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Qu M, An B, Shen S, Zhang M, Shen X, Duan X, Balthasar JP, Qu J. Qualitative and quantitative characterization of protein biotherapeutics with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:734-754. [PMID: 27097288 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the advancement of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) techniques has enabled their broad application in protein characterization, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Owing to certain important merits of LC/MS techniques (e.g., high selectivity, flexibility, and rapid method development), LC/MS assays are often deemed as preferable alternatives to conventional methods (e.g., ligand-binding assays) for the analysis of protein biotherapeutics. At the discovery and development stages, LC/MS is generally employed for two purposes absolute quantification of protein biotherapeutics in biological samples and qualitative characterization of proteins. For absolute quantification of a target protein in bio-matrices, recent work has led to improvements in the efficiency of LC/MS method development, sample treatment, enrichment and digestion, and high-performance low-flow-LC separation. These advances have enhanced analytical sensitivity, specificity, and robustness. As to qualitative analysis, a range of techniques have been developed to characterize intramolecular disulfide bonds, glycosylation, charge variants, primary sequence heterogeneity, and the drug-to-antibody ratio of antibody drug conjugate (ADC), which has enabled a refined ability to assess product quality. In this review, we will focus on the discussion of technical challenges and strategies of LC/MS-based quantification and characterization of biotherapeutics, with the emphasis on the analysis of antibody-based biotherapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and ADCs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:734-754, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Qu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203
| | - Bo An
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203
| | - Shichen Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203
| | - Xiaomeng Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203
| | - Xiaotao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Joseph P Balthasar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, 14203
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Mass Spectrometry Approaches for Identification and Quantitation of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies in the Clinical Laboratory. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00545-16. [PMID: 28274937 PMCID: PMC5424237 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00545-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are an important class of drugs used to treat diseases ranging from autoimmune disorders to B cell lymphomas to other rare conditions thought to be untreatable in the past. Many advances have been made in the characterization of immunoglobulins as a result of pharmaceutical companies investing in technologies that allow them to better understand MAbs during the development phase. Mass spectrometry is one of the new advancements utilized extensively by pharma to analyze MAbs and is now beginning to be applied in the clinical laboratory setting. The rise in the use of therapeutic MAbs has opened up new challenges for the development of assays for monitoring this class of drugs. MAbs are larger and more complex than typical small-molecule therapeutic drugs routinely analyzed by mass spectrometry. In addition, they must be quantified in samples that contain endogenous immunoglobulins with nearly identical structures. In contrast to an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantifying MAbs, mass spectrometry-based assays do not rely on MAb-specific reagents such as recombinant antigens and/or anti-idiotypic antibodies, and time for development is usually shorter. Furthermore, using molecular mass as a measurement tool provides increased specificity since it is a first-order principle unique to each MAb. This enables rapid quantification of MAbs and multiplexing. This review describes how mass spectrometry can become an important tool for clinical chemists and especially immunologists, who are starting to develop assays for MAbs in the clinical laboratory and are considering mass spectrometry as a versatile platform for the task.
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Wiesner J, Resemann A, Evans C, Suckau D, Jabs W. Advanced mass spectrometry workflows for analyzing disulfide bonds in biologics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:115-23. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1018896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Formolo T, Ly M, Levy M, Kilpatrick L, Lute S, Phinney K, Marzilli L, Brorson K, Boyne M, Davis D, Schiel J. Determination of the NISTmAb Primary Structure. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1201.ch001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trina Formolo
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysical Characterization, Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Mellisa Ly
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysical Characterization, Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Michaella Levy
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysical Characterization, Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Lisa Kilpatrick
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysical Characterization, Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Scott Lute
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysical Characterization, Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Karen Phinney
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysical Characterization, Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Lisa Marzilli
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysical Characterization, Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Kurt Brorson
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysical Characterization, Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Michael Boyne
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysical Characterization, Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Darryl Davis
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysical Characterization, Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - John Schiel
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Mass Spectrometry and Biophysical Characterization, Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Testing and Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Biotechnology Products, Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, U.S Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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5
