1
|
Guo L, Zhao J, An Z, Kim S, Kim J, Yu Y, Middelberg A, Bi J, Marković M, Kim JK, Yoo PJ, Choe WS. Harnessing Liquid Crystal Sensors for High-Throughput Real-Time Detection of Structural Changes in Lysozyme during Refolding Processes. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17603-17612. [PMID: 37973790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the rapid advances in process analytical technology, the assessment of protein refolding efficiency has largely relied on off-line protein-specific assays and/or chromatographic procedures such as reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. Due to the inherent time gap pertaining to traditional methods, exploring optimum refolding conditions for many recombinant proteins, often expressed as insoluble inclusion bodies, has proven challenging. The present study describes a novel protein refolding sensor that utilizes liquid crystals (LCs) to discriminate varying protein structures during unfolding and refolding. An LC layer containing 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) intercalated with 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) is used as a sensing platform, and its proof-of-concept performance is demonstrated using lysozyme as a model protein. As proteins unfold or refold, a local charge fluctuation at their surfaces modulates their interaction with zwitterionic phospholipid DOPE. This alters the alignment of DOPE molecules at the aqueous/LC interface, affecting the orientational ordering of bulk LC (i.e., homeotropic to planar for refolding and planar to homeotropic for unfolding). Differential polarized optical microscope images of the LC layer are subsequently generated, whose brightness directly linked to conformational changes of lysozyme molecules is quantified by gray scale analysis. Importantly, our LC-based refolding sensor is compatible with diverse refolding milieus for real-time analysis of lysozyme refolding and thus likely to facilitate the refolding studies of many proteins, especially those lacking a method to determine structure-dependent biological activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Zongfu An
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sieun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekwang Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Anton Middelberg
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Jingxiu Bi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Marijana Marković
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Jung Kyu Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil J Yoo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Seok Choe
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ganjave SD, O'Niel RA, Wangikar PP. Rate of dilution and redox ratio influence the refolding efficiency of recombinant fungal dehydrogenases. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126163. [PMID: 37549766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Dehydrogenases from fungi are attracting attention as industrial biocatalysts due to their high activity and chiral selectivity. However, these enzymes form insoluble aggregates when overexpressed in E. coli, limiting their industrial application. In the present study, we report the systematic development of a refolding process for selected, industrially relevant fungal dehydrogenases, viz., formate dehydrogenase from Candida boidinii (CbFDH) and formate and alcohol dehydrogenases from Geotrichum candium (GcFDH and GcADH, respectively). We first employed a screen to evaluate the effects of different variables on refolding including the buffer system, additives, and rate of dilution. The extent of refolding was determined by enzyme assays, circular dichroism, and tryptophan fluorescence. Our results showed that glycerol and reducing environment are essential for refolding of these dehydrogenases. Further, slow dilution of solubilized protein over 16 h dramatically improved the recovery of refolded enzymes compared to rapid dilution. The importance of slow dilution was further confirmed in a 10-fold scaled-up refolding trial. Overall, we demonstrate a robust method for refolding of fungal dehydrogenases, thus improving their availability for various biocatalytic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Snehal D Ganjave
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Ruchika Annie O'Niel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Pramod P Wangikar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Buscajoni L, Martinetz MC, Berkemeyer M, Brocard C. Refolding in the modern biopharmaceutical industry. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108050. [PMID: 36252795 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Inclusion bodies (IBs) often emerge upon overexpression of recombinant proteins in E. coli. From IBs, refolding is necessary to generate the native protein that can be further purified to obtain pure and active biologicals. This work focusses on refolding as a significant process step during biopharmaceutical manufacturing with an industrial perspective. A theoretical and historical background on protein refolding gives the reader a starting point for further insights into industrial process development. Quality requirements on IBs as starting material for refolding are discussed and further economic and ecological aspects are considered with regards to buffer systems and refolding conditions. A process development roadmap shows the development of a refolding process starting from first exploratory screening rounds to scale-up and implementation in manufacturing plant. Different aspects, with a direct influence on yield, such as the selection of chemicals including pH, ionic strength, additives, etc., and other often neglected aspects, important during scale-up, such as mixing, and gas-fluid interaction, are highlighted with the use of a quality by design (QbD) approach. The benefits of simulation sciences (process simulation and computer fluid dynamics) and process analytical technology (PAT) for seamless process development are emphasized. The work concludes with an outlook on future applications of refolding and highlights open research inquiries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Buscajoni
- Boehringer-Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Biopharma Austria, Process Science Downstream Development, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5- 11, 1120 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael C Martinetz
- Boehringer-Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Biopharma Austria, Process Science Downstream Development, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5- 11, 1120 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Matthias Berkemeyer
- Boehringer-Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Biopharma Austria, Process Science Downstream Development, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5- 11, 1120 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Cécile Brocard
- Boehringer-Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Biopharma Austria, Process Science Downstream Development, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5- 11, 1120 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chura-Chambi RM, Farah CS, Morganti L. Human growth hormone inclusion bodies present native-like secondary and tertiary structures which can be preserved by mild solubilization for refolding. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:164. [PMID: 35978337 PMCID: PMC9382763 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Native-like secondary structures and biological activity have been described for proteins in inclusion bodies (IBs). Tertiary structure analysis, however, is hampered due to the necessity of mild solubilization conditions. Denaturing reagents used for IBs solubilization generally lead to the loss of these structures and to consequent reaggregation due to intermolecular interactions among exposed hydrophobic domains after removal of the solubilization reagent. The use of mild, non-denaturing solubilization processes that maintain existing structures could allow tertiary structure analysis and increase the efficiency of refolding. RESULTS In this study we use a variety of biophysical methods to analyze protein structure in human growth hormone IBs (hGH-IBs). hGH-IBs present native-like secondary and tertiary structures, as shown by far and near-UV CD analysis. hGH-IBs present similar λmax intrinsic Trp fluorescence to the native protein (334 nm), indicative of a native-like tertiary structure. Similar fluorescence behavior was also obtained for hGH solubilized from IBs and native hGH at pH 10.0 and 2.5 kbar and after decompression. hGH-IBs expressed in E. coli were extracted to high yield and purity (95%) and solubilized using non-denaturing conditions [2.4 kbar, 0.25 M arginine (pH 10), 10 mM DTT]. After decompression, the protein was incubated at pH 7.4 in the presence of the glutathione-oxidized glutathione (GSH-GSSG) pair which led to intramolecular disulfide bond formation and refolded hGH (81% yield). CONCLUSIONS We have shown that hGH-IBs present native-like secondary and tertiary structures and that non-denaturing methods that aim to preserve them can lead to high yields of refolded protein. It is likely that the refolding process described can be extended to different proteins and may be particularly useful to reduce the pH required for alkaline solubilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Chura-Chambi
