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Lei Y, Zhang X, Liu H, Xu Z, Xu P. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with Sjögren's syndrome: a case report. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:300. [PMID: 39198773 PMCID: PMC11351767 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-024-03775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor neuron disease (MND) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder with an unknown cause. The development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is believed to be linked to an immune response. Monocytes/macrophages and T cells are key players in the disease's advancement. Monitoring levels of cytokines in the blood can help forecast patient outcomes, while immunotherapy shows promise in alleviating symptoms for certain individuals. CASE PRESENTATION A 56-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital due to progressive limb weakness persisting for eight months. The neurological examination revealed impairments in both upper and lower motor neurons, as well as sensory anomalies, without corresponding signs. Electrophysiological examination results indicated extensive neuronal damage and multiple peripheral nerve impairments, thereby the diagnosis was ALS. One month ago, the patient began experiencing symptoms of dry mouth and a bitter taste. Following tests for rheumatic immune-related antibodies and a lip gland biopsy, a diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) was proposed. Despite treatment with medications such as hormones (methylprednisolone), immunosuppressants (hydroxychloroquine sulfate), and riluzole, the symptoms did not significantly improve, but also did not worsen. CONCLUSION It is recommended to include screening for SS in the standard assessment of ALS. Furthermore, research should focus on understanding the immune mechanisms involved in ALS, providing new insights for the diagnosis and treatment of ALS in conjunction with SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Lei
- The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, No. 149, Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, No. 149, Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Haijun Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, No. 149, Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zucai Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, No. 149, Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ping Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, No. 149, Dalian Road, Huichuan District, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China.
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Naum R, Gwathmey KG. Autoimmune polyneuropathies. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 195:587-608. [PMID: 37562888 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98818-6.00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The autoimmune peripheral neuropathies with prominent motor manifestations are a diverse collection of unusual peripheral neuropathies that are appreciated in vast clinical settings. This chapter highlights the most common immune-mediated, motor predominant neuropathies excluding acute, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP and CIDP, respectively). Other acquired demyelinating neuropathies such as distal CIDP and multifocal motor neuropathy will be covered. Additionally, the radiculoplexus neuropathies, resulting from microvasculitis-induced injury to nerve roots, plexuses, and nerves, including diabetic and nondiabetic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy and neuralgic amyotrophy (i.e., Parsonage-Turner syndrome), will be included. Finally, the motor predominant peripheral neuropathies encountered in association with rheumatological disease, particularly Sjögren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis, are covered. Early recognition of these distinct motor predominant autoimmune neuropathies and initiation of immunomodulatory and immunosuppressant treatment likely result in improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Naum
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Kelly Graham Gwathmey
- Neuromuscular Division, Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
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Yang H, Jing X, Yan J, Ma D. Sjögren's syndrome with rapidly progressive motor neuron disease: a case report. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520974465. [PMID: 33233989 PMCID: PMC7705389 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520974465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren’s syndrome is an autoimmune disease that can affect multiple systems. Sjögren’s syndrome with motor neuron disease is rarely reported. Herein, we describe a patient with rapidly progressive motor neuron disease secondary to Sjögren’s syndrome. A 42-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with a 2-month history of progressive limb weakness. Neurological assessment revealed fasciculation in the lower limbs and amyotrophy in the bilateral supraspinatus, interosseous, and thenar muscles. Serological examination and labial gland biopsy revealed Sjögren’s syndrome. In addition, electromyography demonstrated neurogenic damage to the upper and lower limbs. The patient received a short course of high-dose corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulins, and immunosuppressant treatment, including a weekly dose of 0.4 g cyclophosphamide and a daily dose of 0.2 g hydroxychloroquine. However, the patient’s limb weakness was further aggravated and her respiratory function was compromised. Electromyography re-examination demonstrated extensive neurogenic damage, and she was diagnosed with Sjögren’s syndrome with motor neuron disease. The patient died of respiratory failure after 2 months. We suggest that more effective maintenance treatments should be sought. Further investigation is required to elucidate the association between autoimmune motor neuron disease and Sjögren’s syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijia Yang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaozhong Jing
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tong-Ren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhua Yan
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dihui Ma
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Neurological manifestations of primary Sjögren's syndrome. Reumatologia 2018; 56:99-105. [PMID: 29853725 PMCID: PMC5974632 DOI: 10.5114/reum.2018.75521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune connective tissue disease affecting the exocrine glands, leading to damage of their structure and impairment of their function. In the course of pSS the internal organs may be involved and the symptoms may concern any system. Neurological disorders are one of the most common extraglandular manifestations of pSS. Available literature data estimate the prevalence of neurological symptoms as about 8.5-70% of patients diagnosed with pSS. The most common neurological complication of pSS is peripheral neuropathy, and in particular sensory polyneuropathy. Central nervous system involvement is much less common. There are also reports of various symptoms connected with damage to cranial nerves and the autonomic nervous system. A careful neurological evaluation, combined with neurophysiological tests, is recommended in patients with pSS. This review summarizes the neurological manifestations of pSS, their possible pathogenic mechanisms, diagnostic evaluation and potential treatment.
