1
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Xu YX, Zhao XG, Dong X, Dai GL. Effect of organic-modified nickel phyllosilicate on the non-isothermal cure kinetics and flame retardancy properties of epoxy composites. RSC Adv 2022; 12:5415-5427. [PMID: 35425577 PMCID: PMC8981419 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08466f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, silane agents were employed as organic silicon to synthesize organic-modified nickel phyllosilicates (NiPS), which were then introduced into epoxy resin (EP) to yield composites. The effects of these organic-modified NiPS on the curing behavior and flammability of epoxy composites were then investigated carefully. Though the added NiPS resulted in the initial temperature shifts to high temperature, the whole curing temperature ranges for EP composites became narrow regarding pure EP. Simultaneously, the activation energy of curing was also decreased, implying the lowered energetic barrier during the whole curing process. For all investigated samples, the overall reaction orders varied negligibly, and the predicted curves fitted well with the DSC thermograms. Finally, the positive influence derived from the presence of these organic-modified NiPS on the enhancement of self-extinguishing ability and limited oxygen index were also discussed, and the solid phase flame retardant mechanism was proposed. The cure behavior of EP/NiPS composites were investigated by non-isothermal DSC. And the curing kinetics for the EP/NiPS composites were described by the autocatalytic equation of the SB model.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xuan Xu
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan 232001 PR China
| | - Xing-Guo Zhao
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan 232001 PR China
| | - Xiang Dong
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan 232001 PR China
| | - Guang-Long Dai
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan 232001 PR China
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2
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Natali M, Torre L, Puri I, Rallini M. Thermal degradation of phenolics and their carbon fiber derived composites: A feasible protocol to assess the heat capacity as a function of temperature through the use of common DSC and TGA analysis. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Self-extinguishing and transparent epoxy resin modified by a phosphine oxide-containing bio-based derivative. Front Chem Sci Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-021-2042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Karikal Chozhan C, Chandramohan A, Alagar M. Benzoxazine modified diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-a/silicon/siliconized epoxy hybrid polymer matrices: Mechanical, thermal, electrical and morphological properties. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2018.1470469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Karikal Chozhan
- Department of Chemistry, TRP Engineering College (SRM Group), Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - A. Chandramohan
- Department of Chemistry, Suthanthira Polytechnic College, Kalayarkovil, Sivagangai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M. Alagar
- Centre of Excellence for Advanced Material Manufacturing, Processing and Characterization (CoExAMMPC), Vignan's University, Vadlamudi, Guntur, India
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Lavrenyuk H, Hamerton I, Mykhalichko B. Tuning the properties for the self-extinguishing epoxy-amine composites containing copper-coordinated curing agent: Flame tests and physical–mechanical measurements. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Freudenberg J, Jänsch D, Hinkel F, Bunz UHF. Immobilization Strategies for Organic Semiconducting Conjugated Polymers. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5598-5689. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Centre of Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 and 270, 69120 Heidelberg, FRG
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, FRG
| | - Daniel Jänsch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Centre of Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 and 270, 69120 Heidelberg, FRG
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, FRG
| | - Felix Hinkel
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Centre of Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 and 270, 69120 Heidelberg, FRG
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Centre of Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 and 270, 69120 Heidelberg, FRG
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7
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Wang J, Ma C, Wang P, Qiu S, Cai W, Hu Y. Ultra-low phosphorus loading to achieve the superior flame retardancy of epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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8
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Preparation of a halogen-free P/N/Si flame retardant monomer with reactive siloxy groups and its application in cotton fabrics. Chin J Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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The influence of curing agents in the impact properties of epoxy resin nanocomposites. COMPOSITE STRUCTURES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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10
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Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy Resin Composites Filled with Combustion Synthesized h-BN Particles. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050670. [PMID: 27213325 PMCID: PMC6273151 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal conductivity of epoxy resin composites filled with combustion-synthesized hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) particles was investigated. The mixing of the composite constituents was carried out by either a dry method (involving no use of solvent) for low filler loadings or a solvent method (using acetone as solvent) for higher filler loadings. It was found that surface treatment of the h-BN particles using the silane 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) increases the thermal conductivity of the resultant composites in a lesser amount compared to the values reported by other studies. This was explained by the fact that the combustion synthesized h-BN particles contain less –OH or active sites on the surface, thus adsorbing less amounts of GPTMS. However, the thermal conductivity of the composites filled with the combustion synthesized h-BN was found to be comparable to that with commercially available h-BN reported in other studies. The thermal conductivity of the composites was found to be higher when larger h-BN particles were used. The thermal conductivity was also found to increase with increasing filler content to a maximum and then begin to decrease with further increases in this content. In addition to the effect of higher porosity at higher filler contents, more horizontally oriented h-BN particles formed at higher filler loadings (perhaps due to pressing during formation of the composites) were suggested to be a factor causing this decrease of the thermal conductivity. The measured thermal conductivities were compared to theoretical predictions based on the Nielsen and Lewis theory. The theoretical predictions were found to be lower than the experimental values at low filler contents (< 60 vol %) and became increasing higher than the experimental values at high filler contents (> 60 vol %).