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Chuck Shaker Farah
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ligia Morganti
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ade C, Marcelino TF, Dulchavsky M, Wu K, Bardwell JCA, Städler B. Microreactor equipped with naturally acid-resistant histidine ammonia lyase from an extremophile. MATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 3:3649-3662. [PMID: 36238657 PMCID: PMC9555226 DOI: 10.1039/d2ma00051b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Extremophile enzymes are useful in biotechnology and biomedicine due to their abilities to withstand harsh environments. The abilities of histidine ammonia lyases from different extremophiles to preserve their catalytic activities after exposure to acid were assessed. Thermoplasma acidophilum histidine ammonia lyase was identified as an enzyme with a promising catalytic profile following acid treatment. The fusion of this enzyme with the maltose-binding protein or co-incubation with the chaperone HdeA further helped Thermoplasma acidophilum histidine ammonia lyase to withstand acid treatments down to pH 2.8. The assembly of a microreactor by encapsulation of MBP-Thermoplasma acidophilum histidine ammonia lyase into a photocrosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel allowed the enzyme to recover over 50% of its enzymatic activity following exposure to simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. Our results show that using engineered proteins obtained from extremophiles in combination with polymer-based encapsulation can advance the oral formulations of biologicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Ade
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Thaís F Marcelino
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Mark Dulchavsky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kevin Wu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - James C A Bardwell
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ahmad A, Mishra R. Differential effect of polyol and sugar osmolytes on the refolding of homologous alpha amylases: A comparative study. Biophys Chem 2021; 281:106733. [PMID: 34864226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyol and sugar osmolytes are known to enhance the stability of proteins, however, their role in assisting protein folding is not well understood. We asked whether these osmolytes have the same effect during refolding of a pair of thermophilic and mesophilic proteins. Herein, we have chosen α-amylases from Bacillus licheniformis (BLA) and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BAA) as thermophilic like and mesophilic counterparts respectively, having similar structures but differing thermostability. The effect of a series of polyols with varying number of -OH groups from 2 to 6 (Ethylene glycol, glycerol, erythritol, xylitol and sorbitol) and sugars (trehalose and sucrose) has been studied on the refolding of BLA and BAA. Our study demonstrates that glycerol, sorbitol and trehalose are the efficient cosolvents for BAA refolding, while comparatively less effective for BLA. Urea induced destabilization of BLA and BAA is differently compensated by polyol and sugar osmolytes during refolding. This suggests that the early species formed during BLA and BAA refolding are differently susceptible towards urea, indicating differential nature of their refolding pathways. Addition of trehalose at different times during refolding showed that the presence of trehalose is essential at the early stages of refolding. It is one of the first systematic study wherein the comparative effect of polyol and sugar assisted refolding of thermophilic and mesophilic protein has been carried out. The study highlights the differential effect of protein-osmolyte interactions during refolding of thermophilic and mesophilic proteins which may have implications in protein formulations, refolding and inhibition of aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ahmad
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rajesh Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Matthes R, Jablonowski L, Holtfreter B, Pink C, Kocher T. Enzymatic biofilm destabilisation to support mechanical cleansing of inserted dental implant surfaces: an in-vitro pilot study. Odontology 2021; 109:780-791. [PMID: 33740161 PMCID: PMC8387265 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-021-00599-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peri-implantitis is caused by microbial contamination and biofilm formation on the implant surface. To achieve re-osseointegration, the microbes must be completely removed from the surface. Adjunctive to mechanical cleaning, chemical treatment with enzymes or other substances could optimise the treatment outcome. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of different enzymes, a surfactant, and a chelator in destabilising dental polymicrobial biofilm. The biofilm destabilising effect of the glycosidases α-amylase, dextranase, DispersinB®, and lysozyme, as well as the proteinase subtilisin A, and the nuclease Benzonase®, the chelator EDTA, and the surfactant cocamidopropyl betaine were investigated on biofilms, inoculated with plaque on rough titanium discs. The test and the control solutions were incubated for 15 min at 36 °C on biofilms, and loosened biofilm mass was removed by shear stress with a shaker. Fluorescence-stained biofilms were microscopically analysed. Acceptable cell tolerability concentrations of test substances were determined by the MTT (tetrazolium dye) assay on the MG-63 cell line. A statistically significant biofilm destabilising effect of 10% was shown with lysozyme (2500 µg/ml).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rutger Matthes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School, University Medicine, Greifswald Rotgerberstr. 8, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Lukasz Jablonowski
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School, University Medicine, Greifswald Rotgerberstr. 8, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Birte Holtfreter
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School, University Medicine, Greifswald Rotgerberstr. 8, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christiane Pink
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School, University Medicine, Greifswald Rotgerberstr. 8, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Kocher
