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Li N, Desiderio DM, Zhan X. The use of mass spectrometry in a proteome-centered multiomics study of human pituitary adenomas. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:964-1013. [PMID: 34109661 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A pituitary adenoma (PA) is a common intracranial neoplasm, and is a complex, chronic, and whole-body disease with multicausing factors, multiprocesses, and multiconsequences. It is very difficult to clarify molecular mechanism and treat PAs from the single-factor strategy model. The rapid development of multiomics and systems biology changed the paradigms from a traditional single-factor strategy to a multiparameter systematic strategy for effective management of PAs. A series of molecular alterations at the genome, transcriptome, proteome, peptidome, metabolome, and radiome levels are involved in pituitary tumorigenesis, and mutually associate into a complex molecular network system. Also, the center of multiomics is moving from structural genomics to phenomics, including proteomics and metabolomics in the medical sciences. Mass spectrometry (MS) has been extensively used in phenomics studies of human PAs to clarify molecular mechanisms, and to discover biomarkers and therapeutic targets/drugs. MS-based proteomics and proteoform studies play central roles in the multiomics strategy of PAs. This article reviews the status of multiomics, multiomics-based molecular pathway networks, molecular pathway network-based pattern biomarkers and therapeutic targets/drugs, and future perspectives for personalized, predeictive, and preventive (3P) medicine in PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dominic M Desiderio
- The Charles B. Stout Neuroscience Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Xianquan Zhan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Chang M, Yang C, Bao X, Wang R. Genetic and Epigenetic Causes of Pituitary Adenomas. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:596554. [PMID: 33574795 PMCID: PMC7870789 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.596554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas (PAs) can be classified as non-secreting adenomas, somatotroph adenomas, corticotroph adenomas, lactotroph adenomas, and thyrotroph adenomas. Substantial advances have been made in our knowledge of the pathobiology of PAs. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the molecular biological characteristics of different types of PAs, we reviewed the important advances that have been made involving genetic and epigenetic variation, comprising genetic mutations, chromosome number variations, DNA methylation, microRNA regulation, and transcription factor regulation. Classical tumor predisposition syndromes include multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and type 4 (MEN4) syndromes, Carney complex, and X-LAG syndromes. PAs have also been described in association with succinate dehydrogenase-related familial PA, neurofibromatosis type 1, and von Hippel-Lindau, DICER1, and Lynch syndromes. Patients with aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) mutations often present with pituitary gigantism, either in familial or sporadic adenomas. In contrast, guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(s) subunit alpha (GNAS) and G protein-coupled receptor 101 (GPR101) mutations can lead to excess growth hormone. Moreover, the deubiquitinase gene USP8, USP48, and BRAF mutations are associated with adrenocorticotropic hormone production. In this review, we describe the genetic and epigenetic landscape of PAs and summarize novel insights into the regulation of pituitary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xinjie Bao
- *Correspondence: Xinjie Bao, ; Renzhi Wang,
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Shen AJJ, King J, Scott H, Colman P, Yates CJ. Insights into pituitary tumorigenesis: from Sanger sequencing to next-generation sequencing and beyond. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2019; 14:399-418. [PMID: 31793361 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2019.1689120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: This review explores insights provided by next-generation sequencing (NGS) of pituitary tumors and the clinical implications.Areas covered: Although syndromic forms account for just 5% of pituitary tumours, past Sanger sequencing studies pragmatically focused on them. These studies identified mutations in MEN1, CDKN1B, PRKAR1A, GNAS and SDHx causing Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia-1 (MEN1), MEN4, Carney Complex-1, McCune Albright Syndrome and 3P association syndromes, respectively. Furthermore, linkage analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms identified AIP mutations in 20% with familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA). NGS has enabled further investigation of sporadic tumours. Thus, mutations of USP8 and CABLES1 were identified in corticotrophinomas, BRAF in papillary craniopharyngiomas and CTNNB1 in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. NGS also revealed that pituitary tumours occur in the DICER1 syndrome, due to DICER1 mutations, and CDH23 mutations occur in FIPA. These discoveries revealed novel therapeutic targets and studies are underway of BRAF inhibitors for papillary craniopharyngiomas, and EGFR and USP8 inhibitors for corticotrophinomas.Expert opinion: It has become apparent that single-nucleotide variants and small insertion/deletion DNA mutations cannot explain all pituitary tumorigenesis. Integrated and improved analyses including whole-genome sequencing, copy number, and structural variation analyses, RNA sequencing and epigenomic analyses, with improved genomic technologies, are likely to further define the genomic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James King
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Hamish Scott
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Center for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter Colman
