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Guo Z. Ganglioside GM1 and the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119558. [PMID: 37298512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
GM1 is one of the major glycosphingolipids (GSLs) on the cell surface in the central nervous system (CNS). Its expression level, distribution pattern, and lipid composition are dependent upon cell and tissue type, developmental stage, and disease state, which suggests a potentially broad spectrum of functions of GM1 in various neurological and neuropathological processes. The major focus of this review is the roles that GM1 plays in the development and activities of brains, such as cell differentiation, neuritogenesis, neuroregeneration, signal transducing, memory, and cognition, as well as the molecular basis and mechanisms for these functions. Overall, GM1 is protective for the CNS. Additionally, this review has also examined the relationships between GM1 and neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, GM1 gangliosidosis, Huntington's disease, epilepsy and seizure, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, depression, alcohol dependence, etc., and the functional roles and therapeutic applications of GM1 in these disorders. Finally, current obstacles that hinder more in-depth investigations and understanding of GM1 and the future directions in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Sipione S, Monyror J, Galleguillos D, Steinberg N, Kadam V. Gangliosides in the Brain: Physiology, Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Applications. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:572965. [PMID: 33117120 PMCID: PMC7574889 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.572965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids highly abundant in the nervous system, and carry most of the sialic acid residues in the brain. Gangliosides are enriched in cell membrane microdomains ("lipid rafts") and play important roles in the modulation of membrane proteins and ion channels, in cell signaling and in the communication among cells. The importance of gangliosides in the brain is highlighted by the fact that loss of function mutations in ganglioside biosynthetic enzymes result in severe neurodegenerative disorders, often characterized by very early or childhood onset. In addition, changes in the ganglioside profile (i.e., in the relative abundance of specific gangliosides) were reported in healthy aging and in common neurological conditions, including Huntington's disease (HD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), stroke, multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. At least in HD, PD and in some forms of epilepsy, experimental evidence strongly suggests a potential role of gangliosides in disease pathogenesis and potential treatment. In this review, we will summarize ganglioside functions that are crucial to maintain brain health, we will review changes in ganglioside levels that occur in major neurological conditions and we will discuss their contribution to cellular dysfunctions and disease pathogenesis. Finally, we will review evidence of the beneficial roles exerted by gangliosides, GM1 in particular, in disease models and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Sipione
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Melanocortin receptor subtypes are expressed on cells in the oligodendroglial lineage and signal ACTH protection. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:427-435. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Van Blerkom J, Zimmermann S. Ganglioside-enriched microdomains define an oolemma that is functionally polarized with respect to fertilizability in the mouse. Reprod Biomed Online 2016; 33:458-475. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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The melanocortin ACTH 1-39 promotes protection of oligodendrocytes by astroglia. J Neurol Sci 2016; 362:21-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lisak RP, Nedelkoska L, Bealmear B, Benjamins JA. Melanocortin receptor agonist ACTH 1-39 protects rat forebrain neurons from apoptotic, excitotoxic and inflammation-related damage. Exp Neurol 2015; 273:161-7. [PMID: 26300474 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) are commonly treated with high doses of intravenous corticosteroids (CS). ACTH 1-39, a member of the melanocortin family, stimulates production of CS by the adrenals, but melanocortin receptors are also found in the central nervous system (CNS) and on immune cells. ACTH is produced within the CNS and may have direct protective effects on glia and neurons independent of CS. We previously reported that ACTH 1-39 protected oligodendroglia (OL) and their progenitors (OPC) from a panel of excitotoxic and inflammation-related agents. Neurons are the most vulnerable cells in the CNS. They are terminally differentiated, and sensitive to inflammatory and excitotoxic insults. For potential therapeutic protection of gray matter, it is important to investigate the direct effects of ACTH on neurons. Cultures highly enriched in neurons were isolated from 2-3 day old rat brain. After 4-7 days in culture, the neurons were treated for 24h with selected toxic agents with or without ACTH 1-39. ACTH 1-39 protected neurons from death induced by staurosporine, glutamate, NMDA, AMPA, kainate, quinolinic acid, reactive oxygen species and, to a modest extent, from rapidly released NO, but did not protect against kynurenic acid or slowly released nitric oxide. Our results show that ACTH 1-39 protects neurons in vitro from several apoptotic, excitotoxic and inflammation-related insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Lisak
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 8D University Health Center, 4201 St. Antoine St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Liljana Nedelkoska
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 8D University Health Center, 4201 St. Antoine St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Beverly Bealmear
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 8D University Health Center, 4201 St. Antoine St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Joyce A Benjamins
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 8D University Health Center, 4201 St. Antoine St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Ledeen RW, Wu G. The multi-tasked life of GM1 ganglioside, a true factotum of nature. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:407-18. [PMID: 26024958 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