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, Endodontology, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School, University Medicine, Greifswald Rotgerberstr. 8, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pauk JN, Raju Palanisamy J, Kager J, Koczka K, Berghammer G, Herwig C, Veiter L. Advances in monitoring and control of refolding kinetics combining PAT and modeling. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2243-2260. [PMID: 33598720 PMCID: PMC7954745 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11151-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli results in misfolded and non-active protein aggregates in the cytoplasm, so-called inclusion bodies (IB). In recent years, a change in the mindset regarding IBs could be observed: IBs are no longer considered an unwanted waste product, but a valid alternative to produce a product with high yield, purity, and stability in short process times. However, solubilization of IBs and subsequent refolding is necessary to obtain a correctly folded and active product. This protein refolding process is a crucial downstream unit operation-commonly done as a dilution in batch or fed-batch mode. Drawbacks of the state-of-the-art include the following: the large volume of buffers and capacities of refolding tanks, issues with uniform mixing, challenging analytics at low protein concentrations, reaction kinetics in non-usable aggregates, and generally low re-folding yields. There is no generic platform procedure available and a lack of robust control strategies. The introduction of Quality by Design (QbD) is the method-of-choice to provide a controlled and reproducible refolding environment. However, reliable online monitoring techniques to describe the refolding kinetics in real-time are scarce. In our view, only monitoring and control of re-folding kinetics can ensure a productive, scalable, and versatile platform technology for re-folding processes. For this review, we screened the current literature for a combination of online process analytical technology (PAT) and modeling techniques to ensure a controlled refolding process. Based on our research, we propose an integrated approach based on the idea that all aspects that cannot be monitored directly are estimated via digital twins and used in real-time for process control. KEY POINTS: • Monitoring and a thorough understanding of refolding kinetics are essential for model-based control of refolding processes. • The introduction of Quality by Design combining Process Analytical Technology and modeling ensures a robust platform for inclusion body refolding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Niklas Pauk
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a/166, 1060, Vienna, Austria
- Competence Center CHASE GmbH, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Janani Raju Palanisamy
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a/166, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Kager
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a/166, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Krisztina Koczka
- Bilfinger Industrietechnik Salzburg GmbH, Mooslackengasse 17, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Berghammer
- Bilfinger Industrietechnik Salzburg GmbH, Mooslackengasse 17, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Herwig
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a/166, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lukas Veiter
- Research Area Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a/166, 1060, Vienna, Austria
- Competence Center CHASE GmbH, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Effect of additives on liquid droplets and aggregates of proteins. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:587-592. [PMID: 32166611 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review briefly summarizes the effect of additives on the formation of liquid droplets and aggregates of proteins. Proteins have the property of forming liquid droplets and aggregates both in vivo and in vitro. The liquid droplets of proteins are mainly stabilized by electrostatic and cation-π interactions, whereas the amorphous aggregates are mainly stabilized by hydrophobic interactions. Crowders usually stabilize liquid droplets, whereas ions and hexandiols destabilize the droplets. Additives such as kosmotropes, sugars, osmolytes, and crowders promote the formation of amorphous aggregates, whereas additives such as arginine and chaotropes can prevent the formation of amorphous aggregates. Further, amyloid has a different mechanism for its formation from amorphous aggregates because it is primarily stabilized by a cross-β structure. These systematic analyses of additives will provide clues to controlling protein aggregations and will aid the true understanding of the transition of proteins from liquid droplets and aggregates.
Collapse
|
10
|
Austerberry JI, Thistlethwaite A, Fisher K, Golovanov AP, Pluen A, Esfandiary R, van der Walle CF, Warwicker J, Derrick JP, Curtis R. Arginine to Lysine Mutations Increase the Aggregation Stability of a Single-Chain Variable Fragment through Unfolded-State Interactions. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3413-3421. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James I. Austerberry
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Thistlethwaite
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Fisher
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander P. Golovanov
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Pluen
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Reza Esfandiary
- Dosage Form Design & Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | | | - Jim Warwicker
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy P. Derrick
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Curtis
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Javanshad R, Honarvar E, Venter AR. Addition of Serine Enhances Protein Analysis by DESI-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:694-703. [PMID: 30771107 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-02129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that the loss in sensitivity of DESI-MS for large molecules such as proteins is due to the poor dissolution during the short time scale of desorption and ionization. An investigation into the effect of serine as a solvent additive leads to the interesting observation that there is a concentration-dependent improvement in protein signal intensity when micromolar to low millimolar concentrations of serine is combined with a suitable co-additive in DESI spray. This effect, however, was not observed during similar ESI-MS experiments, where the same solvents and proteins were sprayed directly into the MS inlet. This suggests that the mechanism of signal improvement in DESI is associated with the desorption step of proteins, possibly by facilitating dissolution or improving solubility of proteins on the surface in the solvent micro-layer formed during DESI. Other than poor dissolution, cation adduction such as by sodium ions is also a major contributing factor to the mass-dependent loss in sensitivity in both ESI and DESI, leading to an increase in limits of detection for larger proteins. The adduction becomes a more pressing issue in native-state studies of proteins, as lower charge states are more susceptible to adduction. Previous studies have shown that addition of amino acids to the working spray solution during ESI-MS reduces sodium adduction and can help in stabilization of native-state proteins. Similar to the observed reduction in sodium adducts during native-state ESI-MS, when serine is added to the desorbing spray in DESI-MS, the removal of up to 10 mM NaCl is shown. A selection of proteins with high and low pI and molecular weights was analyzed to investigate the effects of serine on signal intensity by improvements in protein solubility and adduct removal. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Javanshad
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008-5413, USA
| | - Elahe Honarvar
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008-5413, USA
| | - Andre R Venter
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008-5413, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Araman C, van Gent ME, Meeuwenoord NJ, Heijmans N, Marqvorsen MHS, Doelman W, Faber BW, 't Hart BA, Van Kasteren SI. Amyloid-like Behavior of Site-Specifically Citrullinated Myelin Oligodendrocyte Protein (MOG) Peptide Fragments inside EBV-Infected B-Cells Influences Their Cytotoxicity and Autoimmunogenicity. Biochemistry 2019; 58:763-775. [PMID: 30513201 PMCID: PMC6374747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Multiple
sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder manifested via
chronic inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration inside
the central nervous system. The progressive phase of MS is characterized
by neurodegeneration, but unlike classical neurodegenerative diseases,
amyloid-like aggregation of self-proteins has not been documented.