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Disulfide bond assignment of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody by LC–MS with post-column partial reduction. Anal Biochem 2013; 436:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Huang SY, Hsieh YT, Chen CH, Chen CC, Sung WC, Chou MY, Chen SF. Automatic Disulfide Bond Assignment Using a1Ion Screening by Mass Spectrometry for Structural Characterization of Protein Pharmaceuticals. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4900-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3005007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Urban PL, Amantonico A, Zenobi R. Lab-on-a-plate: extending the functionality of MALDI-MS and LDI-MS targets. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:435-478. [PMID: 21254192 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We review the literature that describes how (matrix-assisted) laser desorption/ionization (MA)LDI target plates can be used not only as sample supports, but beyond that: as functional parts of analytical protocols that incorporate detection by MALDI-MS or matrix-free LDI-MS. Numerous steps of analytical procedures can be performed directly on the (MA)LDI target plates prior to the ionization of analytes in the ion source of a mass spectrometer. These include homogenization, preconcentration, amplification, purification, extraction, digestion, derivatization, synthesis, separation, detection with complementary techniques, data storage, or other steps. Therefore, we consider it helpful to define the "lab-on-a-plate" as a format for carrying out extensive sample treatment as well as bioassays directly on (MA)LDI target plates. This review introduces the lab-on-plate approach and illustrates it with the aid of relevant examples from the scientific and patent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Wang Y, Lu Q, Wu SL, Karger BL, Hancock WS. Characterization and comparison of disulfide linkages and scrambling patterns in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies: using LC-MS with electron transfer dissociation. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3133-40. [PMID: 21428412 DOI: 10.1021/ac200128d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The disulfides in three monoclonal antibodies (mAb), the anti-HER2, anti-CD11a, and GLP-1 with IgG4-Fc fusion protein, were completely mapped by LC-MS with the combination of electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) and collision induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation. In addition to mapping the 4 inter- and 12 intrachain disulfides (total 16), the identification of scrambled disulfides in degraded samples (heat-stress) was achieved. The scrambling was likely attributed to an initial breakage between the light (Cys 214) and heavy (Cys 223) chains in anti-HER2, with the same observation found in a similar therapeutic mAb, anti-CD11a. On the other hand, the fusion antibody, with no light chain but containing only two heavy chains, generated much less scrambling under the same heat-stressed conditions. The preferred sites of scrambling were identified, such as the intrachain disulfide for CxxC in the heavy chain, and the C194 of the heavy chain pairing with the terminal Cys residue (C214) in the light chain. The interchain disulfides between the light and heavy chains were weaker than the interchain disulfides between the two heavy chains. The relative high abundance ions observed in ETD provided strong evidence for the linked peptide information, which was particularly useful for the identification of the scrambled disulfides. The use of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) helped the separation of these misfolded proteins for the determination of scrambled disulfide linkages. This methodology is useful for comparison of disulfide stability generated from different structural designs and providing a new way to determine the scrambling patterns, which could be applied for those seeking to determine unknown disulfide linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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9
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Sui P, Miliotis T, Davidson M, Karlsson R, Karlsson A. Membrane protein digestion - comparison of LPI HexaLane with traditional techniques. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 753:129-142. [PMID: 21604120 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-148-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Membrane protein profiling and characterization is of immense importance for the understanding of vital processes taking place across cellular membranes. Traditional techniques used for soluble proteins, such as 2D gel electrophoresis, are sometimes not entirely applicable to membrane protein targets, due to their low abundance and hydrophobic character. New tools have been developed that will accelerate research on membrane protein targets. Lipid-based protein immobilization (LPI) is the core technology in a new approach that enables immobilization and digestion of native membrane proteins inside a flow cell format. The presented method is described in the context of comparing the method to traditional approaches where the sample amount that is digested and analyzed is the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sui
- AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden
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Vorontsov EA, Samgina TY, Gorshkov VA, Poljakov NB, Nifant'ev IE, Lebedev AT. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-post source decay fragmentation of cystine- containing amphibian peptides with novel cysteine tags. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2011; 17:73-83. [PMID: 21625031 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Long disulphide-containing peptides brevinins 1E and 2Ec from the skin secretion of the frog Rana ridibunda were reduced and alkylated with ten novel and three known derivatizing agents. Nine of novel reagents are maleimide derivatives. The peptides were also reduced with DTT directly onto the MALDI target without alkylation. Modified samples were subjected to MALDI-PSD study. Procedures, fragmentation patterns, fragment ion signal abundances and sequence coverage for two peptides modified with thirteen tags (or on-plate reduced) are described. The fast on-plate procedure for reduction/alkylation was applied to Rana ridibunda crude secretion, providing intensive signals of derivatized peptides. The corresponding ions may be used for the MS/MS sequencing procedure.