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Anterior horn syndrome: A rare manifestation of primary Sjögren's syndrome. Joint Bone Spine 2016; 83:448-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Rheumatologic diseases encompass autoimmune and inflammatory disorders of the joints and soft tissues that often involve multiple organ systems, including the central and peripheral nervous systems. Common features include constitutional symptoms, arthralgia and arthritis, myalgia, and sicca symptoms. Neurological manifestations may present in patients with preexisting rheumatologic diagnoses, occur concurrently with systemic signs and symptoms, or precede systemic manifestations by months to years. Rheumatic disorders presenting as neurological syndromes may pose diagnostic challenges. Advances in immunosuppressive treatment of rheumatologic disease have expanded the treatment armamentarium. However, serious neurotoxic effects have been reported with both old and newer agents. Familiarity with neurological manifestations of rheumatologic diseases, diagnosis, and potential nervous system consequences of treatment is important for rapid diagnosis and appropriate intervention. This article briefly reviews the diverse neurological manifestations and key clinical features of rheumatic disorders and the potential neurological complications of agents commonly used for treatment.
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Neurological manifestations revealing primitive Gougerot-Sjogren syndrome: 9 cases. Joint Bone Spine 2009; 76:139-45. [PMID: 19217338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurological manifestations in Gougerot-Sjogren syndrome (GSS) are valued differently. This is essentially the achievement of the peripheral nervous system. METHODS We report 9 cases of neurological manifestation revealing primitive Gougerot-Sjogren syndrome collected over a period of 8 years (1997-2004). GSS diagnosis was retained according to Americano-European group criteria consensus revised on 2002. RESULTS All our patients were female with an average age of 43 years. Peripheral nervous system manifestation occurred in 78% (Truncal Neuropathy in 44%, anterior horn involvement in 2 cases). Central nervous system involvement was observed in 55.6% (chronic myelopathy and aseptic meningoencephalitis). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The analysis of neurological manifestations in GSS encounters three difficulties: the lack in homogeneity of diagnostic criteria (which makes it difficult to compare the frequency of neurological complications in different series), the limited number of large series, and the cases with neurological manifestations revealing this syndrome.
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9
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Schnitzler E, Reinhardt F, Tomandl B, Gusek-Schneider G. Kranielle Bildgebung und Serologie bei Pupillotonie nicht hilfreich. Ophthalmologe 2005; 102:1083-9. [PMID: 15889260 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-005-1224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tonic pupil (TP) is a common disorder of parasympathetic innervation. In contrast to textbook recommendations, cranial imaging is still being performed in most of the patients with TP. The intention of the present study is to show that cranial imaging is of no benefit. PATIENTS AND METHODS The medical records of 33 patients with TP were analyzed retrospectively. All patients had undergone a complete ophthalmological, orthoptic, and neurological investigation. Cranial imaging was performed by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Serology tests were carried out in some of the patients. RESULTS Diagnostic imaging provided no additional data revealing the underlying cause of TP. CONCLUSIONS Cranial imaging in isolated tonic pupil is not helpful. Because of therapeutic implications, diagnostic evaluation can be recommended only in patients older than 50 years to exclude giant cell arteritis and syphilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schnitzler
- Augenklinik mit Poliklinik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
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de Seze J, Delalande S, Vermersch P. [Neurological manifestations in Sjögren syndrome]. Rev Med Interne 2005; 26:624-36. [PMID: 15869827 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2005.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 02/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe clinical and physiopathological aspects of neurological involvement in neurological Sjögren syndrome (SS) and to overview biological markers and therapeutical aspects. CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND KEY POINTS Neurological complications during SS may occur between 8.5 and 70%. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) involvement is well none but data concerning central nervous system (CNS) symptoms have been rarely described. In the present study we detail more precisely the heterogeneity of the neurological manifestation in SS. Recently new biological of SS such as alpha-fodrin antibodies have been described but there interest remain controversial. Furthermore, therapeutical data are scarce and there is to date no consensual guidelines for the therapeutical approach. PERSPECTIVE Recent data concerning neurological involvement in SS confirm the heterogeneity of clinical presentations that may mimic stroke or multiple sclerosis. They underline the need for new biological markers. Furthermore, multicentric, randomized trials should be assessed in order to give us some therapeutical guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de Seze
- Clinique neurologique, hôpital R.-Salengro, CHRU de Lille, 59037 Lille cedex, France.