There is evidence that citrullination protects an immunodominant peptide
of human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG34–56) against destructive processing in Epstein-Barr virus-infected B-lymphocytes
(EBV-BLCs) in marmosets and causes exacerbation of ongoing MS-like
encephalopathies in mice. Here we collected evidence that citrullination
of MOG can also lead to amyloid-like behavior shifting the disease
pathogenesis toward neurodegeneration. We observed that an immunodominant
MOG peptide, MOG35–55, displays amyloid-like behavior
upon site-specific citrullination at positions 41, 46, and/or 52.
These amyloid aggregates are shown to be toxic to the EBV-BLCs and
to dendritic cells at concentrations favored for antigen presentation,
suggesting a role of amyloid-like aggregation in the pathogenesis
of progressive MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Araman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Immunology , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Miriam E van Gent
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Immunology , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Nico J Meeuwenoord
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Department of Bioorganic Synthesis , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Heijmans
- Department of Immunobiology , Biomedical Primate Research Centre , 2288 GJ Rijswijk , The Netherlands
| | - Mikkel H S Marqvorsen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Immunology , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Ward Doelman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Immunology , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Bart W Faber
- Department of Parasitology , Biomedical Primate Research Centre , 2288 GJ Rijswijk , The Netherlands
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology , Biomedical Primate Research Centre , 2288 GJ Rijswijk , The Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience , University of Groningen, University Medical Centre , 9700 AB Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Sander I Van Kasteren
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry and Institute for Chemical Immunology , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yamamoto E, Yamaguchi S, Nagamune T. Protein refolding is improved by adding nonionic polyethylene glycol monooleyl ethers with various polyethylene glycol lengths. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Etsushi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST); The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nagamune
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Noguchi T, Nishida Y, Takizawa K, Cui Y, Tsutsumi K, Hamada T, Nishi Y. Accurate quantitation for in vitro refolding of single domain antibody fragments expressed as inclusion bodies by referring the concomitant expression of a soluble form in the periplasms of Escherichia coli. J Immunol Methods 2017; 442:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
15
|
Bae SW, Eom D, Mai NL, Koo YM. Refolding of horseradish peroxidase is enhanced in presence of metal cofactors and ionic liquids. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:464-72. [PMID: 26901453 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The effects of various refolding additives, including metal cofactors, organic co-solvents, and ionic liquids, on the refolding of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), a well-known hemoprotein containing four disulfide bonds and two different types of metal centers, a ferrous ion-containing heme group and two calcium atoms, which provide a stabilizing effect on protein structure and function, were investigated. Both metal cofactors (Ca(2+) and hemin) and ionic liquids have positive impact on the refolding of HRP. For instance, the HRP refolding yield remarkably increased by over 3-fold upon addition of hemin and calcium chloride to the refolding buffer as compared to that in the conventional urea-containing refolding buffer. Moreover, the addition of ionic liquids [EMIM][Cl] to the hemin and calcium cofactor-containing refolding buffer further enhanced the HRP refolding yield up to 80% as compared to 12% in conventional refolding buffer at relatively high initial protein concentration (5 mg/ml). These results indicated that refolding method utilizing metal cofactors and ionic liquids could enhance the yield and efficiency for metalloprotein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Woo Bae
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyoung Eom
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Lan Mai
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Yoon-Mo Koo
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Oyetayo OO, Kiefer H. Experimental Model System to Study pH Shift-Induced Aggregation of Monoclonal Antibodies Under Controlled Conditions. Pharm Res 2016; 33:1359-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1878-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
17
|
Liu H, Dong X, Sun Y. Grafting iminodiacetic acid on silica nanoparticles for facilitated refolding of like-charged protein and its metal-chelate affinity purification. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1429:277-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
18
|
Optimization of dilution refolding conditions for a camelid single domain antibody against human beta-2-microglobulin. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 117:59-66. [PMID: 26386406 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Single domain antibody (sdAb) is often expressed as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli cytoplasm. Establishing an effective in vitro refolding method for sdAb obtained from inclusion bodies would be important for sdAb research. In this study, dilution refolding condition for a camelid sdAb specific against human beta-2-microglobulin was optimized for the sdAb purified from the inclusion bodies of E. coli BL21 (DE3). Single factor methods based on protein concentration, velocity of dilution, incubation time and refolding buffer composition were first investigated. Then the key refolding buffer compositions were selected for further optimization by means of the Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology (RSM). The activity of the refolded sdAb was determined by measuring its specific antigen-binding ability using indirect ELISA. The optimized refolding condition of sdAb consisted of a 10-fold dilution in 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) containing 1.24 mM GSH, 1mM GSSG, 352 mM L-Arg, 0.65% PEG-2000, and a 16 h incubation at 4 °C. Further comparison of the activities between the refolded sdAb and purified soluble sdAb expressed in E. coli Rosetta-gami (DE3) pLysS indicated that the sdAb was correctly refolded, as assayed by isothermal titration calorimetry. This work could provide an important strategy for the recombinant production and application of sdAb.