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Christopher J Yates
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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Cai F, Dai C, Chen S, Wu Q, Liu X, Hong Y, Wang Z, Li L, Yan W, Wang R, Zhang J. CXCL12-regulated miR-370-3p functions as a tumor suppressor gene by targeting HMGA2 in nonfunctional pituitary adenomas. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 488:25-35. [PMID: 30853598 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Silencing of noncoding genes within the imprinted DLK1-MEG3 locus is exclusive to human nonfunctional pituitary adenomas (NFPAs), but the exact mechanism is still unclear. This study was designed to demonstrate the impact of CXCL12 on the expression of miRNAs within this locus and phenotypic alterations of NFPAs. Human NFPA samples were collected for screening differentially expressed miRNAs by CXCL12. Target mRNAs of the miRNAs were predicted and verified in vitro. Tumor phenotypic alterations were also tested. Another 51 NFPA samples were enrolled to examine the correlation and clinical features. The expression of miR-370 was decreased by CXCL12 treatment in NFPAs. miR-370-3p was predicted and verified to target HMGA2 as a tumor suppressor gene. Overexpression of HMGA2 inhibited its antitumor function. miR-370-3p was downregulated and HMGA2 was upregulated significantly in High grade NFPAs. In conclusion, the CXCL12/miR-370-3p/HMGA2 signaling pathway is involved in tumor growth and invasiveness of NFPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cai
- The Dept. of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The City of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Congxin Dai
- The Dept. of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shasha Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics, Dept. of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Qun Wu
- The Dept. of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The City of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Xiaohai Liu
- The Dept. of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuan Hong
- The Dept. of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The City of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Zhen Wang
- The Dept. of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The City of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Li Li
- The Dept. of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The City of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Wei Yan
- The Dept. of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The City of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Renzhi Wang
- The Dept. of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- The Dept. of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, The City of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
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Ibáñez-Costa A, Korbonits M. AIP and the somatostatin system in pituitary tumours. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:R101-R116. [PMID: 28835453 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Classic somatostatin analogues aimed at somatostatin receptor type 2, such as octreotide and lanreotide, represent the mainstay of medical treatment for acromegaly. These agents have the potential to decrease hormone secretion and reduce tumour size. Patients with a germline mutation in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein gene, AIP, develop young-onset acromegaly, poorly responsive to pharmacological therapy. In this review, we summarise the most recent studies on AIP-related pituitary adenomas, paying special attention to the causes of somatostatin resistance; the somatostatin receptor profile including type 2, type 5 and truncated variants; the role of G proteins in this pathology; the use of first and second generation somatostatin analogues; and the role of ZAC1, a zinc-finger protein with expression linked to AIP in somatotrophinoma models and acting as a key mediator of octreotide response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ibáñez-Costa
- Centre for EndocrinologyWilliam Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for EndocrinologyWilliam Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Caimari F, Korbonits M. Novel Genetic Causes of Pituitary Adenomas. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5030-5042. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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GONG SHENGLAN, GUO MENGQIAO, TANG GUSHENG, ZHANG CHUNLING, QIU HUIYING, HU XIAOXIA, YANG JIANMIN. Fusion of platelet-derived growth factor receptor β to CEV14 gene in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: A case report and review of the literature. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:770-774. [PMID: 26870282 PMCID: PMC4727129 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid tumor possessing platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) gene rearrangement is a rare hematological malignancy, which presents with typical characteristics of myeloid proliferation disorders and eosinophilia. In the present study, an elderly chronic myelomonocytic leukemia patient was diagnosed with chromosome rearrangement. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was conducted with a PDGFRβ isolate probe, and gene translocation between PDGFRβ on chromosome 5 and genes on the chromosomes of group D (13-15) was detected. Karyotype analysis revealed a chromosome 5 break, and PDGFRβ-thyroid hormone receptor interactor 11 (CEV14) gene fusion was confirmed via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which additionally revealed the chromosome rearrangement t(5;14)(q33;q32). Due to the correlation between PDGFRβ-CEV14 expression and effectiveness of treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, this fusion gene is considered to be an oncogene. In the present study, an elderly patient was diagnosed with a myeloid tumor associated with the fusion gene PDGFRβ-CEV14, using the methods of FISH and RT-PCR. These methods were confirmed to be of significant value in improving diagnosis, guiding treatment and increasing the cure rate of patients, due to their ability to detect multiple rearrangement genes associated with PDGFRβ in myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- SHENG-LAN GONG
