude to defend its DNA from PDT-induced injury was mainly ruled by ABCG2 expression. These findings, while providing helpful information in predicting effectiveness of 5-ALA/PDT, may indicate a way to shift PDT from a palliative to a more effective approach in anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Postiglione
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - F Barra
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - S M Aloj
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - G Palumbo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Beaudoin S, Leyton JV. Development of a Novel Covalent Folate-Albumin-Photosensitizer Conjugate. Photochem Photobiol 2016; 92:512-4. [PMID: 27221219 DOI: 10.1111/php.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the development of novel and more efficient delivery systems for improving the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT). The authors in this highlighted issue describe the synthesis and the photobiological characterizations of two photosensitizer (PS) conjugates based on β-carboline derivatives covalently conjugated to folic acid (FA) coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a carrier system specifically targeting cancer cells overexpressing FA receptor alpha (FRα). Accordingly, only the FA-BSA-β-carboline conjugates are internalized specifically in FRα-positive cells and are proved to be phototoxic. On the other hand, albumin-β-carboline conjugates without FA or β-carboline derivatives alone are not internalized and nontoxic. This conjugate is among the first to produce a conjugate composed of a PS and FA molecules that are directly conjugated to BSA. In addition, the in vitro studies are the first evidence that directly conjugated FA-BSA can be used as carriers to selectively enhance cytotoxicity by PDT relative to unmodified PS or nontargeted BSA-PS. This strategy is a positive step forward for the covalent design and construction of a photodynamic nanomedicine for FR-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Beaudoin
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jeffrey V Leyton
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre d'Imagerie Moléculaire de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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3
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Ursodeoxycholic acid-conjugated chitosan for photodynamic treatment of HuCC-T1 human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Int J Pharm 2013; 454:74-81. [PMID: 23834828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan was hydrophobically modified with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) to fabricate nano-photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of HuCC-T1 cholangiocarcinoma cells. Synthesis of UDCA-conjugated chitosan (ChitoUDCA) was confirmed using (1)H NMR spectra. Chlorin E6 (Ce6) was used as a photosensitizer and incorporated into ChitoUDCA nanoparticles through formation of ion complexes. Morphology of Ce6-incorporated ChitoUDCA nanoparticles was observed using TEM and their shapes were spherical with sizes around 200-400 nm. The PDT potential of Ce6-incorporated ChitoUDCA nanoparticles were studied with HuCC-T1 human cholangiocarcinoma cells. The results showed that ChitoUDCA nanoparticles enhances of Ce6 uptake into tumor cells, phototoxicity, and ROS generation compared to Ce6 itself. Furthermore, Ce6-incorporated ChitoUDCA nanoparticles showed quenching in aqueous solution and sensing at tumor cells. We suggest that Ce6-incorporated ChitoUDCA nanoparticles are promising candidates for PDT of cholangiocarcinoma cells.
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Hirano T, Hagiya Y, Fukuhara H, Inoue K, Shuin T, Matsumoto K, Inoue K, Tanaka T, Okura I, Ogura SI. Improvement of aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-mediated photodynamic diagnosis using n-propyl gallate. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2012; 10:28-32. [PMID: 23465369 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) using aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is widely used in clinical fields. In PDD, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is generated from ALA in tumors, allowing the detection of the tumors by PpIX fluorescence. However, it is well known that PpIX is bleached by light irradiation (photobleaching) resulting in reduced PDD efficiency. In this study, n-propyl gallate (NPG) was investigated as an enhancer of PDD efficiency. METHODS Tumor cells were incubated with NPG after treatment with ALA, and reactive oxygen species and PpIX fluorescence were measured. RESULTS The antioxidant NPG suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species from light-irradiated porphyrins and ameliorated photobleaching of PpIX generated from ALA in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Incubation with NPG decreased the production of reactive oxygen species from PpIX and suppressed PpIX photobleaching. These results indicate that the antioxidant NPG may significantly improve PDD efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hirano
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B102 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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5
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Ling D, Bae BC, Park W, Na K. Photodynamic efficacy of photosensitizers under an attenuated light dose via lipid nano-carrier-mediated nuclear targeting. Biomaterials 2012; 33:5478-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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6
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Hudson R, Boyle RW. Strategies for selective delivery of photodynamic sensitisers to biological targets. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424604000325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Strategies for increasing the affinity of photodynamic sensitisers for specific tissues, cells and organisms are reviewed. Biological outcomes are evaluated and therapeutic potential assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hudson