Collapse
|
19
|
Engineering batch and pulse refolding with transition of aggregation kinetics: An investigation using green fluorescent protein (GFP). Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2015.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
20
|
Zakharova GS, Poloznikov AA, Chubar TA, Gazaryan IG, Tishkov VI. High-yield reactivation of anionic tobacco peroxidase overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 113:85-93. [PMID: 25986322 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Anionic tobacco peroxidase (TOP) is extremely active in chemiluminescence reaction of luminol oxidation without addition of enhancers and more stable than horseradish peroxidase under antibody conjugation conditions. In addition, recombinant TOP (rTOP) produced in Escherichia coli is known to be a perfect direct electron transfer catalyst on electrodes of various origin. These features make the task of development of a high-yield reactivation protocol for rTOP practically important. Previous attempts to reactivate the enzyme from E. coli inclusion bodies were successful, but the reported reactivation yield was only 14%. In this work, we thoroughly screened the refolding conditions for dilution protocol and compared it with gel-filtration chromatography. The impressive reactivation yield in the dilution protocol (85%) was achieved for 8 μg/mL solubilized rTOP protein and the refolding medium containing 0.3 mM oxidized glutathione, 0.05 mM dithiothreitol, 5 mM CaCl2, 5% glycerol in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 9.6, with 1 μM hemin added at the 24th hour of incubation. A practically important discovery was a 30-40% increase in the reactivation yield upon delayed addition of hemin. The reactivation yield achieved is one of the highest reported in the literature on protein refolding by dilution. The final yield of purified active non-glycosylated rTOP was ca. 60 mg per L of E. coli culture, close to the yield reported before for tomato and tobacco plants overexpressing glycosylated TOP (60 mg/kg biomass) and much higher than for the previously reported refolding protocol (2.6 mg per L of E. coli culture).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G S Zakharova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia; Innovations and High Technologies MSU Ltd, 109559 Moscow, Russia.
| | - A A Poloznikov
- Innovations and High Technologies MSU Ltd, 109559 Moscow, Russia; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Faculty, Department of Chemical Enzymology, 119899 Moscow, Russia
| | - T A Chubar
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Faculty, Department of Chemical Enzymology, 119899 Moscow, Russia
| | - I G Gazaryan
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Faculty, Department of Chemical Enzymology, 119899 Moscow, Russia
| | - V I Tishkov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, RAS, 119071 Moscow, Russia; Innovations and High Technologies MSU Ltd, 109559 Moscow, Russia; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Faculty, Department of Chemical Enzymology, 119899 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Penicillin V acylase from Pectobacterium atrosepticum exhibits high specific activity and unique kinetics. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 79:1-7. [PMID: 25931393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Penicillin V acylases (PVAs, E.C.3.5.11) belong to the Ntn hydrolase super family of enzymes that catalyze the deacylation of the side chain from phenoxymethyl penicillin (penicillin V). Penicillin acylases find use in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of semi-synthetic antibiotics. PVAs employ the N-terminal cysteine residue as catalytic nucleophile and are structurally and evolutionarily related to bile salt hydrolases (BSHs). Here, we report the cloning and characterization of a PVA enzyme from the Gram-negative plant pathogen, Pectobacterium atrosepticum (PaPVA). The enzyme was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli attaining a very high yield (250 mg/l) and a comparatively high specific activity (430 IU/mg). The enzyme showed marginally better pH and thermo-stability over PVAs characterized from Gram-positive bacteria. The enzyme also showed enhanced activity in presence of organic solvents and detergents. The enzyme kinetics turned out to be significantly different from that of previously reported PVAs, displaying positive cooperativity and substrate inhibition. The presence of bile salts had a modulating effect on PaPVA activity. Sequence analysis and characterization reveal the distinctive nature of these enzymes and underscore the need to study PVAs from Gram-negative bacteria.