- Department of Hematology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - MENG-QIAO GUO
- Department of Hematology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - GU-SHENG TANG
- Department of Hematology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - CHUN-LING ZHANG
- Department of Hematology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - HUI-YING QIU
- Department of Hematology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - XIAO-XIA HU
- Department of Hematology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - JIAN-MIN YANG
- Department of Hematology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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Tan L, Wei X, Zheng L, Zeng J, Liu H, Yang S, Tan H. Amplified HMGA2 promotes cell growth by regulating Akt pathway in AML. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26319392 DOI: 10.1007/s00432‐015‐2036‐9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate how the amplification of HMGA2 contributes to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell proliferation. METHODS The amplification and expression of HMGA2 were examined by FISH, qRT-PCR and Western blot in AML cases. The effect of HMGA2 knockdown on cell proliferation was analyzed with XTT, colony-forming assays and BrdUrd incorporation assays. The effects of HMGA2 knockdown on cell cycle were studied by flow cytometry analysis. The progression of AML cells in vivo was examined by the xenografted tumor model. The interaction between Akt pathway and HMGA2 was examined by Western blot. RESULTS HMGA2 is amplified in AML, and the levels of HMGA2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expressed in AML cells were significantly higher than those in normal cells, which may be related to NR and prognosis of AML patients. Reduction in HMGA2 expression in AML cells inhibited cell proliferation through a decrease in the protein expression of pAkt and pmTOR, compared with control cells. CONCLUSIONS HMGA2 is predominantly amplified and expressed in AML cells, and that aberrant expression of HMGA2 induces AML cell proliferation through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Inhibition of HMGA2 expression represents an attractive target for AML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- Center of Oncology and Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510230, China. .,Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou, 510230, China.
| | - Xiaoping Wei
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Lixia Zheng
- Center of Oncology and Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510230, China
| | - Jincai Zeng
- Center of Oncology and Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510230, China
| | - Haibo Liu
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Shaojiang Yang
- Center of Oncology and Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510230, China
| | - Huo Tan
- Center of Oncology and Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510230, China
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Tan L, Wei X, Zheng L, Zeng J, Liu H, Yang S, Tan H. Amplified HMGA2 promotes cell growth by regulating Akt pathway in AML. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 142:389-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-2036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Pituitary tumors represent the most common intracranial neoplasms accompanying serious morbidity through mass effects and inappropriate secretion of pituitary hormones. Understanding the etiology of pituitary tumorigenesis will facilitate the development of satisfactory treatment for pituitary adenomas. Although the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas is largely unknown, considerable evidence indicates that the pituitary tumorigenesis is a complex process involving multiple factors, including genetic and epigenetic changes. This review summarized the recent progress in the study of pituitary tumorigenesis, focusing on the role of tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes and microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Jiang
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xun Zhang
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Gao H, Wang Q, Wu S, Hui G. Examination of the relationship between chromosome abnormality in pituitary adenomas and tumor invasiveness by normal karyotype analysis and interphase fluorescence staining. Med Oncol 2012; 29:3462-6. [PMID: 22772969 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-012-0296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To study the potential relationship between chromosome abnormality and tumor invasiveness in pituitary adenomas. To use conventional R-band cytogenetic karyotype analysis and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization using centromeric probe of chromosomes 8, 9, and 11 to detect chromosome abnormality in 30 cases of pituitary adenoma. All chromosomes except chromosomes 4, 16, and Y show significant variation between invasive and noninvasive pituitary adenomas. Chromosomes 8 and 12 display some type of numeric alteration in all endocrine subtypes of pituitary adenoma. Numeric alterations in chromosomes 9, 11, and 19 are more frequently detected in invasive pituitary adenomas compared with noninvasive tumors. Numeric alterations in chromosomes are common in all endocrine subtype pituitary adenomas. Furthermore, chromosome numbers are significantly different in invasive and noninvasive pituitary adenomas. On the basis of our study and literature review, we conclude that while chromosomes 8 and 12 may play important roles in the occurrence of pituitary adenomas, chromosomes 9, 11, and 19 may be specifically associated with invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin, 214400, China.