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Zhang Z, Pan H, Chen X. Mass spectrometry for structural characterization of therapeutic antibodies. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:147-76. [PMID: 18720354 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, have emerged as one of the most promising classes of therapeutics in the biopharmaceutical industry. The need for complete characterization of the quality attributes of these molecules requires sophisticated techniques. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an essential analytical tool for the structural characterization of therapeutic antibodies, due to its superior resolution over other analytical techniques. It has been widely used in virtually all phases of antibody development. Structural features determined by MS include amino acid sequence, disulfide linkages, carbohydrate structure and profile, and many different post-translational, in-process, and in-storage modifications. In this review, we will discuss various MS-based techniques for the structural characterization of monoclonal antibodies. These techniques are categorized as mass determination of intact antibodies, and as middle-up, bottom-up, top-down, and middle-down structural characterizations. Each of these techniques has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of structural resolution, sequence coverage, sample consumption, and effort required for analyses. The role of MS in glycan structural characterization and profiling will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi Zhang
- Process and Product Development, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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Huang SY, Wen CH, Li DT, Hsu JL, Chen C, Shi FK, Lin YY. Assignment of Disulfide-Linked Peptides Using Automatic a1 Ion Recognition. Anal Chem 2008; 80:9135-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8013725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yu Huang
- Life Science Business Unit and Computer Integrated Manufacturing Business Unit, C Sun MFG. LTD., 7F.-9, No.79, Sec. 1, Sintai Fifth Road, Sijhih City, Taipei County 221, Taiwan, and Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, No.128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Chien Hsien Wen
- Life Science Business Unit and Computer Integrated Manufacturing Business Unit, C Sun MFG. LTD., 7F.-9, No.79, Sec. 1, Sintai Fifth Road, Sijhih City, Taipei County 221, Taiwan, and Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, No.128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Ding Tzai Li
- Life Science Business Unit and Computer Integrated Manufacturing Business Unit, C Sun MFG. LTD., 7F.-9, No.79, Sec. 1, Sintai Fifth Road, Sijhih City, Taipei County 221, Taiwan, and Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, No.128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Jue Liang Hsu
- Life Science Business Unit and Computer Integrated Manufacturing Business Unit, C Sun MFG. LTD., 7F.-9, No.79, Sec. 1, Sintai Fifth Road, Sijhih City, Taipei County 221, Taiwan, and Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, No.128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Chinpan Chen
- Life Science Business Unit and Computer Integrated Manufacturing Business Unit, C Sun MFG. LTD., 7F.-9, No.79, Sec. 1, Sintai Fifth Road, Sijhih City, Taipei County 221, Taiwan, and Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, No.128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Fong Ku Shi
- Life Science Business Unit and Computer Integrated Manufacturing Business Unit, C Sun MFG. LTD., 7F.-9, No.79, Sec. 1, Sintai Fifth Road, Sijhih City, Taipei County 221, Taiwan, and Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, No.128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Yueh Yi Lin
- Life Science Business Unit and Computer Integrated Manufacturing Business Unit, C Sun MFG. LTD., 7F.-9, No.79, Sec. 1, Sintai Fifth Road, Sijhih City, Taipei County 221, Taiwan, and Institute of Biomedical Science, Academia Sinica, No.128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nangang District, Taipei City 115, Taiwan
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Masuda T, Tomita M, Ishihama Y. Phase Transfer Surfactant-Aided Trypsin Digestion for Membrane Proteome Analysis. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:731-40. [DOI: 10.1021/pr700658q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Masuda
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0017, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Sanbancho Building, 5-Sanbancho, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Masaru Tomita
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0017, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Sanbancho Building, 5-Sanbancho, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishihama
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0017, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Sanbancho Building, 5-Sanbancho, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
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Seiwert B, Hayen H, Karst U. Differential labeling of free and disulfide-bound thiol functions in proteins. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2008; 19:1-7. [PMID: 17977013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous determination of the number of free cysteine groups and disulfide-bound cysteine groups in proteins has been developed based on the sequential labeling of free and bound thiol functionalities with two ferrocene-based maleimide reagents. Liquid chromatography/electrochemistry/mass spectrometry was used to assign the N-(2-ferroceneethyl)maleimide (FEM) labeled free cysteine functionalities in a tryptic digest mixture, whereas a precursor ion scan enables the detection of peptides with ferrocenecarboxylic acid-(2-maleimidoyl)ethylamide (FMEA) labeled disulfide-bound cysteine groups after reduction. Fragment spectra of the labeled peptides yield an excellent coverage of b-type and y-type ions. The ferrocene labeled cysteines were fragmented as 412 Da (FEM) and 455 Da (FMEA). These fragment masses are significantly higher than unlabeled amino acids or dipeptides and are easily detected. The position of free and disulfide-bound cysteine may therefore be assigned in an amino acid sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Seiwert
- Chemical Analysis Group and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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15
