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Steele DJ, Kimmance SA, Franklin DJ, Airs RL. Occurrence of chlorophyll allomers during virus-induced mortality and population decline in the ubiquitous picoeukaryoteOstreococcus tauri. Environ Microbiol 2017; 20:588-601. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J. Steele
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place; Plymouth UK
- Faculty of Science and Technology; Bournemouth University; Poole UK
| | | | | | - Ruth L. Airs
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place; Plymouth UK
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Airs R, Temperton B, Sambles C, Farnham G, Skill S, Llewellyn C. Chlorophyllfand chlorophylldare produced in the cyanobacteriumChlorogloeopsis fritschiiwhen cultured under natural light and near-infrared radiation. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3770-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Vogl K, Tank M, Orf GS, Blankenship RE, Bryant DA. Bacteriochlorophyll f: properties of chlorosomes containing the "forbidden chlorophyll". Front Microbiol 2012; 3:298. [PMID: 22908012 PMCID: PMC3415949 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The chlorosomes of green sulfur bacteria (GSB) are mainly assembled from one of three types of bacteriochlorophylls (BChls), BChls c, d, and e. By analogy to the relationship between BChl c and BChl d (20-desmethyl-BChl c), a fourth type of BChl, BChl f (20-desmethyl-BChl e), should exist but has not yet been observed in nature. The bchU gene (bacteriochlorophyllide C-20 methyltransferase) of the brown-colored green sulfur bacterium Chlorobaculum limnaeum was inactivated by conjugative transfer from Eshcerichia coli and homologous recombination of a suicide plasmid carrying a portion of the bchU. The resulting bchU mutant was greenish brown in color and synthesized BChl f(F). The chlorosomes of the bchU mutant had similar size and polypeptide composition as those of the wild type (WT), but the Q(y) absorption band of the BChl f aggregates was blue-shifted 16 nm (705 nm vs. 721 nm for the WT). Fluorescence spectroscopy showed that energy transfer to the baseplate was much less efficient in chlorosomes containing BChl f than in WT chlorosomes containing BChl e. When cells were grown at high irradiance with tungsten or fluorescent light, the WT and bchU mutant had identical growth rates. However, the WT grew about 40% faster than the bchU mutant at low irradiance (10 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1)). Less efficient energy transfer from BChl f aggregates to BChl a in the baseplate, the much slower growth of the strain producing BChl f relative to the WT, and competition from other phototrophs, may explain why BChl f is not observed naturally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajetan Vogl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA, USA
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Liu Z, Bryant DA. Identification of a gene essential for the first committed step in the biosynthesis of bacteriochlorophyll c. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:22393-402. [PMID: 21550979 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.249433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriochlorophylls (BChls) c, d, and e are the major chlorophylls in chlorosomes, which are the largest and one of the most efficient antennae produced by chlorophototrophic organisms. In the biosynthesis of these three BChls, a C-13(2)-methylcarboxyl group found in all other chlorophylls (Chls) must be removed. This reaction is postulated to be the first committed step in the synthesis of these BChls. Analyses of gene neighborhoods of (B)Chl biosynthesis genes and distribution patterns in organisms producing chlorosomes helped to identify a gene (bciC) that appeared to be a good candidate to produce the enzyme involved in this biochemical reaction. To confirm that this was the case, a deletion mutant of an open reading frame orthologous to bciC, CT1077, was constructed in Chlorobaculum tepidum, a genetically tractible green sulfur bacterium. The CT1077 deletion mutant was unable to synthesize BChl c but still synthesized BChl a and Chl a. The deletion mutant accumulated large amounts of various (bacterio)pheophorbides, all of which still had C-13(2)-methylcarboxyl groups. A C. tepidum strain in which CT1077 was replaced by an orthologous gene, Cabther_B0081 [corrected] from "Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum" was constructed. Although the product of Cabther_B0081 [corrected] was only 28% identical to the product of CT1077, this strain synthesized BChl c, BChl a, and Chl a in amounts similar to wild-type C. tepidum cells. To indicate their roles in the first committed step of BChl c, d, and e biosynthesis, open reading frames CT1077 and Cabther_B0081 [corrected] have been redesignated bciC. The potential mechanism by which BciC removes the C-13(2)-methylcarboxyl moiety of chlorophyllide a is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Scotter M. Methods for the determination of European Union-permitted added natural colours in foods: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:527-96. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.555844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Effect of organic mobile phase composition on signal responses for selected polyalkene additive compounds by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1193:70-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Venn AA, Wilson MA, Trapido-Rosenthal HG, Keely BJ, Douglas AE. The impact of coral bleaching on the pigment profile of the symbiotic alga, Symbiodinium. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2006; 29:2133-42. [PMID: 17081247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.001587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Bleaching of corals by loss of symbiotic dinoflagellate algae and/or photosynthetic pigments is commonly triggered by elevated temperatures coupled with high irradiance, and is a first-order threat to coral reef communities. In this study, a high-resolution high-performance liquid chromatography method integrated with mass spectrometry was applied to obtain the first definitive identification of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments of three clades of symbiotic dinoflagellate algae (Symbiodinium) in corals, and their response to experimentally elevated temperature and irradiance. The carotenoids peridinin, dinoxanthin, diadinoxanthin (Dn), diatoxanthin (Dt) and beta-carotene were detected, together with chlorophylls a and c2, and phaeophytin a, in all three algal clades in unstressed corals. On exposure to elevated temperature and irradiance, three coral species (Montastrea franksi and Favia fragum with clade B algae, and Montastrea cavernosa with clade C) bleached by loss of 50-80% of their algal cells, with no significant impact to chlorophyll a or c2, or peridinin in retained algal cells. One species (Agaricia sp. with clade C) showed no significant reduction in algal cells at elevated temperature and irradiance, but lost substantial amounts of chlorophyll a and carotenoid pigments, presumably through photo-oxidative processes. Two coral species (Porites astreoides and Porites porites both bearing clade A algae) did not bleach. The impact of elevated temperature and irradiance on the levels of the photoprotective xanthophylls (Dn + Dt) and beta-carotene varied among the corals, both in pool size and xanthophyll cycling, and was not correlated to coral bleaching resistance.
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Lau KSF, Sadilek M, Gouterman M, Khalil GE, Brückner C. Observation of phenyl-fused porphyrinoids during the ESI mass spectrometric analysis of meso-pentafluorophenyl-substituted porphyrin and corrole. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2006; 17:1306-14. [PMID: 16857382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The results of ESI(+) and ESI(-) mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry investigations of meso-tetrakisphenylporphyrin (TPP) and meso-trisphenylcorrole (TPC) in comparison with their meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-substituted analogs T(F)PP and T(F)PC are reported. The fragmentation patterns of TPP and TPC show the expected loss of meso-aryl radicals. Analyzing the meso-pentafluorophenyl substituted analogs T(F)PP and T(F)PC, we found ESI(-) to be an excellent ionization mode. Rich and well-defined HF-elimination fragmentation patterns unique to the presence of meso-tetrafluorophenyl groups and evocative for the formation of fragments with direct covalent o-phenyl-to-beta-linkages are observed. A computation of the feasibility and relative energies of the resulting species corroborates the interpretation of the experimental findings. The computations indicate the presence of cooperative interactions between the linkages that direct the linkage formations to occur in a unidirectional fashion. MS/MS/MS experiments also provide indications for the regioselectivity of the fusions. Our observations further detail earlier reports of similar HF-eliminations and allow a generalization of the findings. The results presented may also point to strategies towards the bulk synthesis of novel porphyrinoid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S F Lau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Villas-Bôas SG, Mas S, Akesson M, Smedsgaard J, Nielsen J. Mass spectrometry in metabolome analysis. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2005; 24:613-46. [PMID: 15389842 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the post-genomic era, increasing efforts have been made to describe the relationship between the genome and the phenotype in cells and organisms. It has become clear that even a complete understanding of the state of the genes, messages, and proteins in a living system does not reveal its phenotype. Therefore, researchers have started to study the metabolome (or the metabolic complement of functional genomics). Within this context, mass spectrometry (MS) has increasingly occupied a central position in the methodologies developed for determination of the metabolic state. This review is mainly focused on the status of MS in the metabolome field, trying to direct the reader to the main approaches for analysis of metabolites, reviewing basic methodologies in sample preparation, and the most recent MS techniques introduced. Apart from the description of the different methods, this review will try to state a general comparison between the several different techniques that involve MS and metabolite analysis, and will highlight their limitations and preferred applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas G Villas-Bôas