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Rusconi D, Valtorta E, Rodeschini O, Giardino D, Lorenzo I, Predieri B, Losa M, Larizza L, Finelli P. Combined characterization of a pituitary adenoma and a subcutaneous lipoma in a MEN1 patient with a whole gene deletion. Cancer Genet 2011; 204:309-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Salehi F, Kovacs K, Scheithauer BW, Cantelmi D, Horvath E, Lloyd RV, Cusimano M. Immunohistochemical expression of pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) in pituitary adenomas: a correlative study of tumor subtypes. Int J Surg Pathol 2010; 18:5-13. [PMID: 20106827 DOI: 10.1177/1066896909356105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the correlation between immunohistochemical expression of the pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) and pituitary adenoma subtype. METHODS Pituitary adenomas (n = 89) were stained for PTTG using the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method and a monoclonal PTTG antibody. RESULTS PTTG staining was found to be cytoplasmic with a pronounced paranuclear expression pattern. Reactivity was highest in growth hormone (GH) adenomas as compared with other tumors, including prolactin (PRL), follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone/alpha subunit, as well as adrenocorticotrophic hormone-secreting adenomas. PRL adenomas exhibited the lowest expression levels. Among GH adenomas, untreated tumors demonstrated significantly higher PTTG levels than octreotide-treated examples. Although dopamine agonist-treated PRL adenomas tended to show lower expression levels, statistical significance was not reached. CONCLUSIONS Our finding that PTTG was differentially expressed in pituitary adenoma subtypes suggests a cell-specific function for PTTG. Moreover, treatment of GH adenomas with somatostatin analogues lowered PTTG expression. Further investigation into mechanisms mediating cell-specific expression of PTTG is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Salehi
- St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
The high mobility group A (HMGA) non-histone chromatin proteins alter chromatin structure and thereby regulate the transcription of several genes by either enhancing or suppressing transcription factors. This protein family is implicated, through different mechanisms, in both benign and malignant neoplasias. Rearrangements of HMGA genes are a feature of most benign human mesenchymal tumours. Conversely, unrearranged HMGA overexpression is a feature of malignant tumours and is also causally related to neoplastic cell transformation. Here, we focus on the role of the HMGA proteins in human neoplastic diseases, the mechanisms by which they contribute to carcinogenesis, and therapeutic strategies based on targeting HMGA proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Fusco
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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Kontogeorgos G. Innovations and controversies in the WHO classification of pituitary adenomas. Acta Neuropathol 2006; 111:73-5. [PMID: 16328521 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-005-1100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 08/04/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The optimal goal for pathologists is to provide important information to clinicians in order to predict tumor biology. Specific morphologic features may serve as predictive markers of tumor behavior. Macroscopic invasion of the perisellar tissues, defined as radiographic or gross operative finding, is considered a more consistent prognostic indicator. Regarding morphology, cytologic atypia is not a reliable feature. In contrast, the number of mitoses is very important for prognosis. Given that only scarce mitoses can be identified in some aggressive cases, Ki-67 represents an alternative key feature to assess tumor proliferation. In the recent World Health Organization classification, the Ki-67 labeling index (LI) represents a major prognostic indicator for pituitary adenomas. Expression of the p53 gene product is very important for tumor biology. Adenomas with more than 3% Ki-67 LI and extensive p53 immunoreactivity are classified as 'atypical adenomas'. Apoptosis and mitoses represent two adverse and asynchronous events, maintaining the optimal cell numbers. Using DNA labeling techniques, we can identify apoptotic cells. A higher apoptotic LI was found in functioning compared with nonfunctioning adenomas, in microadenomas, particularly in corticotrope adenomas, and in untreated adenomas, particularly prolactinomas. Cytogenetic analysis of chromosomes may provide important information regarding tumor development and progression. Increased chromosome 11 copies are more frequent in functioning, aneuploid pituitary adenomas. Monosomy or partial loss of chromosome 11 in adenomas with a normal or increased DNA LI indicates complex genomic abnormalities of chromosomes, other than chromosome 11. Immunohistochemical detection of somatostatin receptors is important, as their density in the cytoplasmic membrane is directly related to the effectiveness of somatostatin analogues. Therefore, morphologic assessment of the somatostatin receptor profile can predict the responsiveness and validate the effectiveness of treatment with somatostatin analogues. We can conclude that among the currently available predictive factors, tumor invasiveness is important, whereas the presence of mitoses, the Ki-67 LI, p53 expression and apoptosis are very important; DNA ploidy and fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis, although important, are difficult to apply. Finally, in the near future, immunohistochemistry for somatostatin receptors will be a very important application.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kontogeorgos