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Hardouin J. Protein sequence information by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization in-source decay mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2007; 26:672-82. [PMID: 17492750 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Proteins from biological samples are often identified by mass spectrometry (MS) with the two following "bottom-up" approaches: peptide mass fingerprinting or peptide sequence tag. Nevertheless, these strategies are time-consuming (digestion, liquid chromatography step, desalting step), the N- (or C-) terminal information often lacks and post-translational modifications (PTMs) are hardly observed. The in-source decay (ISD) occurring in a matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) source appears an interesting analytical tool to obtain N-terminal sequence, to identify proteins and to characterize PTMs by a "top-down" strategy. The goal of this review deals with the usefulness of the ISD technique in MALDI source in proteomics fields. In the first part, the ISD principle is explained and in the second part, the use of ISD in proteomic studies is discussed for protein identification and sequence characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hardouin
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Protéines et Protéomique, Université Paris XIII, UMR CNRS 7033, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93 017, Bobigny Cedex, France.
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Chelius D, Huff Wimer ME, Bondarenko PV. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography in-line with negative ionization electrospray mass spectrometry for the characterization of the disulfide-linkages of an immunoglobulin gamma antibody. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2006; 17:1590-8. [PMID: 16905328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2006.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we present a new approach for the determination of the disulfide bond connectivity in proteins using negative ionization mass spectrometry of nonreduced enzymatic digests. The mass spectrometric analysis in negative ion mode was optimized to allow in-line analysis coupled directly to the HPLC system used for the separation of the peptides resulting from enzymatic digestion. We determined the disulfide structure of a human immunoglobulin gamma 2 (IgG2) antibody containing 18 unique cysteine residues linked via 11 unique disulfide bonds. The efficiency of the gas-phase dissociation of disulfide-linked peptides using negative electrospray ionization was evaluated for an ion trap mass spectrometer and an orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Both mass spectrometry techniques provided efficient in-source fragmentation for the identification of the disulfide-linked peptides of the antibody. Both instruments were limited in the number of disulfide bonds that could be dissociated. Seven of the 11 unique disulfide linkages have been determined, including the linkage of the light chain to the heavy chain. Only the disulfide connectivity of the hinge peptide H6H7H8H9 (C6C7VEC8PPC9PAPPVAGPSVFLFPPKPK) could not be determined (numbering the cysteine residues sequentially from the N-terminus and labeling the heavy chain cysteines "H" and the light chain cysteines "L"). However, we identified the dimer of peptide C6C7VEC8PPC9PAPPVAGPSVFLFPPKPK linked via four disulfide bonds based on the unique molecular weight of this dipeptide. The established linkages were H1 to H2, H10 to H11, H12 to H13, L1 to L2, L3 to L4, and L5 to H3H4. The intrachain linkages of the light chain (L1 to L2, L3 to L4), and heavy chain (H10 to H11, H12 to H13) domains were identical to the linkages found in IgG1 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Chelius
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA.
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17
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Beck A, Bussat MC, Zorn N, Robillard V, Klinguer-Hamour C, Chenu S, Goetsch L, Corvaïa N, Van Dorsselaer A, Haeuw JF. Characterization by liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry of monoclonal anti-IGF-1 receptor antibodies produced in CHO and NS0 cells. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 819:203-18. [PMID: 15833284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Revised: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
7H2HM is a new humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody (MAb) directed against insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and produced in CHO cells. Homogeneity of intact antibody, reduced light and heavy chains, Fab and Fc fragments were investigated by analytical methods based on mass (SDS-PAGE, SEC), charge (IEF, C-IEX) and hydrophobicity differences (RP-HPLC, HIC) and compared side-by-side with A2CHM, produced in NS0 cells. Primary structures and disulfide bridge pairing were analyzed by microsequencing (Edman degradation), mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF, ES-TOF) and peptide mapping after enzymatic digestion (Trypsin, endoprotease Lys-C, papain). The light chains demonstrated the expected sequences. The heavy chains yielded post-translational modifications previously reported for other recombinant humanized or human IgG1 such as N-terminal pyroglutamic acid, C-terminal lysine clipping and N-glycosylation for asparagine 297. More surprisingly, two-thirds of the 7H2HM heavy chains were shown to contain an additional 24-amino-acid sequence, corresponding to the translation of an intron located between the variable and the constant domains. Taken together these data suggest that 7H2HM is a mixture of three families of antibodies corresponding (i) to the expected structure (17%; 14,9297 Da; 1330 amino acids), (ii) a variant with a translated intron in one heavy chains (33%; 15,2878 Da; 1354 amino acids) and (iii) a variant with translated introns in two heavy chains (50%; 15,4459 Da; 1378 amino acids), respectively. RP-HPLC is not a commonly used chromatographic method to assess purity of monoclonal antibodies but unlike to SEC and SDS-PAGE, was able to show and to quantify the family of structures present in 7H2HM, which were also identified by peptide mapping, mass spectrometry and microsequencing.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/analysis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Base Sequence
- CHO Cells
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
- Cricetinae
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Mapping
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoléon III, 74160 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France.