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Kuntzer T, Antoine JC, Steck AJ. Clinical features and pathophysiological basis of sensory neuronopathies (ganglionopathies). Muscle Nerve 2004; 30:255-68. [PMID: 15318336 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sensory ganglionopathies have a frequent association with neoplastic disorders (paraneoplastic subacute sensory neuronopathy, or SSN) or dysimmune disorders (Sjögren's syndrome, SS; Miller Fisher syndrome; and Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis, BBE), with drugs, such as cisplatin or pyridoxine, and with inherited disorders with degeneration of dorsal root ganglion cells. Unsteady gait and pseudoathetoid movements of the hand are the distinctive signs encountered in these disorders. The chronic disorders are characterized by non-length-dependent abnormalities of sensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs) and differ from other sensory neuropathies in showing a global, rather than distal, decrease in SNAP amplitudes. This review focuses on recent advances in defining the mechanisms involved in sensory ganglionopathies. Specific topics include a summary of their clinical features, pathological findings, and immunopathology. In SSN, early diagnosis by the detection of anti-Hu antibodies and early treatment of the cancer gives the best chance of stabilizing the disorder. In SS sensory ganglionitis, response to treatment has been disappointing, but immunomodulating treatments are emerging. The immunological profile common to BBE and Fisher syndrome supports a common pathogenesis. In toxic sensory neuronopathy, no treatment is available. The differential diagnosis involves separating sensory ganglionopathies from other ataxic polyneuropathies, such as infectious neuropathies, sensory neuropathies with various autoantibodies, and the neuropathies seen in celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Kuntzer
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Gorson KC, Ropper AH. Positive salivary gland biopsy, Sjögren syndrome, and neuropathy: Clinical implications. Muscle Nerve 2003; 28:553-60. [PMID: 14571456 DOI: 10.1002/mus.10470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between neuropathy and Sjögren syndrome has been predicated largely on sicca symptoms or serological abnormalities rather than salivary gland pathology. We reviewed consecutive neuropathy patients who had had a lip biopsy to identify features of the neuropathy that were associated with a positive lip biopsy suggesting Sjögren syndrome. Twenty of 54 neuropathy patients were biopsy positive; 13 had a painful or nonspecific sensory neuropathy and only 4 were ataxic. Sicca symptoms were not associated with a positive biopsy (P = 0.14). Serological abnormalities were found more often in the biopsy-positive group (P = 0.008), but anti-Sjögren syndrome A or B (anti-SSA or SSB) antibodies were detected in only 30%. There were no other clinical or electromyographic (EMG) features associated with a positive biopsy. From this experience, we conclude that: (1). most patients with neuropathy and a positive lip biopsy for Sjögren syndrome have a painful, distal, sensory axonal neuropathy; (2). there are no clinical or EMG features that are predictive of a positive lip biopsy; (3). ataxic neuropathy is uncommon; and (4). the lack of sicca symptoms or anti-SSA or SSB antibodies in patients with neuropathy does not exclude Sjögren syndrome based upon salivary gland pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Gorson
- Division of Neurology, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, 736 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02135, USA.
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Chapter 5 Clinical Aspects of Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Motor Neuron Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-3419(09)70106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Gordon TP, Bolstad AI, Rischmueller M, Jonsson R, Waterman SA. Autoantibodies in primary Sjögren's syndrome: new insights into mechanisms of autoantibody diversification and disease pathogenesis. Autoimmunity 2002; 34:123-32. [PMID: 11905842 DOI: 10.3109/08916930109001960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Characterisation of autoantibodies and their target autoantigens in primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an important entry point for studying this common systemic autoimmune disease. Diversification of anti-Ro/La responses is believed to occur by a process of determinant spreading following initiation of an autoimmune response to one component, possibly 52-kD Ro (Ro52). Recent evidence supports the ER-resident chaperone Grp78 as a potential candidate in the initiation of an autoimmune response against Ro52, by binding to a Grp78 binding motif in the COOH-terminal region of Ro52. The subsequent diversification of the anti-Ro/La response is influenced by distinct HLA class II alleles. Anti-salivary duct autoantibodies have been revisited and shown to be mimicked by cross-reactive isoantibodies to AB blood group antigens. Identification of autoantibodies that act as antagonists at M3-muscarinic receptors represents an important advance. As well as contributing to the sicca symptoms, the functional effects of these autoantibodies may explain associated features of autonomic dysfunction in patients with SS. Anti-M3 receptor autoantibodies occur in both primary and secondary SS and allow Sjögren's syndrome to be viewed as a disorder of anti-receptor autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Gordon
- Department of Immunology, Allergy & Arthritis, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia.