- Department of Pathology and Pituitary Tumor Reference Center, G. Gennimatas General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Bayani J, Pandita A, Squire JA. Molecular cytogenetic analysis in the study of brain tumors: findings and applications. Neurosurg Focus 2005; 19:E1. [PMID: 16398459 DOI: 10.3171/foc.2005.19.5.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Classic cytogenetics has evolved from black and white to technicolor images of chromosomes as a result of advances in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques, and is now called molecular cytogenetics. Improvements in the quality and diversity of probes suitable for FISH, coupled with advances in computerized image analysis, now permit the genome or tissue of interest to be analyzed in detail on a glass slide. It is evident that the growing list of options for cytogenetic analysis has improved the understanding of chromosomal changes in disease initiation, progression, and response to treatment. The contributions of classic and molecular cytogenetics to the study of brain tumors have provided scientists and clinicians alike with new avenues for investigation. In this review the authors summarize the contributions of molecular cytogenetics to the study of brain tumors, encompassing the findings of classic cytogenetics, interphase- and metaphase-based FISH studies, spectral karyotyping, and metaphase- and array-based comparative genomic hybridization. In addition, this review also details the role of molecular cytogenetic techniques in other aspects of understanding the pathogenesis of brain tumors, including xenograft, cancer stem cell, and telomere length studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Bayani
- Department of Applied Molecular Oncology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
The majority of pituitary adenomas are trophically stable and change relatively little in size over many years. A comparatively small proportion behave more aggressively and come to clinical attention through inappropriate hormone secretion or adverse effects on surrounding structures. True malignant behaviour with metastatic spread is very atypical. Pituitary adenomas that come to surgery are predominantly monoclonal in origin and roughly half are aneuploid, indicating either ongoing genetic instability or transition through a period of genetic instability at some time during their development. Few are associated with the classical mechanisms of tumour formation but it is generally believed that the majority harbour quantitative if not qualitative differences in molecular composition compared to the normal pituitary. Despite their prevalence and the ready availability of biopsy material, at the present time, the precise molecular pathogenesis of the majority of pituitary adenomas remains unclear. This review summarizes current thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Levy
- University Research Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Bristol University, Jenner Yard, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK.
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Fedele M, Battista S, Kenyon L, Baldassarre G, Fidanza V, Klein-Szanto AJP, Parlow AF, Visone R, Pierantoni GM, Outwater E, Santoro M, Croce CM, Fusco A. Overexpression of the HMGA2 gene in transgenic mice leads to the onset of pituitary adenomas. Oncogene 2002; 21:3190-8. [PMID: 12082634 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2001] [Revised: 02/04/2002] [Accepted: 02/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the HMGA2 gene is a common feature of neoplastic cells both in experimental and human models. Intragenic and extragenic HMGA2 rearrangements responsible for HMGA2 gene overexpression have been frequently detected in human benign tumours of mesenchymal origin. To better understand the role of HMGA2 overexpression in human tumorigenesis, we have generated transgenic mice carrying the HMGA2 gene under the transcriptional control of the cytomegalovirus promoter. High expression of the transgene was demonstrated in all the mouse tissues analysed, whereas no expression of the endogenous HMGA2 gene was detected in the same tissues from wild-type mice. In this study, two independent lines of transgenic mice have been generated. By 6 months of age, 85% of female animals of both transgenic lines developed pituitary adenomas secreting prolactin and growth hormone. The transgenic males developed the same phenotype with a lower penetrance (40%) and a longer latency period (about 18 months). Therefore, these data demonstrate that the overexpression of HMGA2 leads to the onset of mixed growth hormone/prolactin cell pituitary adenomas. These transgenic mice may represent an important tool for the study of this kind of neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Fedele