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, Building 223, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Massé A, Airs RL, Keely BJ, de Wit R. The impact of different intensities of green light on the bacteriochlorophyll homologue composition of the chlorobiaceae Prosthecochloris aestuarii and Chlorobium phaeobacteroides. Microbiology (Reading) 2004; 150:2555-2564. [PMID: 15289552 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.27048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of theChlorobiaceaeandChloroflexaceaeare unique among the phototrophic micro-organisms in having a remarkably rich chlorophyll pigment diversity. The physiological regulation of this diversity and its ecological implications are still enigmatic. The bacteriochlorophyll composition of the chlorobiaceaeProsthecochloris aestuariistrain CE 2404 andChlorobium phaeobacteroidesstrain UdG 6030 was therefore studied by both HPLC with photodiode array (PDA) detection and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). These strains were grown in liquid cultures under green light (480–615 nm) at different light intensities (0·2–55·7 μmol photons m−2 s−1), simulating the irradiance regime at different depths of the water column of deep lakes. The specific growth rates ofPtc. aestuariiunder green light achieved a maximum of 0·06 h−1at light intensities exceeding 6 μmol photons m−2 s−1, lower than the maximum observed under white light (approx. 0·1 h−1). The maximal growth rates ofChl. phaeobacteroidesunder green light were slightly higher (0·07 h−1) than observed forPtc. aestuariiand were achieved at 3·5 and 4·3 μmol photons m−2 s−1. LC-MS/MS analysis of pigment extracts revealed most (>90 %) BChlchomologues ofPtc. aestuariito be esterified with farnesol. The homologues differed in mass by multiples of 14 Da, reflecting different alkyl subsituents at positions C-8 and C-12 on the tetrapyrrole macrocycle. The relative proportions of the individual homologues varied only slightly among different light intensities. The specific content of BChlcwas maximal at 3–5 μmol photons m−2 s−1[400±150 nmol BChlc(mg protein)−1]. In the case ofChl. phaeobacteroides, the specific content of BChlewas maximal at 4·3 μmol photons m−2 s−1[115 nmol BChle(mg protein)−1], and this species was characterized by high carotenoid (isorenieratene) contents. The major BChleforms were esterified with a range of isoprenoid and straight-chain alcohols. The major isoprenoid alcohols comprised mainly farnesol and to a lesser extent geranylgeraniol. The straight-chain alcohols included C15, C15 : 1, C16, C16 : 1and C17. Interestingly, the proportion of straight alkyl chains over isoprenoid esterified side chains shifted markedly with increasing light intensity: the isoprenoid side chains dominated at low light intensities, while the straight-chain alkyl substituents dominated at higher light intensities. The authors propose that this phenomenon may be explained as a result of changing availability of reducing power, i.e. the highly reduced straight-chain alcohols have a higher biosynthetic demand for NADPH2than the polyunsaturated isoprenoid with the same number of carbon atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Massé
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie Biologique, CNRS-UMR 5805 Université Bordeaux 1, 2 rue du Professeur Jolyet, F-33120 Arcachon, France
| | - Ruth L Airs
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Brendan J Keely
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Rutger de Wit
- Laboratoire d'Océanographie Biologique, CNRS-UMR 5805 Université Bordeaux 1, 2 rue du Professeur Jolyet, F-33120 Arcachon, France
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Squier AH, Airs RL, Hodgson DA, Keely BJ. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of the ultraviolet screening pigment scytonemin: characteristic fragmentations. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2004; 18:2934-2938. [PMID: 15529415 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/multistage mass spectrometry has been used to study the mass spectral fragmentation of the cyanobacterial sheath pigment scytonemin and its reduced counterpart. The two pigments exhibit characteristic fragment ions in their MS2 and MS3 spectra that are of value in confirming the identification of the structures in extracts from natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela H Squier