Collapse
|
22
|
Yoshimoto M, Kozono R, Tsubomura N. Liposomes as chaperone mimics with controllable affinity toward heat-denatured formate dehydrogenase from Candida boidinii. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:762-770. [PMID: 25513889 DOI: 10.1021/la504126b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chaperone machinery in living systems can catch denatured enzymes and induce their reactivation. Chaperone mimics are beneficial for applying enzymatic reactions in vitro. In this work, the affinity between liposomes and thermally denatured enzymes was controlled to stabilize the enzyme activity. The model enzyme is formate dehydrogenase from Candida boidinii (CbFDH) which is a homodimer and negatively charged in the phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.2) used. The activity of free CbFDH readily decreased at 58 °C following the first-order kinetics with the half-life t1/2 of 27 min. The turbidity measurements showed that the denatured enzyme molecules formed aggregates. The liposomes composed of zwitterionic phosphatidylcholines (PCs) stabilized the CbFDH activity at 58 °C, as revealed with six different PCs. The PC liposomes were indicated to bind to the aggregate-prone enzyme molecules, allowing reactivation at 25 °C. The cofactor β-reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) also stabilized the enzyme activity. The affinity between liposomes and denatured CbFDH could be modulated by incorporating cationic 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-trimethylammonium propane chloride (DOTAP) in PC membranes. The t1/2 values significantly increased in the presence of liposomes ([lipid] = 1.5 mM) composed of PC and DOTAP at the mole fraction f(D) of 0.1. On the other hand, the DOTAP-rich liposomes (f(D) ≥ 0.7) showed strong affinity toward denatured CbFDH, accelerating its deactivation. The liposomes with low charge density function as chaperone mimics that can efficiently catch the denatured enzymes without interfering with their intramolecular interaction for reactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Yoshimoto
- Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Yamaguchi University , 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube 755-8611, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhao D, Liu Y, Zhang G, Zhang C, Li X, Wang Q, Shi H, Su Z. Interaction of arginine with protein during refolding process probed by amide H/D exchange mass spectrometry and isothermal titration calorimetry. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
24
|
Liu N, Wang Z, Liu X(M, Yu L, Sun Y. Characterization of novel mixed-mode protein adsorbents fabricated from benzoyl-modified polyethyleneimine-grafted Sepharose. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1372C:157-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
25
|
Arai K, Moriai K, Ogawa A, Iwaoka M. An Amphiphilic Selenide Catalyst Behaves Like a Hybrid Mimic of Protein Disulfide Isomerase and Glutathione Peroxidase 7. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:3464-71. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
26
|
Tischer A, Lilie H, Auton M, Lange C. Oxidative refolding of rPA in l
-ArgHCl and in ionic liquids: A correlation between hydrophobicity, salt effects, and refolding yield. Biopolymers 2014; 101:1129-40. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tischer
- Division of Hematology, Departments of Internal Medicine; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN
| | - Hauke Lilie
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie; Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg; Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Matthew Auton
- Division of Hematology, Departments of Internal Medicine; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN
| | - Christian Lange
- Scil Proteins GmbH; Heinrich Damerow Str. 1 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Dong XY, Chen R, Yang CY, Sun Y. Sequential tentacle grafting and charge modification for enhancing charge density of mono-sized beads for facilitated protein refolding and purification from inclusion bodies. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1347:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
29
|
Refolding of denatured/reduced lysozyme by aromatic thiols in the absence of small molecule disulfide. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-014-1706-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
30
|
Integrative refolding and purification of histidine-tagged protein by like-charge facilitated refolding and metal-chelate affinity adsorption. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1344:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
31
|
Refolding techniques for recovering biologically active recombinant proteins from inclusion bodies. Biomolecules 2014; 4:235-51. [PMID: 24970214 PMCID: PMC4030991 DOI: 10.3390/biom4010235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologically active proteins are useful for studying the biological functions of genes and for the development of therapeutic drugs and biomaterials in a biotechnology industry. Overexpression of recombinant proteins in bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, often results in the formation of inclusion bodies, which are protein aggregates with non-native conformations. As inclusion bodies contain relatively pure and intact proteins, protein refolding is an important process to obtain active recombinant proteins from inclusion bodies. However, conventional refolding methods, such as dialysis and dilution, are time consuming and, often, recovered yields of active proteins are low, and a trial-and-error process is required to achieve success. Recently, several approaches have been reported to refold these aggregated proteins into an active form. The strategies largely aim at reducing protein aggregation during the refolding procedure. This review focuses on protein refolding techniques using chemical additives and laminar flow in microfluidic chips for the efficient recovery of active proteins from inclusion bodies.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
This protocol describes the growth and purification of bacterial inclusion body proteins with an option to selenomethionine label the targeted protein through feedback inhibition of methionine biosynthesis in common (non-auxotrophic) strains of E. coli. The method includes solubilization of inclusion body proteins by chemical denaturation and disulfide reduction, renaturation of the solubilized material through rapid dilution by pulsed injection into refolding buffer containing arginine and a mixture of oxidized and reduced glutathione, recovery of the recombinant protein using a stirred cell concentrator, and removal of the aggregated or misfolded fraction by passage over size-exclusion chromatography. The quality of the resulting protein can be assessed by SDS-PAGE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Nelson
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Computational Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60557, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Yang CY, Li M, Dong XY, Sun Y. A double-modification strategy for enhancing charge density of mono-sized beads for facilitated refolding of like-charged protein. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1299:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
35
|
Gao MT, Dong XY, Sun Y. Interactions betweenl-arginine/l-arginine derivatives and lysozyme and implications to their inhibition effects on protein aggregation. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 29:1316-24. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tao Gao
- Dept. of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Xiao-Yan Dong
- Dept. of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yan Sun