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18
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Vasilyeva E, Woodard J, Taylor FR, Kretschmer M, Fajardo H, Lyubarskaya Y, Kobayashi K, Dingley A, Mhatre R. Development of a chip-based capillary gel electrophoresis method for quantification of a half-antibody in immunoglobulin G4 samples. Electrophoresis 2004; 25:3890-6. [PMID: 15565674 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A method based on microfluidic technology was developed to support quantitative analysis of recombinant monoclonal immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) antibody samples. The assay was performed on an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer in combination with the Protein 200 Plus LabChip Kit and the Protein 200 Plus assay software. Capillary electrophoresis principles have been transferred to a chip format that integrates all separation, staining, virtual destaining, and detection steps. The method is referred to in this paper as chip-based capillary gel electrophoresis (GelChip-CE method). The GelChip-CE method under nonreducing conditions proved to be a quantitative test for half-antibody determination in IgG4 samples. Similar to the traditional nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method, the GelChip-CE method includes a denaturing step prior to separation. We showed that denaturing the sample by heating resulted in an artificial increase in the amount of half-antibody detected, which could be prevented by addition of N-ethylmaleimide to the sample buffer. The GelChip-CE method allowed for analysis of IgG4 samples with more accuracy, higher precision, and a faster turnaround time than SDS-PAGE and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vasilyeva
- BiogenIdec, Fourteen Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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19
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Matsunaga H, Sadakane Y, Haginaka J. Identification of disulfide bonds and site-specific glycosylation in chicken α1-acid glycoprotein by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2004; 331:358-63. [PMID: 15265742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported the amino acid sequence of chicken alpha1-acid glycoprotein (chicken alpha1-AGP) [Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 295 (2002) 587]. In this study, we located the disulfide bonds and site-specific glycosylation in chicken alpha1-AGP using tryptic digests of carbamidomethylated chicken alpha1-AGP, carbamidomethylated completely deglycosylated chicken alpha1-AGP (cd-alpha1-AGP), and nonreduced denatured cd-alpha1-AGP by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Based on the detection of peptides mlz 3037.4 (amino acid sequences 69-76 plus 161-183) and 3453.3 (amino acid sequences 69-80 plus 161-183), the two disulfide bonds of chicken alpha1-AGP were determined to be located at Cys 6-Cys 146 and Cys 73-Cys 163. The results also showed that Asn 16, 70, 77, and 87 were fully glycosylated and that Asn 62 was partially glycosylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisami Matsunaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68 Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan
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20
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Zhang W, Marzilli LA, Rouse JC, Czupryn MJ. Complete disulfide bond assignment of a recombinant immunoglobulin G4 monoclonal antibody. Anal Biochem 2002; 311:1-9. [PMID: 12441146 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(02)00394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an emerging therapeutic area. However, there are few reports on disulfide bond assignment of recombinant mAbs. This work describes the complete disulfide bond assignment of a recombinant immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) mAb. N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) was used to mask free sulfhydryl groups present in the mAb. Digestion of the mAb with endoproteinase Lys-C without disulfide scrambling was achieved by denaturing the mAb in the presence of NEM in guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl). The Lys-C digest was subsequently reduced with dithiothreitol (DTT). Native and reduced Lys-C digests were mass analyzed by on-line reversed-phase-high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC/MS). Disulfide-containing peptides were sequenced by off-line nanoelectrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (nanoESI-QTOF MS) and N-terminal Edman sequencing for verifying connectivities. The recombinant IgG4 mAb was found to contain the expected disulfide linkages with the proposed method. The NEM alkylating reagent was critical in minimizing disulfide scrambling during the denaturation and digestion of the mAb. This integrated approach, combining MS and N-terminal Edman sequencing, was capable of assigning the disulfide pattern of the IgG4 mAb rapidly and completely, and should be applicable for disulfide bond assignment and structural analysis of other mAbs and large proteins with multiple disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Wyeth BioPharma, One Burtt Road, Andover, MA 01810, USA.
