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Mustapha AN, AlMheiri M, AlShehhi N, Rajput N, Joshi S, Antunes A, AlTeneiji M. The Microencapsulation of Tung Oil with a Natural Hydrocolloid Emulsifier for Extrinsic Self-Healing Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091907. [PMID: 35567076 PMCID: PMC9103524 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, tung oil was utilised as a catalyst-free self-healing agent, and an in-situ polymerization process was applied to encapsulate the tung oil core with a poly(urea-formaldehyde) (PUF) shell. The conventional poly(ethylene-alt-maleic-anhydride) (PEMA) polymer was compared to a more naturally abundant gelatin (GEL) emulsifier to compare the microcapsules’ barrier, morphological, thermal, and chemical properties, and the crystalline nature of the shell material. GEL emulsifiers produced microcapsules with a higher payload (96.5%), yield (28.9%), and encapsulation efficiency (61.7%) compared to PEMA (90.8%, 28.6% and 52.6%, respectively). Optical and electron microscopy imaging indicated a more uniform morphology for the GEL samples. The thermal decomposition measurements indicated that GEL decomposed to a value 7% lower than that of PEMA, which was suggested to be attributed to the much thinner shell materials that the GEL samples produced. An innovative and novel focused ion beam (FIB) milling method was exerted on the GEL sample, confirming the storage and release of the active tung oil material upon rupturing. The samples with GEL conveyed a higher healing efficiency of 91%, compared to PEMA’s 63%, and the GEL samples also conveyed higher levels of corrosion resistance.
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Pizzi A, Papadopoulos AN, Policardi F. Wood Composites and Their Polymer Binders. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051115. [PMID: 32414198 PMCID: PMC7285055 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents first, rather succinctly, what are the important points to look out for when preparing good wood composites, the main types of wood composites manufactured industrially, and the mainly oil-derived wood composite adhesives and binders that dominate and have been dominating this industry. Also briefly described are the most characteristic biosourced, renewable-derived adhesives that are actively researched as substitutes. For all these adhesives, synthetic and biosourced, the reviews expose the considerable progresses which have occurred relatively recently, with a host of new approaches and ideas having been proposed and tested, some even implemented, but with even many more already appearing on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pizzi
- LERMAB-ENSTIB, University of Lorraine, 88000 Epinal, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonios N. Papadopoulos
- Department of Forestry and Natural Environment, International Hellenic University, 66100 Drama, Greece;
| | - Franco Policardi
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška cesta 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Kiskan
- Istanbul Technical UniversityScience Literature Faculty, Department of Chemistry 34469, Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Istanbul Technical UniversityScience Literature Faculty, Department of Chemistry 34469, Maslak Istanbul Turkey
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Li J, Zhu W, Zhang J, Zhang S, Gao Q, Li J, Zhang W. Curing properties of high- Ortho
phenol-formaldehyde resins with co-catalysis. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiongjiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Wood Materials Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University); Ministry of Education (MOE); Beijing 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Wenjie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Wood Materials Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University); Ministry of Education (MOE); Beijing 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Jizhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wood Materials Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University); Ministry of Education (MOE); Beijing 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan 250061 China
| | - Shifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wood Materials Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University); Ministry of Education (MOE); Beijing 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Wood Materials Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University); Ministry of Education (MOE); Beijing 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Jianzhang Li
- Key Laboratory of Wood Materials Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University); Ministry of Education (MOE); Beijing 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wood Materials Science and Application (Beijing Forestry University); Ministry of Education (MOE); Beijing 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
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Prataviera R, Pessan LA, Carvalho AJF. Characterization of thermally crosslinkable polyester films by thermomechanical analysis: a versatile and very sensitive technique for the evaluation of low crosslinking degree in polymers. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Prataviera
- Department of Materials Engineering; Federal University of São Carlos; São Carlos, SP Brazil
- University Anhembi Morumbi; São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Pessan
- Department of Materials Engineering; Federal University of São Carlos; São Carlos, SP Brazil
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Porous Carbon Networks with Nanosphere-Interconnected Structure via 3-Aminophenol-Formaldehyde Polymerization. Macromol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-018-6041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Yi Z, Zhang J, Zhang S, Gao Q, Li J, Zhang W. Synthesis and Mechanism of Metal-Mediated Polymerization of Phenolic Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8050159. [PMID: 30979259 PMCID: PMC6432266 DOI: 10.3390/polym8050159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin is a high performance adhesive, but has not been widely developed due to its slow curing rate and high curing temperature. To accelerate the curing rate and to lower the curing temperature of PF resin, four types of metal-mediated catalysts were employed in the synthesis of PF resin; namely, barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), lithium hydroxide (LiOH), and zinc acetate ((CH3COO)2Zn). The cure-acceleration effects of these catalysts on the properties of PF resins were measured, and the chemical structures of the PF resins accelerated with the catalysts were investigated by using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and quantitative liquid carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR). The results showed that the accelerated efficiency of these catalysts to PF resin could be ordered in the following sequence: Na2CO3 > (CH3COO)2Zn > Ba(OH)2 > LiOH. The catalysts (CH3COO)2Zn and Na2CO3 increased the reaction activity of the phenol ortho position and the condensation reaction of ortho methylol. The accelerating mechanism of (CH3COO)2Zn on PF resin is probably different from that of Na2CO3, which can be confirmed by the differences in the differential thermogravimetric (DTG) curve and thermogravimetric (TG) data. Compared to the Na2CO3-accelerated PF resin, the (CH3COO)2Zn-accelerated PF resin showed different peaks in the DTG curve and higher weight residues. In the synthesis process, the catalyst (CH3COO)2Zn may form chelating compounds (containing a metal-ligand bond), which can promote the linkage of formaldehyde to the phenolic hydroxyl ortho position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yi
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jizhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China.