- Dept. of Biochemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of the Ministry of Education; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mollania N, Khajeh K, Ranjbar B, Rashno F, Akbari N, Fathi-Roudsari M. An efficient in vitro refolding of recombinant bacterial laccase in Escherichia coli. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 52:325-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
37
|
Wang H, Wang Y, Yuan L, Wang L, Yang W, Wu Z, Li D, Chen H. Thermally responsive silicon nanowire arrays for native/denatured-protein separation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:105101. [PMID: 23416357 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/10/105101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present our findings of the selective adsorption of native and denatured proteins onto thermally responsive, native-protein resistant poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) decorated silicon nanowire arrays (SiNWAs). The PNIPAAm-SiNWAs surface, which shows very low levels of native-protein adsorption, favors the adsorption of denatured proteins. The amount of denatured-protein adsorption is higher at temperatures above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNIPAAm. Temperature cycling surrounding the LCST, which ensures against thermal denaturation of native proteins, further increases the amount of denatured-protein adsorption. Moreover, the PNIPAAm-SiNWAs surface is able to selectively adsorb denatured protein even from mixtures of different protein species; meanwhile, the amount of native proteins in solution is kept nearly at its original level. It is believed that these results will not only enrich current understanding of protein interactions with PNIPAAm-modified SiNWAs surfaces, but may also stimulate applications of PNIPAAm-SiNWAs surfaces for native/denatured protein separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Arai K, Noguchi M, Singh BG, Priyadarsini KI, Fujio K, Kubo Y, Takayama K, Ando S, Iwaoka M. A water-soluble selenoxide reagent as a useful probe for the reactivity and folding of polythiol peptides. FEBS Open Bio 2012; 3:55-64. [PMID: 23772375 PMCID: PMC3668528 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A water-soluble selenoxide (DHSox) having a five-membered ring structure enables rapid and selective conversion of cysteinyl SH groups in a polypeptide chain into SS bonds in a wide pH and temperature range. It was previously demonstrated that the second-order rate constants for the SS formation with DHSox would be proportional to the number of the free SH groups present in the substrate if there is no steric congestion around the SH groups. In the present study, kinetics of the SS formation with DHSox was extensively studied at pH 4–10 and 25 °C by using reduced ribonuclease A, recombinant hirudin variant (CX-397), insulin A- and B-chains, and relaxin A-chain, which have two to eight cysteine residues, as polythiol substrates. The obtained rate constants showed stochastic SS formation behaviors under most conditions. However, the rate constants for CX-397 at pH 8.0 and 10.0 were not proportional to the number of the free SH groups, suggesting that the SS intermediate ensembles possess densely packed structures under weakly basic conditions. The high two-electron redox potential of DHSox (375 mV at 25 °C) compared to l-cystine supported the high ability of DHSox for SS formation in a polypeptide chain. Interestingly, the rate constants of the SS formation jumped up at a pH around the pKa value of the cysteinyl SH groups. The SS formation velocity was slightly decreased by addition of a denaturant due probably to the interaction between the denaturant and the peptide. The stochastic behaviors as well as the absolute values of the second-order rate constants in comparison to dithiothreitol (DTTred) are useful to probe the chemical reactivity and conformation, hence the folding, of polypeptide chains.
Collapse
Key Words
- 1S, 2S, 3S, and 4S, ensembles of SS intermediates with one, two, three, and four SS bonds, respectively
- 1S°, 2S°, and 3S°, ensembles of SS intermediates of CX-397 with one, two, and three kinetically formed SS bonds, respectively
- 4-Dihydroxyselenolane oxide
- AEMTS, 2-aminoethyl methanethiosulfonate
- CD, circular dichroism
- CX-397, recombinant hirudin variant CX-397
- DHSox, trans-3,4-dihydroxyselenolane oxide
- DHSred, reduced DHSox
- DTTox, oxidized dithiothreitol
- DTTred, dl-dithiothreitol
- Disulfide
- ESI, electron spray ionization
- GSSG, oxidized glutathione
- Gdn-HCl, guanidine hydrochloride
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- HV-1, recombinant hirudin variant-1
- HV-3, recombinant hirudin variant-3
- Ins-A, insulin A-chain
- Ins-B, insulin B-chain
- N, native protein
- NHE, normal hydrogen electrode
- Oxidative folding
- R, reduced polypeptide
- RNase A, ribonuclease A
- Redox potential
- Rlx-A, relaxin A-chain
- R°, reduced CX-397 at acidic conditions
- SH, thiol
- SS, disulfide
- SeSe, diselenide
- S−, thiolate
- TFA, trifluoroacetic acid
- Tris, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane.
- pI, isoelectric point
- trans-3
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Arai
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, Kitakaname, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pan LQ, Xie ZM, Tang XJ, Wu M, Wang FR, Naranmandura H, Chen SQ. Engineering and refolding of a novel trimeric fusion protein TRAIL-collagen XVIII NC1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012. [PMID: 23208613 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4604-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is considered to be a promising anticancer agent because its active form TRAIL trimer is able to induce apoptosis in different tumor cell lines while sparing normal cells. However, TRAIL trimer possesses a short half-life and low stability, which turns out to be a major obstacle for the development of clinical trials. In our present study, we constructed a recombined TRAIL trimer by genetic fusion of non-collagenous domain (NC1) of human collagen XVIII or its trimerization domain (TD) to C-terminus of TRAIL via a flexible linker, and then refolded the fusion proteins using a two-step refolding approach, namely a combination of dilution and gel filtration chromatography. As a result, both recombinant proteins, TRAIL-NC1 and TRAIL-TD, were expressed in Escherichia coli as inclusion bodies, and they exhibited difficultly to refold efficiently by conventional methods. Thereby, we applied a modified two-step refolding approach to refold fusion proteins. More than 55 % of TRAIL-NC1 and 90 % of TRAIL-TD protein activity was recovered during the two-step refolding approach, and their stability was also increased significantly. Also, size exclusion chromatography showed refolded TRAIL-NC1 was a trimer while TRAIL-TD, hexamer. However, both of them exerted good apoptosis activity on NCI-H460 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Qiang Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chen YC, Lin WT, Wu JW, Liu HS. Efficient lysozyme refolding at a high final concentration and a low dilution factor. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
41
|
Glutathione ethylester, a novel protein refolding reagent, enhances both the efficiency of refolding and correct disulfide formation. Protein J 2012; 31:499-503. [PMID: 22752753 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-012-9427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein refolding constitutes a crucial process for recombinant proteins. We report here on the development of a multifunctional refolding additive, glutathione ethyl ester (GSHEE), prepared from a redox reagent glutathione and an amino acid ethyl ester, an aggregation suppressor. Compared to glutathione, GSHEE showed 3.2-fold higher efficiency for the refolding yield of hen egg lysozyme. More importantly, a low concentration of GSHEE is more effective for refolding than conventional additives, such as amino acid ethyl esters by two orders of magnitude. The high potency of GSHEE makes it a candidate for use as a refolding additive for use in conjunction with reduced and denatured proteins.