- Photobiology & Photomedicine Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Ross W. Boyle
- Photobiology & Photomedicine Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, East Yorkshire HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
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Chiaviello A, Postiglione I, Palumbo G. Targets and mechanisms of photodynamic therapy in lung cancer cells: a brief overview. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:1014-41. [PMID: 24212652 PMCID: PMC3756402 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3011014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains one of the most common cancer-related causes of death. This type of cancer typically develops over a period of many years, and if detected at an early enough stage can be eliminated by a variety of treatments including photodynamic therapy (PDT). A critical discussion on the clinical applications of PDT in lung cancer is well outside the scope of the present report, which, in turn focuses on mechanistic and other aspects of the photodynamic action at a molecular and cellular level. The knowledge of these issues at pre-clinical levels is necessary to develop, check and adopt appropriate clinical protocols in the future. This report, besides providing general information, includes a brief overview of present experimental PDT and provides some non-exhaustive information on current strategies aimed at further improving the efficacy, especially in regard to lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Chiaviello
- Department of Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare "L. Califano" - Università Federico II, Via S. Pansini, 5 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Sobolev AS. Modular nanotransporters of anticancer drugs conferring cell specificity and higher efficiency. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 74:1567-74. [PMID: 20210709 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297909130094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with artificial modular nanotransporters (MNT) of polypeptide nature for drug delivery into target cells and then into a specified cell compartment like the nucleus. The developed approach is based on the use of intracellular transport processes characteristic of practically all cells, including cancer cells. The first MNT module ligand carries out a double function: specific recognition of a cancer target cell and penetration into the cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis. The movement of the MNT within the cell along this path specifies the need to supply the MNT with an endosomolytic module making it possible to leave the endocytotic pathway before getting into lysosomes in order to have time for interaction with importins. For this purpose, a polypeptide fragment able to make defects in membranes only at the pH of endosomes is used as the second module. Delivery into the cell nucleus is provided by the third module containing an amino acid sequence of nuclear localization, "recognized" by importins located in the hyaloplasm. And finally, the fourth module, a carrier for joining the transported drug, is incorporated into the MNT. Depending on the type of ligand module, MNT for different target cell types have been produced. Each module retains its activity within the MNT, ligand modules bind target receptors with high affinity, while the module with the nuclear localization sequence binds importins. The endosomolytic module forms pores in lipid membranes through which MNT are able to leave acidifying cell compartments (endosomes). Modules within MNT can be replaced or transposed, which makes it possible to use them for delivery of different drugs into different target cells and their compartments. It was shown that photosensitizers and radionuclides used for cancer therapy acquire pronounced cell specificity as well as the 10-1000-fold higher efficiency resulting from their delivery into the most vulnerable compartment--the cell nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Sobolev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Sibrian-Vazquez M, Jensen TJ, Vicente MGH. Influence of the number and distribution of NLS peptides on the photosensitizing activity of multimeric porphyrin–NLS. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1160-72. [DOI: 10.1039/b917280g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Nuclear drug delivery to target tumour cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 625:174-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Ol’shevskaya VA, Nikitina RG, Savchenko AN, Malshakova MV, Vinogradov AM, Golovina GV, Belykh DV, Kutchin AV, Kaplan MA, Kalinin VN, Kuzmin VA, Shtil AA. Novel boronated chlorin e6-based photosensitizers: Synthesis, binding to albumin and antitumour efficacy. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:1297-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Sehgal I, Sibrian-Vazquez M. Photoinduced Cytotoxicity and Biodistribution of Prostate Cancer Cell-Targeted Porphyrins. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6014-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800444c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Inder Sehgal
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - Martha Sibrian-Vazquez
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
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Sibrian-Vazquez M, Jensen TJ, Vicente MGH. Synthesis, Characterization, and Metabolic Stability of Porphyrin−Peptide Conjugates Bearing Bifunctional Signaling Sequences. J Med Chem 2008; 51:2915-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701050j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy J. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - M. Graça H. Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
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14