GM1 ganglioside occurs widely in vertebrate tissues, where it exhibits many essential functions, both in the plasma membrane and intracellular loci. Its essentiality is revealed in the dire consequences resulting from genetic deletion. This derives from its key roles in several signalosome systems, characteristically located in membrane rafts, where it associates with specific proteins that have glycolipid-binding domains. Thus, GM1 interacts with proteins that modulate mechanisms such as ion transport, neuronal differentiation, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), immune system reactivities, and neuroprotective signaling. The latter occurs through intimate association with neurotrophin receptors, which has relevance to the etiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and potential therapies. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of these GM1-associated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Ledeen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Gusheng Wu
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Benjamins JA, Nedelkoska L, Lisak RP. Adrenocorticotropin hormone 1-39 promotes proliferation and differentiation of oligodendroglial progenitor cells and protects from excitotoxic and inflammation-related damage. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1243-51. [PMID: 24916309 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendroglia (OL) are highly susceptible to damage and, like neurons, are terminally differentiated. It is important to protect OL precursors (OPC) because they are reservoirs of differentiating cells capable of myelination following perinatal insult and remyelination in white matter diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Patients with relapsing-remitting MS are commonly treated with high-dose corticosteroids (CS) when experiencing an exacerbation. Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), a primary component of another approved MS exacerbation treatment, is a melanocortin peptide that stimulates production of CS by the adrenals. Melanocortin receptors are also found in the central nervous system (CNS) and on immune cells. ACTH is produced within the CNS and may have CS-independent effects on glia. We found that ACTH 1-39 stimulated proliferation of OPC, and to a lesser extent astroglia (AS) and microglia (MG), in rat glial cultures. ACTH accelerated differentiation of PDGFRα(+) OPC to a later stage marked by galactolipid expression and caused greater expansion of OL myelin-like sheets compared with untreated cells. Protective effects of ACTH on OPC were assessed by treating cultures with selected toxic agents, with or without ACTH. At 200 nM, ACTH protected OPC from death induced by staurosporine, glutamate, NMDA, AMPA, kainate, quinolinic acid, H2 O2 , and slow NO release, but not against kynurenic acid or rapid NO release. These agents and ACTH were not toxic to AS or MG. Our findings indicate that ACTH 1-39 provides benefits by increasing the number of OPC, accelerating their development into mature OL, and reducing OPC death from toxic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce A Benjamins
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit, Michigan
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Lisak RP, Nedelkoska L, Benjamins JA. Effects of dextromethorphan on glial cell function: Proliferation, maturation, and protection from cytotoxic molecules. Glia 2014; 62:751-62. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Lisak
- Department of Neurology; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit Missouri
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit Missouri
| | - Liljana Nedelkoska
- Department of Neurology; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit Missouri
| | - Joyce A. Benjamins
- Department of Neurology; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit Missouri
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit Missouri
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Nowycky MC, Wu G, Ledeen RW. Glycobiology of ion transport in the nervous system. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 9:321-42. [PMID: 25151386 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1154-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The nervous system is richly endowed with large transmembrane proteins that mediate ion transport, including gated ion channels as well as energy-consuming pumps and transporters. Transport proteins undergo N-linked glycosylation which can affect expression, location, stability, and function. The N-linked glycans of ion channels are large, contributing between 5 and 50 % of their molecular weight. Many contain a high density of negatively charged sialic acid residues which modulate voltage-dependent gating of ion channels. Changes in the size and chemical composition of glycans are responsible for developmental and cell-specific variability in the biophysical and functional properties of many ion channels. Glycolipids, principally gangliosides, exert considerable influence on some forms of ion transport, either through direct association with ion transport proteins or indirectly through association with proteins that activate transport through appropriate signaling. Examples of both pumps and ion channels have been revealed which depend on ganglioside regulation. While some of these processes are localized in the plasma membrane, ganglioside-regulated ion transport can also occur at various loci within the cell including the nucleus. This chapter will describe ion channel and ion pump structures with a focus on the functional effects of glycosylation on ion channel availability and function, and effects of alterations in glycosylation on nervous system function. It will also summarize highlights of the research on glycolipid/ganglioside-mediated regulation of ion transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha C Nowycky
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, RBHS, New Jersey Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Ave., Newark, NJ, 07103, USA,