| | - Shifeng Zhang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Qiang Gao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jianzhang Li
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Kobera L, Czernek J, Strečková M, Urbanova M, Abbrent S, Brus J. Structure and Distribution of Cross-Links in Boron-Modified Phenol–Formaldehyde Resins Designed for Soft Magnetic Composites: A Multiple-Quantum 11B–11B MAS NMR Correlation Spectroscopy Study. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libor Kobera
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Czernek
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Magda Strečková
- Institute
of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Urbanova
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Sabina Abbrent
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Brus
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Synthesis and Structure Characterization of Phenol-Urea-Formaldehyde Resins in the Presence of Magnesium Oxide as Catalyst. Polymers (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/polym6082221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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11
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Ma Y, Zhang W, Wang C, Xu Y, Chu F. The effect of formaldehyde/phenol (F/P) molar ratios on function and curing kinetics of high-solid resol phenolic resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Zhao J, Niu W, Zhang L, Cai H, Han M, Yuan Y, Majeed S, Anjum S, Xu G. A Template-Free and Surfactant-Free Method for High-Yield Synthesis of Highly Monodisperse 3-Aminophenol–Formaldehyde Resin and Carbon Nano/Microspheres. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma302119t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Zhao
- State Key
Laboratory of Electroanalytical
Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022,
People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxin Niu
- State Key
Laboratory of Electroanalytical
Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022,
People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key
Laboratory of Electroanalytical
Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022,
People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haoran Cai
- State Key
Laboratory of Electroanalytical
Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Moyan Han
- State Key
Laboratory of Electroanalytical
Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Yali Yuan
- State Key
Laboratory of Electroanalytical
Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Saadat Majeed
- State Key
Laboratory of Electroanalytical
Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022,
People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Bahauddin Zakaryia University Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Saima Anjum
- State Key
Laboratory of Electroanalytical
Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022,
People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty
of Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Guobao Xu
- State Key
Laboratory of Electroanalytical
Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022,
People’s Republic of China
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13
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Cardona F, Kin-Tak AL, Fedrigo J. Novel phenolic resins with improved mechanical and toughness properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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On the structure and cure acceleration of phenol–urea–formaldehyde resins with different catalysts. Eur Polym J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Singh A, Yadav RK, Srivastava A. Synthesis of resole-type phenolic beads from phenol and formaldehyde by suspension polymerization technique. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Du G, Lei H, Pizzi A, Pasch H. Synthesis-structure-performance relationship of cocondensed phenol-urea-formaldehyde resins by MALDI-ToF and13C NMR. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Mirski R, Dziurka D, Łęcka J. Properties of phenol–formaldehyde resin modified with organic acid esters. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Effects of silane and the lowering of pH on the properties of phenol–formaldehyde resol resins and resin coatings. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Mansouri NEE, Pizzi A, Salvado J. Lignin-based polycondensation resins for wood adhesives. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Lei H, Pizzi A, Despres A, Pasch H, Du G. Ester acceleration mechanisms in phenol–formaldehyde resin adhesives. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- John H. Clements
- Huntsman Petrochemical Corporation, 7114 North Lamar Boulevard, Austin, Texas 78752
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22
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Conner AH, Lorenz LF, Hirth KC. Accelerated cure of phenol-formaldehyde resins: Studies with model compounds. J Appl Polym Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/app.11106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Zhao C, Pizzi A, K�hn A, Garnier S. Fast advancement and hardening acceleration of low condensation alkaline phenol-formaldehyde resins by esters and copolymerized urea. II. Esters during resin reaction and effect of guanidine salts. J Appl Polym Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(20000711)77:2<249::aid-app2>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Hong KC, Ravasi M, Keil N, Vigeant B, Ma Y. Effect of organic acids on the mechanical properties of phenolic resin composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(20000502)76:5<642::aid-app5>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zhao C, Pizzi A, Garnier S. Fast advancement and hardening acceleration of low-condensation alkaline PF resins by esters and copolymerized urea. J Appl Polym Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19991010)74:2<359::aid-app18>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Shafizadeh JE, Guionnet S, Tillman MS, Seferis JC. Synthesis and characterization of phenolic resole resins for composite applications. J Appl Polym Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-4628(19990725)73:4<505::aid-app6>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Shafizadeh JE, Guionnet S, Tillman MS, Seferis JC. Synthesis and characterization of phenolic resole resins for composite applications. J Appl Polym Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19990725)73:4<505::aid-app6>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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