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Sobolev AS. Modular transporters for subcellular cell-specific targeting of anti-tumor drugs. Bioessays 2008; 30:278-87. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.20715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Pandey SK, Zheng X, Morgan J, Missert JR, Liu TH, Shibata M, Bellnier DA, Oseroff AR, Henderson BW, Dougherty TJ, Pandey RK. Purpurinimide Carbohydrate Conjugates: Effect of the Position of the Carbohydrate Moiety in Photosensitizing Efficacy. Mol Pharm 2007; 4:448-64. [PMID: 17373821 DOI: 10.1021/mp060135x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A lactose moiety was regioselectively introduced at various positions of N-hexyl-mesopurpurinimide (a class of chlorin containing a fused six-membered imide ring system, lambda(max): 700 nm) to investigate the effect of its presence and position on photosensitizing efficacy. The resulting novel structures produced a significant difference in in vitro and in vivo efficacy. Among the positional isomers in which the lactose moiety was introduced at positions 3, 8, and 12, the 3-lactose purpurin-18-N-hexylimide produced the best efficacy. Compared to these analogues, the lactose moiety joined with an amide bond at position 17(2), and with an N-benzyl group bearing a -C[triple bond]C- linkage at position 13(2) showed reduced in vitro/in vivo photosensitivity. A noticeable difference between lactose conjugates in cell uptake (RIF tumor cells) was observed at 3 and 24 h postincubation. Replacing the lactose (Galbeta1 --> 4Glc) with beta-galactose and glucose moieties at position 3 of purpurinimide produced an increase in both cell uptake and in in vitro efficacy, but with reduced in vivo efficacy. Sites of intracellular localization differed among photosensitizers with and without carbohydrate moieties. Molecular modeling shows favorable interactions of 3- and 12-lactose-purpurinimide analogues with both galectin-1 and galectin-3, but clear contributions were not found for the conjugate containing lactose moiety at position 8. In a comparative ELISA study of the lactose conjugates with free lactose, all carbohydrate-purpurinimides showed binding to both galectins with a significant variation between the batches of galectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K Pandey
- Photodynamic Therapy Center, Department of Dermatology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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Gilyazova DG, Rosenkranz AA, Gulak PV, Lunin VG, Sergienko OV, Khramtsov YV, Timofeyev KN, Grin MA, Mironov AF, Rubin AB, Georgiev GP, Sobolev AS. Targeting Cancer Cells by Novel Engineered Modular Transporters. Cancer Res 2006; 66:10534-40. [PMID: 17079476 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A major problem in the treatment of cancer is the specific targeting of drugs to these abnormal cells. Ideally, such a drug should act over short distances to minimize damage to healthy cells and target subcellular compartments that have the highest sensitivity to the drug. We describe the novel approach of using modular recombinant transporters to target photosensitizers to the nucleus, where their action is most pronounced, of cancer cells overexpressing ErbB1 receptors. We have produced a new generation of the transporters consisting of (a) epidermal growth factor as the internalizable ligand module to ErbB1 receptors, (b) the optimized nuclear localization sequence of SV40 large T-antigen, (c) a translocation domain of diphtheria toxin as an endosomolytic module, and (d) the Escherichia coli hemoglobin-like protein HMP as a carrier module. The modules retained their functions within the transporter chimera: they showed high-affinity interactions with ErbB1 receptors and alpha/beta-importin dimers and formed holes in lipid bilayers at endosomal pH. A photosensitizer conjugated with the transporter produced singlet oxygen and (*)OH radicals similar to the free photosensitizer. Photosensitizers-transporter conjugates have >3,000 times greater efficacy than free photosensitizers for target cells and were not photocytotoxic at these concentrations for cells expressing a few ErbB1 receptors per cell, in contrast to free photosensitizers. The different modules of the transporters, which are highly expressed and easily purified to retain full activity of each of the modules, are interchangeable, meaning that they can be tailored for particular applications.
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Wojtyk JT, Goyan R, Gudgin-Dickson E, Pottier R. Exploiting tumour biology to develop novel drug delivery strategies for PDT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mla.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Sibrian-Vazquez M, Jensen TJ, Hammer RP, Vicente MGH. Peptide-mediated cell transport of water soluble porphyrin conjugates. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1364-72. [PMID: 16480271 DOI: 10.1021/jm050893b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Five new porphyrin-peptide conjugates bearing a nuclear localizing sequence SV40 or a fusogenic peptide (HIV-1Tat 40-60 or octa-arginine) linked by low molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) have been synthesized. In vitro studies using human HEp2 cells show that the cellular uptake of the conjugates depends significantly on the nature and sequence of amino acids in the peptide and on the nature of the substituents on the porphyrin macrocycle. The fusogenic peptide sequences HIV-1Tat 40-60 and octa-arginine were the most effective in delivering the conjugates to the cells. The subcellular distribution of the conjugates was found to be dependent on the nature of substituents on the porphyrin macrocycle. The conjugates bearing a hydrophobic porphyrin localized preferentially in the endoplasmic reticulum and were significantly more phototoxic to HEp2 cells than the carboxylic acid functionalized porphyrin conjugates, which localized mainly in the lysosomes.