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Centro di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Federico II Università degli Studi di Napoli, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Roncaroli F, Faustini-Fustini M, Mauri F, Asioli S, Frank G. Crooke's hyalinization in silent corticotroph adenoma: report of two cases. Endocr Pathol 2002; 13:245-9. [PMID: 12446925 DOI: 10.1385/ep:13:3:245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Corticotroph adenomas rarely show Crooke's hyaline change in neoplastic cells, a feature similar to that of normal corticotroph cells exposed to excess cortisol. Crooke's cell adenomas are usually associated with Cushing's disease. Nonfunctioning examples are uncommon. We report two clinically silent corticotroph adenomas featuring extensive Crooke's hyalinization in neoplastic cells. The two patients were 49 and 59 yr of age and neither had Cushing's disease. Serum and urinary cortisol were normal. One patient had elevated serum adrenocorticotropic hormone. In our experience, the two patients accounted for 0.4% of pituitary adenomas operated on from January 1992 to December 2001 and 3.5% of all corticotroph adenomas. The two lesions had features of the subtype 1 silent corticotroph adenoma. Cytogenetic analysis performed on one lesion showed a normal karyotype (46;XY). Hyalinization in clinically silent Crooke's cell adenoma indicates that hyaline changes do not always relate to excess cortisol. It is known that neoplastic Crooke's cells show immunoreactivity for glucocorticoid receptors stronger than nontumorous Crooke's corticotrophs. This fact suggests that receptor overexpression or lack of receptor downregulation may result in hypersensitivity of neoplastic Crooke's cells to physiologic cortisol plasma levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Roncaroli
- Department of Oncology, Service of Anatomic and Cytopathology, Institute of Anatomic and Cytopathology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
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Abstract
In recent years, remarkable progress has been made in the understanding of the pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. Pituitary tumors originate from the uncontrolled proliferation of a single transformed cell in which an initiating event has caused a gain of proliferative function. After the initiation, promoting factors cooperate in the clonal expansion. Common oncogenes, such as ras, are only exceptionally involved. The only activating mutations identified so far are gsp mutations causing the constitutive activation of cAMP pathway. However, gsp-positive adenomas are not associated to a more aggressive tumoral phenotype. The oncogenic potential of gsp mutations is limited by a more rapid degradation of the mutant Gs(alpha) with respect to the wild-type protein, and by a faster removal of cAMP due to increased phosphodiesterase activity. Estrogen-inducible gene sequences with transforming properties (pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG)) have been identified in human pituitary tumors. Human pituitary tumor-transforming gene (hPTTG) is involved both in early pituitary tumorigenesis, as it causes in vitro and in vivo transformation acting as a transcription activator, and in tumor progression, as it regulates the production of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a potent activator of angiogenesis and mitogenesis. Moreover, a role of cyclin D1 in pituitary tumorigenesis is emerging. The allelic loss of loci for unknown oncosuppressor genes are currently under investigation, while an exceedingly limited role for menin gene and RB1 has been demonstrated for sporadic pituitary tumors. Abnormal methylation that predisposing toward genetic instability may favor the allelic loss or the reduced expression of oncosuppressor genes, is also an emerging field of investigation. Several promoting factors, including the excessive action of physiological stimulators, the defective action of inhibitors, the susceptibility to respond to inappropriate stimuli and the locally produced growth factors, help in tumor progression. The study of homeobox genes that intervene in pituitary cell differentiation may help in expanding our knowledge in pituitary tumor cell genealogy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Faglia
- Institute of Endocrine Sciences, Ospedale Maggiore IRCCS, University of Milan, Italy.
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Trautmann K, Thakker RV, Ellison DW, Ibrahim A, Lees PD, Harding B, Fischer C, Popp S, Bartram CR, Jauch A. Chromosomal aberrations in sporadic pituitary tumors. Int J Cancer 2001; 91:809-14. [PMID: 11275984 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(200102)9999:9999<::aid-ijc1127>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are common intracranial neoplasms that may be hormone-secreting or nonfunctional. Genetic defects associated with some pituitary tumors have been identified, although our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms remains incomplete. We have studied 75 sporadic pituitary tumors, representing the major clinical subtypes, by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) with the aim of assessing for DNA copy number changes. CGH revealed chromosomal imbalances in 34 adenomas (45.3%), whereby gains were 4.9 times more frequently observed than losses. Most of the genetic alterations detected by CGH affected entire chromosomes (108/131, 82.4%). Gain of genetic material was observed predominantly on chromosomes X (24/75, 32%), 19 (12/75, 16%), 12 (6/75, 6.7%), 7 and 9 (5/75, 6.7%), whereas loss of DNA sequences most frequently affected chromosomes 11 (4/75, 5.3%), 13 and 10 (3/75, 4%). There were no significant differences in the CGH results for the individual clinical subtypes of pituitary tumors. These results reveal a nonrandom pattern of chromosomal alterations in pituitary tumors, in particular gains of entire chromosomes, and this may contribute to the development of such neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Trautmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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