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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Walker JS, Jie C, Keely BJ. Identification of diastereomeric chlorophyll allomers by atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:1125-1131. [PMID: 12772267 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (APCI-LC/MS) has been used for identification of the epimers of hydroxy, methoxy and methoxylactone allomers of chlorophyll a (13(2)-HO-chl a, 13(2)-MeO-chl a and 15(1)-MeO-lact-chl a), the hydroxy allomer of bacteriochlorophyll a (13(2)-HO-bchl a) and the hydroxy and methoxylactone allomers of bacterioviridin a (13(2)-HO-bvir a and 15(1)-MeO-lact-bvir a). The APCI mass spectra show that facile fragmentations involve the methoxyl or hydroxyl groups at the C-13(2) or C-15(1) chiral centres. Losses involving the C-13(2) or C-15(1) hydroxyl or methoxyl groups occur more easily from the S-epimer than from the R-epimer due to the greater relief of the steric strain associated with interaction with the bulky C-17 substituent. The differences in mass spectrometric fragmentation can be used as a diagnostic tool for the assignment of the stereochemical configuration at the C-13(2) or C-15(1) chiral centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stuart Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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Wilson MA, Md Saleh SR, Hodgson DA, Keely BJ. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation liquid chromatography/multi-stage mass spectrometry of isobaric bacteriophaeophorbide d methyl esters. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:2455-2458. [PMID: 14587093 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Kahn ML, Parra-Colmenares A, Ford CL, Kaser F, McCaskill D, Ketchum RE. A mass spectrometry method for measuring 15N incorporation into pheophytin. Anal Biochem 2002; 307:219-25. [PMID: 12202237 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(02)00046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The 15N content of pheophytin, the magnesium-free derivative of chlorophyll, can be measured with great accuracy and precision using positive-ion atmospheric pressure ionization electrospray mass spectroscopy following a simple solvent extraction of small amounts of plant tissue. The molecular weight of pheophytin prepared from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii grown in different ratios of 14N/15N showed linear regression with the isotopic input, with a precision of 0.5-1%. Using an isotope dilution strategy, we have shown that nitrogen fixation can contribute substantial 14N to pheophytin isolated from Medicago truncatula plants grown in symbiosis with Sinorhizobium meliloti. The assay is sensitive, precise, rapid, simple, and robust. These features suggest that it could become an important tool for measuring the contribution of symbiotic and associative nitrogen fixation to plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Kahn
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA.
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Airs RL, Keely BJ. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of bacteriochlorophylls from Chlorobiaceae: characteristic fragmentations. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2002; 16:453-461. [PMID: 11857731 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (APCI-LC/MS/MS) has been applied to the study of bacteriochlorophylls c, d, and e of phototrophic prokaryotes. Cultures of Chlorobiaceae containing bacteriochlorophyll c, d or e were examined using a high-resolution high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and APCI-LC/MS/MS employing post-column addition of formic acid. The results reveal complex distributions of bacteriochlorophyll homologues, with some closely eluting species giving isobaric protonated molecules. On-line LC/MS/MS studies reveal characteristic fragment ions for bacteriochlorophylls c, d, and e. Fragmentations involving loss of the extended alkyl substituents that are unique to bacteriochlorophylls c, d and e and their derivatives have been rationalised by studying the phaeophorbides and the results applied to the direct study of the bacteriochlorophylls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L Airs
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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Airs RL, Atkinson JE, Keely BJ. Development and application of a high resolution liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of complex pigment distributions. J Chromatogr A 2001; 917:167-77. [PMID: 11403468 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00663-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ternary and binary gradient systems have been developed for the high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of complex pigment distributions typical of natural samples. Improved chromatographic resolution reveals significantly more pigment components in extracts from a sediment (Priest Pot, Cumbria, UK), a microbial mat (les Salines de la Trinital, South Catalonia, Spain) and a culture (C. phaeobacteroides) including novel bacteriochlorophyll derivatives. The methods developed are directly suited to LC-MS analysis and the automated acquisition of MS/MS data for pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Airs
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, UK
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