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Dozzo P, Koo MS, Berger S, Forte TM, Kahl SB. Synthesis, characterization, and plasma lipoprotein association of a nucleus-targeted boronated porphyrin. J Med Chem 2005; 48:357-9. [PMID: 15658849 DOI: 10.1021/jm049277q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of binary cancer therapies such as BNCT and PDT depends critically on the subcellular localization site of the sensitizer. This work presents the synthesis and plasma lipoprotein binding properties of the first reported binary conjugate of a boronated porphyrin with a peptide nuclear localization sequence. The porphyrin-NLS conjugate associates in vitro predominantly with low density lipoproteins. Such association provides a potentially selective entry pathway into malignant cells that overexpress the LDL receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dozzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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20
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Walker I, Vernon DI, Brown SB. The solid-phase conjugation of purpurin-18 with a synthetic targeting peptide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:441-3. [PMID: 14698177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that efficient site-specific coupling of the highly active photodynamic therapy sensitiser purpurin-18 to the synthetic targeting peptide G-G-V-K-R-K-K-K-P-G-Y-G can be achieved with greater than 85% purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Walker
- Centre for Photobiology and Photodynamic Therapy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
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21
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Fontes MRM, Teh T, Toth G, John A, Pavo I, Jans DA, Kobe B. Role of flanking sequences and phosphorylation in the recognition of the simian-virus-40 large T-antigen nuclear localization sequences by importin-alpha. Biochem J 2003; 375:339-49. [PMID: 12852786 PMCID: PMC1223685 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2003] [Revised: 06/04/2003] [Accepted: 07/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear import of simian-virus-40 large T-antigen (tumour antigen) is enhanced via phosphorylation by the protein kinase CK2 at Ser112 in the vicinity of the NLS (nuclear localization sequence). To determine the structural basis of the effect of the sequences flanking the basic cluster KKKRK, and the effect of phosphorylation on the recognition of the NLS by the nuclear import factor importin-alpha (Impalpha), we co-crystallized non-autoinhibited Impalpha with peptides corresponding to the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of the NLS, and determined the crystal structures of the complexes. The structures show that the amino acids N-terminally flanking the basic cluster make specific contacts with the receptor that are distinct from the interactions between bipartite NLSs and Impalpha. We confirm the important role of flanking sequences using binding assays. Unexpectedly, the regions of the peptides containing the phosphorylation site do not make specific contacts with the receptor. Binding assays confirm that phosphorylation does not increase the affinity of the T-antigen NLS to Impalpha. We conclude that the sequences flanking the basic clusters in NLSs play a crucial role in nuclear import by modulating the recognition of the NLS by Impalpha, whereas phosphorylation of the T-antigen enhances nuclear import by a mechanism that does not involve a direct interaction of the phosphorylated residue with Impalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos R M Fontes
- Structural Biology Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
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Rosenkranz AA, Lunin VG, Gulak PV, Sergienko OV, Shumiantseva MA, Voronina OL, Gilyazova DG, John AP, Kofner AA, Mironov AF, Jans DA, Sobolev AS. Recombinant modular transporters for cell-specific nuclear delivery of locally acting drugs enhance photosensitizer activity. FASEB J 2003; 17:1121-3. [PMID: 12692081 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0888fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The search for new pharmaceuticals that are specific for diseased rather than normal cells in the case of cancer and viral disease has raised interest in locally acting drugs that act over short distances within the cell and for which different cell compartments have distinct sensitivities. Thus, photosensitizers (PSs) used in anti-cancer therapy should ideally be transported to the most sensitive subcellular compartments in order for their action to be most pronounced. Here we describe the design, production, and characterization of the effects of bacterially expressed modular recombinant transporters for PSs comprising 1) alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone as an internalizable, cell-specific ligand; 2) an optimized nuclear localization sequence of the SV40 large T-antigen; 3) an Escherichia coli hemoglobin-like protein as a carrier; and 4) an endosomolytic amphipathic polypeptide, the translocation domain of diphtheria toxin. These modular transporters delivered PSs into the nuclei, the most vulnerable sites for the action of PSs, of murine melanoma cells, but not non-MSH receptor-overexpressing cells, to result in cytotoxic effects several orders of magnitude greater than those of nonmodified PSs. The modular fusion proteins described here for the first time, capable of cell-specific targeting to particular subcellular compartments to increase drug efficacy, represent new pharmaceuticals with general application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Rosenkranz