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21
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Lim A, Wally J, Walsh MT, Skinner M, Costello CE. Identification and location of a cysteinyl posttranslational modification in an amyloidogenic kappa1 light chain protein by electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2001; 295:45-56. [PMID: 11476544 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2001.5187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-deposited light chain (AL) amyloidosis is correlated with the overproduction of a monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain protein by a B-lymphocyte clone. Since the amyloid fibril deposits in AL amyloidosis most often consist of the N-terminal fragments of the light chain, the majority of studies have focused on the determination of the primary structure of the protein, and reducing agents have been used routinely in the initial purification process. In this study, two light chain proteins were isolated and purified, without reduction, from the urine of a patient diagnosed with kappa 1 (kappa1) AL amyloidosis. One protein had a relative molecular mass of 12,000 and the other 24,000. Electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, in combination with enzymatic digestions, were used to verify the amino acid sequences and identify and locate posttranslational modifications in these proteins. The 12-kDa protein was confirmed to be the N-terminal kappa1 light chain fragment (variable region) consisting of residues 1-108 or 1-109 and having one disulfide bond. The 24-kDa protein was determined to be the intact kappa1 light chain containing a cysteinyl posttranslational modification at Cys214 and disulfide bonds located at Cys23-Cys88, Cys134-Cys194, and Cys214-Cys. The methods used in this report enable high-sensitivity determination of amino acid sequence and variation in intact and truncated light chains as well as posttranslational modifications. This approach facilitates consideration of the effect of cysteinylation on the native protein structure and the potential involvement of this modification in AL amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lim
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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22
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Codina A, Vilaseca M, Tarragó T, Fernández I, Ludevid D, Giralt E. Location of disulfide bonds in mature alpha-L-fucosidase from pea. J Pept Sci 2001; 7:305-15. [PMID: 11461044 DOI: 10.1002/psc.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2000] [Accepted: 01/24/2001] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fuc-9 is the mature form of a vacuolar alpha-L-fucosidase enzyme which seems to play an important role in plant growth regulation. Fuc-9 is a 202-residue protein containing five Cys residues located at positions 64, 109, 127, 162 and 169. In this study, the disulfide structure of Fuc-9 was determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS), with minimal clean-up of the samples and at a nanomolar scale. Two strategies, based on a specific chemical cleavage (with 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid and alkaline conditions) at the Cys residues and modification of Cys residues by acrylamide/deuterium labeled acrylamide alkylation, were used. Using these methods, the disulfide pairings Cys64-Cys109 and Cys162-Cys169 could be established. The advantages and limitations of our experimental approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Codina
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Abstract
This review highlights the many roles mass spectrometry plays in the discovery and development of new therapeutics by both the pharmaceutical and the biotechnology industries. Innovations in mass spectrometer source design, improvements to mass accuracy, and implementation of computer-controlled automation have accelerated the purification and characterization of compounds derived from combinatorial libraries, as well as the throughput of pharmacokinetics studies. The use of accelerator mass spectrometry, chemical reaction interface-mass spectrometry and continuous flow-isotope ratio mass spectrometry are promising alternatives for conducting mass balance studies in man. To meet the technical challenges of proteomics, discovery groups in biotechnology companies have led the way to development of instruments with greater sensitivity and mass accuracy (e.g., MALDI-TOF, ESI-Q-TOF, Ion Trap), the miniaturization of separation techniques and ion sources (e.g., capillary HPLC and nanospray), and the utilization of bioinformatics. Affinity-based methods coupled to mass spectrometry are allowing rapid and selective identification of both synthetic and biological molecules. With decreasing instrument cost and size and increasing reliability, mass spectrometers are penetrating both the manufacturing and the quality control arenas. The next generation of technologies to simplify the investigation of the complex fate of novel pharmaceutical entities in vitro and in vivo will be chip-based approaches coupled with mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Papac
- Department of Development Research, NPS Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
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