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Ohlsson M, Gordon TP, Waterman SA. Role of anti-calcium channel and anti-receptor autoantibodies in autonomic dysfunction in Sjögren's syndrome. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 127:127-33. [PMID: 12044983 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Auto-antibodies cross-reacting with L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) have been described in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), and may mediate the cardiac defects in neonates born to mothers with pSS. L-type VGCCs are also present in autonomically innervated tissues. Therefore, the aim of this project was to investigate a role for anti-VGCC antibodies and antibodies to alpha(1)-adrenoceptors or P(2X)-purinoceptors in the autonomic dysfunction that occurs in pSS. Contraction of the sympathetically innervated vas deferens in response to stimulation of the muscle by an alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist (phenylephrine) or a P(2X)-purinoceptor agonist (alpha,beta-methylene ATP) was measured in the absence and presence of 2% serum. Contractions produced by phenylephrine and by alpha,beta-methylene ATP were abolished by nicardipine, demonstrating that they are coupled to calcium influx through L-type VGCCs. Serum from patients with pSS or from healthy controls did not significantly alter the L-type channel-dependent responses of smooth muscle to agonist stimulation. We therefore conclude that pSS serum does not contain autoantibodies that functionally inhibit L-type VGCCs, alpha(1)-adrenoceptors or P(2X)-purinoceptors in smooth muscle and that such autoantibodies cannot explain the autonomic dysfunction in pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ohlsson
- Department of Immunology, Allergy and Arthritis, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
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Abstract
The connective tissue diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, and vasculitis, may cause various disorders of the peripheral nervous system. In this review, the clinical effects of the connective tissues diseases on nerve and muscle are examined with particular attention to mononeuritis multiplex, distal symmetric neuropathy, fulminant motor neuropathy, compression neuropathy, sensory neuronopathy, and trigeminal sensory neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rosenbaum
- The Oregon Clinic, 5050 Northeast Hoyt Street, Suite 314, Portland, Oregon 97213, USA.
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Attout H, Rahmeh F, Ziegler F. [de Gorgerot-Sjogren syndrome simulating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]. Rev Med Interne 2000; 21:708-10. [PMID: 10989500 DOI: 10.1016/s0248-8663(00)80030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Waterman SA, Gordon TP, Rischmueller M. Inhibitory effects of muscarinic receptor autoantibodies on parasympathetic neurotransmission in Sjögren's syndrome. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2000; 43:1647-54. [PMID: 10902771 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200007)43:7<1647::aid-anr31>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by dry eyes and mouth (sicca syndrome) and lymphocytic infiltration of the lacrimal and salivary glands. Abnormalities of parasympathetic neurotransmission may contribute to the glandular dysfunction. In this study, we used a functional assay to investigate autoantibody-mediated effects on parasympathetic neurotransmission and smooth muscle contraction. METHODS Serum and purified IgG were obtained from patients with primary and secondary SS and from control subjects. Contraction of isolated bladder strips in response to stimulation of M3-muscarinic receptors by a muscarinic receptor agonist, carbachol, or by endogenous acetylcholine released from postganglionic parasympathetic nerves was measured before and after the addition of patient serum or IgG. RESULTS Sera from 5 of 9 patients with primary SS and from 6 of 6 patients with secondary SS inhibited carbachol-evoked bladder contraction by approximately 50%. Sera from these patients also inhibited the action of neuronally released acetylcholine at M3-muscarinic receptors. Sera from 7 of 8 healthy individuals, from patients with rheumatoid arthritis without sicca symptoms, and from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus had no effect. The anti-muscarinic receptor activity was localized in the IgG fraction, since purified IgG from patients with SS also inhibited agonist- and nerve-evoked contractions. In this preliminary study, the autoantibodies seemed to be associated with the presence of bladder symptoms and other autonomic features. CONCLUSION Autoantibodies that act as antagonists at M3-muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle occur in a subset of patients with primary and secondary SS. Their presence in secondary SS was unexpected and provides new evidence for a common pathogenetic link between primary and secondary SS. These autoantibodies appear to contribute to sicca symptoms and may explain associated features of autonomic dysfunction in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Waterman
- Department of Physiology, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Abstract
Proper examination of the pupil provides an objective measure of the integrity of the pregeniculate afferent visual pathway and allows assessment of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation to the eye. Infrared videography and pupillography are increasingly used to study the dynamic behavior of the pupil in common disorders, such as Horner's syndrome and tonic pupil.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kawasaki
- Midwest Eye Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46280, USA
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