- Department of Molecular Genetics of Intracellular Transport, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., 119334, Moscow, Russia
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Tijerina M, Kopecková P, Kopecek J. The effects of subcellular localization of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymer-Mce(6) conjugates in a human ovarian carcinoma. J Control Release 2001; 74:269-73. [PMID: 11489506 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitizers, light-sensitive compounds, become activated upon illumination with a specific wavelength of light generating cytotoxic oxygen species. Due to the short half-life of singlet oxygen, the subcellular site of localization and excitation affects the type of cellular damage produced as well as cellular responses to different types of photodamage created within the cell. Here, we investigated the effects of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-mesochlorin e(6) monoethylenediamine (Mce(6)) conjugates localized to different subcellular compartments. Temperature was utilized to achieve subcellular localization of conjugates and subcellular fractionation was performed to confirm localization patterns of HPMA copolymer-Mce(6) conjugates. Cytotoxicity studies suggest plasma membrane and late endosomes were more sensitive to photodamage than lysosomal compartments as observed by an approximate 2-fold decrease in the IC(50) compared to lysosomally accumulated conjugate. Releasing Mce(6) from the polymer backbone within lysosomal compartments significantly lowered the IC(50) when compared to HPMA copolymer conjugates with Mce6 bound via a nondegradable linkage. These differences will prove useful in the future design of HPMA copolymer-Mce(6) conjugates for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tijerina
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 South 2000 East, Room 301, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Tijerina M, Fowers KD, Kopecková P, Kopecek J. Chronic exposure of human ovarian carcinoma cells to free or HPMA copolymer-bound mesochlorin e6 does not induce P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance. Biomaterials 2000; 21:2203-10. [PMID: 10985494 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of multidrug resistance in human ovarian carcinoma A2780 cells was investigated after chronic exposure to free mesochlorin e6 monoethylenediamine (Mce6) and N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-bound Mce6 (P(GG)-Mce6). The dose that inhibits growth by 50% (IC50) was determined for free Mce6 (2.09 +/- 0.32 microM) and P(GG)-Mce6 (204.15 +/- 28.97 microM) to utilize similar effective doses of drug. A total of 14 drug exposures were performed over a period of 78 days. Cells were characterized by IC50 dose, MDR1 gene expression and anti-human P-glycoprotein (P-gp) antibody binding after each drug exposure. At the conclusion of the experiment, neither the A2780 cells habitually exposed to free Mce6 or P(GG)-Mce6 were significantly different than the control A2780 cells indicating cells did not acquire a MDR phenotype. The doxorubicin (DOX)-resistant A2780/AD cells served as a positive control.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/immunology
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Genes, MDR
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Mesoporphyrins
- Methacrylates/administration & dosage
- Methacrylates/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Pharmaceutical Vehicles
- Phenotype
- Porphyrins/administration & dosage
- Porphyrins/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tijerina
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA
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Rosenkranz AA, Jans DA, Sobolev AS. Targeted intracellular delivery of photosensitizers to enhance photodynamic efficiency. Immunol Cell Biol 2000; 78:452-64. [PMID: 10947873 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2000.00925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel treatment, used mainly for anticancer therapy, that depends on the retention of photosensitizers (PS) in tumour cells and irradiation of the tumour with appropriate wavelength light. Photosensitizers are molecules such as porphyrins and chlorins that, on photoactivation, effect strongly localized oxidative damage within target cells. The PS used for PDT localize in various cytoplasmic membranous structures, but are not found in the most vulnerable intracellular sites for reactive oxygen species, such as the cell nucleus. The experimental approaches discussed in the present paper indicate that it is possible to design highly efficient molecular constructs, PS carriers, with specific modules conferring cell-specific targeting, internalization, escape from intracellular vesicles and targeting to the most vulnerable intracellular compartments, such as the nucleus. Nuclear targeting of these PS-carrying constructs results in enhanced photodynamic activity, maximally about 2500-fold that of free PS. Future work is intended to optimize this approach to the point at which tumour cells can be killed rapidly and efficiently, while minimizing normal cell and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Rosenkranz
- Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Russian Academy of Science
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26
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Sobolev AS, Jans DA, Rosenkranz AA. Targeted intracellular delivery of photosensitizers. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 73:51-90. [PMID: 10781829 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6107(00)00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A S Sobolev
- Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119899, Moscow, Russia.
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