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Benjamins JA, Nedelkoska L, Bealmear B, Lisak RP. ACTH protects mature oligodendroglia from excitotoxic and inflammation-related damage in vitro. Glia 2013; 61:1206-17. [PMID: 23832579 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroids (CS) are widely employed to treat relapses in multiple sclerosis (MS). Endogenous ACTH is a 39-amino acid peptide that, among other functions, stimulates CS production. Exogenous ACTH 1-39 is used to treat MS relapses, presumably by stimulating endogenous CS production. However, unlike CS, ACTH binds to melanocortin receptors, found in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as on inflammatory cells. Since glia are implicated in MS and other neurodegenerative diseases, and oligodendroglia (OL) are more sensitive to injury than other glia, we characterized the protective effects of ACTH on OL in vitro without the confounding effects of CS. Rat brain cultures containing OL, astrocytes (AS), and microglia (MG) were incubated for 1 day with potentially cytotoxic agents with or without preincubation with ACTH 1-39. The cytotoxic agents killed 55-70% of mature OL, but caused little or no death of AS or MG at the concentrations used. ACTH protected OL from death induced by staurosporine, AMPA, NMDA, kainate, quinolinic acid, or reactive oxygen species, but did not protect against kynurenic acid or nitric oxide. The protective effects of ACTH were dose dependent, and decreased OL death induced by the different agents by 30-60% at 200 nM ACTH. We show for the first time that melanocortin 4 receptor is expressed on OL in addition to MG and AS. In summary, ACTH 1-39 protects OL in vitro from several excitotoxic and inflammation-related insults. ACTH may be activating melanocortin receptors on OL or alternately on AS or MG to prevent OL death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce A Benjamins
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Lisak RP, Benjamins JA, Nedelkoska L, Barger JL, Ragheb S, Fan B, Ouamara N, Johnson TA, Rajasekharan S, Bar-Or A. Secretory products of multiple sclerosis B cells are cytotoxic to oligodendroglia in vitro. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 246:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Cytokines Reduce Toxic Effects of Ethanol on Oligodendroglia. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1677-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Forman MS, Nishikubo JB, Han RK, Le A, Balashova NV, Kachlany SC. Gangliosides block Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin (LtxA)-mediated hemolysis. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2824-36. [PMID: 22069577 PMCID: PMC3153184 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2122824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is an oral pathogen and etiologic agent of localized aggressive periodontitis. The bacterium is also a cardiovascular pathogen causing infective endocarditis. A. actinomycetemcomitans produces leukotoxin (LtxA), an important virulence factor that targets white blood cells (WBCs) and plays a role in immune evasion during disease. The functional receptor for LtxA on WBCs is leukocyte function antigen-1 (LFA-1), a β-2 integrin that is modified with N-linked carbohydrates. Interaction between toxin and receptor leads to cell death. We recently discovered that LtxA can also lyse red blood cells (RBCs) and hemolysis may be important for pathogenesis of A. actinomycetemcomitans. In this study, we further investigated how LtxA might recognize and lyse RBCs. We found that, in contrast to a related toxin, E. coli α-hemolysin, LtxA does not recognize glycophorin on RBCs. However, gangliosides were able to completely block LtxA-mediated hemolysis. Furthermore, LtxA did not show a preference for any individual ganglioside. LtxA also bound to ganglioside-rich C6 rat glioma cells, but did not kill them. Interaction between LtxA and C6 cells could be blocked by gangliosides with no apparent specificity. Gangliosides were only partially effective at preventing LtxA-mediated cytotoxicity of WBCs, and the effect was only observed when a high ratio of ganglioside:LtxA was used over a short incubation period. Based on the results presented here, we suggest that because of the similarity between N-linked sugars on LFA-1 and the structures of gangliosides, LtxA may have acquired the ability to lyse RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Forman
- Department of Oral Biology, New Jersey Dental School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ, USA.
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A novel purification method for CNS projection neurons leads to the identification of brain vascular cells as a source of trophic support for corticospinal motor neurons. J Neurosci 2008; 28:8294-305. [PMID: 18701692 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2010-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the difficulties in studying cellular interactions in the CNS is the lack of effective methods to purify specific neuronal populations of interest. We report the development of a novel purification scheme, cholera toxin beta (CTB) immunopanning, in which a particular CNS neuron population is selectively labeled via retrograde axonal transport of the cell-surface epitope CTB, and then purified via immobilization with anti-CTB antibody. We have demonstrated the usefulness and versatility of this method by purifying both retinal ganglion cells and corticospinal motor neurons (CSMNs). Genomic expression analyses of purified CSMNs revealed that they express significant levels of many receptors for growth factors produced by brain endothelial cells; three of these factors, CXCL12, pleiotrophin, and IGF2 significantly enhanced purified CSMN survival, similar to previously characterized CSMN trophic factors BDNF and IGF1. In addition, endothelial cell conditioned medium significantly promoted CSMN neurite outgrowth. These findings demonstrate a useful method for the purification of several different types of CNS projection neurons, which in principle should work in many mammalian species, and provide evidence that endothelial-derived factors may represent an overlooked source of trophic support for neurons in the brain.
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Abstract
Ganglioside function in eukaryotic cells encompasses a variety of modulatory interactions related to both development and mature cellular behavior. In relation to the nervous system this includes induction of neurite outgrowth and trophic/neuroprotective phenomena; more generally this applies to ganglioside effects on receptor function, adhesion reactions, and signal transduction mechanisms in neural and extraneural systems. Underlying many of these trophic effects are ganglioside-induced changes in cellular calcium, accomplished through modulation of Ca2+ influx channels, Ca2+ exchange proteins, and various Ca2+-dependent enzymes that are altered through association with gangliosides. A clear distinction needs to be drawn between intrinsic functions of gangliosides as naturally expressed by the cell and activities created by application of exogenous ganglioside(s) that may or may not reflect natural function. This review attempts to summarize findings in this area and point to possible future directions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Ledeen
- Dept. of Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, UMDNJ, Newark 07103, USA.
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