Collapse
|
42
|
Yamaguchi S, Yamamoto E, Mannen T, Nagamune T, Nagamune T. Protein refolding using chemical refolding additives. Biotechnol J 2012; 8:17-31. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
43
|
Gao L, Zhang C, Li L, Liang L, Deng X, Wu W, Su Z, Yu R. Construction, expression and refolding of a bifunctional fusion protein consisting of C-terminal 12-residue of hirudin-PA and reteplase. Protein J 2012; 31:328-36. [PMID: 22481531 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-012-9407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To obtain a bifunctional protein simultaneously showing bioactivity of anticoagulant and fibrinolytic for use in the treatment of thrombotic diseases, we constructed a fusion protein (HV12p-rPA) containing C-terminal 12-residue of hirudin-PA (HV12p) and reteplase (rPA). The fusion protein, in which HV12p was linked to rPA via Gly-Gly-Gly, was successfully expressed in an inactive form of inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli. HV12p-rPA was identified by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The expression level of HV12p-rPA was optimized by an orthogonal method and finally enhanced from 12 % to approximate 30 %. We also deeply investigated the condition of renaturation of HV12p-rPA, and the inactive protein was partly renatured through various conditions. The refolding efficacy of HV12p-rPA estimated by the recovery of fibrinolytic activity varied from 0.03 % to 16.6 % and the anticoagulant activity fluctuated in the range from 41 to 2,297 ATU/mg. Bioassays indicated that the resulted fusion protein, as expected, exhibited both fibrinolytic and anticoagulant activities. These works laid a foundation for further characterization of HV12p-rPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Oxidative refolding of lysozyme assisted by DsbA, DsbC and the GroEL apical domain immobilized in cellulose. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-011-0663-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
46
|
Berg A, Oelmeier SA, Kittelmann J, Dismer F, Hubbuch J. Development and characterization of an automated high throughput screening method for optimization of protein refolding processes. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:3149-59. [PMID: 22821717 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of protein refolding parameters by automated, miniaturized, and parallelized high throughput screening is a powerful approach to meet the demand for fast process development with low material consumption. In this study, we validated methods applicable on a standard liquid handling robot for screening of refolding process parameters by dilution of denatured lysozyme in refolding buffer systems. Different approaches for the estimation of protein solubility and folding were validated concerning resolution and compatibility with the robotic system and with the complex buffer and protein structure composition. We established an indirect method to assess soluble lysozyme concentration independent of matrix effects and protein structure varieties by automated separation of aggregated protein, resolubilization, and measurement of absorption at 280 nm. Using this nonspecific solubility assays the correlation between favorable parameters for high active and soluble lysozyme yields were evaluated. An overlap of good refolding buffer compositions was found provided that the redox environment was controlled with redox reagents. In addition, the need to control unfolding conditions like time, temperature, lysozyme, and dithiothreitol concentration was pointed out as different feedstocks resulted in different refolding yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Berg
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yu LL, Dong XY, Sun Y. Ion-exchange resins facilitate like-charged protein refolding: Effects of porous solid phase properties. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1225:168-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
48
|
Ordidge GC, Mannall G, Liddell J, Dalby PA, Micheletti M. A generic hierarchical screening method for the analysis of microscale refolds using an automated robotic platform. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:435-44. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
49
|
Patel AS, Lees WJ. Oxidative folding of lysozyme with aromatic dithiols, and aliphatic and aromatic monothiols. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:1020-8. [PMID: 22197395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In vitro protein folding of disulfide containing proteins is aided by the addition of a redox buffer, which is composed of a small molecule disulfide and/or a small molecule thiol. In this study, we examined redox buffers containing asymmetric dithiols 1-5, which possess an aromatic and aliphatic thiol, and symmetric dithiols 6 and 7, which possess two aromatic thiols, for their ability to fold reduced lysozyme at pH 7.0 and 8.0. Most in vivo protein folding catalysts are dithiols. When compared to glutathione and glutathione disulfide, the standard redox buffer, dithiols 1-5 improved the protein folding rates but not the yields. However, dithiols 6 and 7, and the corresponding monothiol 8 increased the folding rates 8-17 times and improved the yields 15-42% at 1mg/mL lysozyme. Moreover, aromatic dithiol 6 increased the in vitro folding yield as compared to the corresponding aromatic monothiol 8. Therefore, aromatic dithiols should be useful for protein folding, especially at high protein concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amar S Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Chemical assistance in refolding of bacterial inclusion bodies. Biochem Res Int 2011; 2011:631607. [PMID: 21822494 PMCID: PMC3148444 DOI: 10.1155/2011/631607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the most widely used hosts for the production of recombinant proteins but insoluble expression of heterologous proteins is a major bottleneck in production of recombinant proteins in E. coli. In vitro refolding of inclusion body into proteins with native conformations is a solution for this problem but there is a need for optimization of condition for each protein specifically. Several approaches have been described for in vitro refolding; most of them involve the use of additives for assisting correct folding. Cosolutes play a major role in refolding process and can be classified according to their function as aggregation suppressors and folding enhancers. This paper presents a review of additives that are used in refolding process of insoluble recombinant proteins in small scale and industrial processes.
Collapse
|