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11
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Effect of irregular shaped nanoalumina on the enhancement of mechanical properties of epoxy resin nanocomposites using DDM as hardener. COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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12
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Depa K, Strachota A, Stejskal J, Bober P, Cimrová V, Prokeš J, Trchová M, Šlouf M, Hodan J. Preparation of conducting polysiloxane/polyaniline composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Depa
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky sq. 2; 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Adam Strachota
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky sq. 2; 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Stejskal
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky sq. 2; 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Patrycja Bober
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky sq. 2; 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Věra Cimrová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky sq. 2; 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Jan Prokeš
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics; Charles University in Prague; V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Trchová
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky sq. 2; 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Šlouf
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky sq. 2; 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hodan
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky sq. 2; 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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13
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Chruściel JJ, Leśniak E. Modification of epoxy resins with functional silanes, polysiloxanes, silsesquioxanes, silica and silicates. Prog Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Jia P, Liu H, Wang Y, Cai X. A novel epoxy-functionalized hyperbranched polysiloxane (HPSi) endowing methyl phenyl silicone resin (Si603)/epoxy systems with enhanced compatibility and fire retardancy performance. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18399e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel hyperbranched polysiloxane (HPSi) with a great amount of epoxy groups was synthesized as a compatibilizer of epoxy resin (EP)/methyl phenyl silicone resin (Si603) blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Jia
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Hanchao Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Youchuan Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Xufu Cai
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
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15
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Chen X, Liu L, Zhuo J, Jiao C, Qian Y. Influence of organic-modified iron–montmorillonite on smoke-suppression properties and combustion behavior of intumescent flame-retardant epoxy composites. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008314544341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the influence of organic-modified montmorillonite (Fe-OMT) on smoke-suppression properties and combustion behavior of flame-retardant epoxy (FREP) was investigated intensively. A series of intumescent FREPs (IFREPs) with different content of Fe-OMT were prepared based on EP resin as matrix resin, ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythrite as intumescent flame retardants, and Fe-OMT as smoke suppressant and flame-retardant synergism. Then, the smoke-suppression properties of Fe-OMT on IFREP composites were evaluated using cone calorimeter test, smoke density test, and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The influence of Fe-OMT on thermal degradation of IFREP composites were studied by thermogravimetric analysis–infrared spectrometry in a flowing nitrogen atmosphere. The pyrolysis kinetics of the composites was investigated using Kissinger and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa methods. The results showed that the heat release rate and smoke production rate of flame-retardant samples decrease greatly with the increasing Fe-OMT content. Fe-OMT can enhance char residues of flame-retardant samples and decrease the smoke production rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Zhuo
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Qian
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Synthesis and properties of a phosphate ester as curing agent in an epoxy resin system. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-014-0253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Preparation of microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate with carbon source- and blowing agent-containing shell and its flame retardance in polypropylene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-014-0443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Hongqiang Q, Weihong W, Jianwei H, Jianhong S, Jianzhong X. Intumescent Flame Retardancy and Thermal Degradation of Epoxy Resin Filled with Ammonium Polyphosphate Using Thermogravimetric Analysis–Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric Analysis–Mass Spectrometry. J MACROMOL SCI B 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2013.810101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Park SJ, Jin FL, Lee JR. Synthesis and characterization of a novel silicon-containing epoxy resin. Macromol Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03219009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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20
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Abdel-Rahman MA, Hussein MA. Polyarylidene containing saturated silicon spacers in the polymers main chain. Des Monomers Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2012.747155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Ahmed Abdel-Rahman
- a Polymer Chemistry Lab. 122, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , Assiut University , Assiut , 71516 , Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Ali Hussein
- a Polymer Chemistry Lab. 122, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , Assiut University , Assiut , 71516 , Egypt
- b Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry , King Abdulaziz University , P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah , 21589 , Saudi Arabia
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21
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Wang J, Fang J, Wang J, Gao H. Kinetics Study on Thermal Decomposition of Polyepoxyphenylsilsesquioxane/Epoxy Resin Systems. J MACROMOL SCI B 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2012.659615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Wang
- a School of Chemical Engineering , Ningbo University of Technology , Ningbo , China
| | - Jianghua Fang
- a School of Chemical Engineering , Ningbo University of Technology , Ningbo , China
| | - Jiarong Wang
- a School of Chemical Engineering , Ningbo University of Technology , Ningbo , China
| | - Haoqi Gao
- a School of Chemical Engineering , Ningbo University of Technology , Ningbo , China
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22
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Li YL, Kuan CF, Hsu SW, Chen CH, Kuan HC, Lee FM, Yip MC, Chiang CL. Preparation, thermal stability and flame-retardant properties of halogen-free polypropylene composites. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008312443391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A flame retardant containing phosphorus and nitrogen was prepared. This halogen-free flame retardant was blended with polypropylene (PP) by hot melting to improve the flame-retardant capability and thermal stability of the composites. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray measurements, thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurements, and UL-94 measurements were applied to characterize the structure and thermal and flame-retardant properties of the composites. When the flame-retardant concentration was 40 wt%, the LOI value of the composite was 40, passing the V-0 rating of the UL-94 test. The LOI and UL-94 data showed the composites have an excellent flame-retardant property. For a kinetic study of thermal degradation, Ozawa’s method was applied to calculate the activation energies of pure PP and the composites. Analytical results indicate that the composites had higher values, meaning they have better thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Luen Li
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Feng Kuan
- Department of Computer Application Engineering, Far East University, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Hsu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung-Kuang University, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsun Chen
- Department of Computer Application Engineering, Far East University, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Chiang Kuan
- Department of Energy Application Engineering, Far East University, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Mei Lee
- Department of Child Care and Education, Hung-Kuang University, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chuen Yip
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lung Chiang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung-Kuang University, Taiwan
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23
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Bonnet J, Bounor-Legaré V, Boisson F, Melis F, Camino G, Cassagnau P. Phosphorus based organic–inorganic hybrid materials prepared by reactive processing for EVA fire retardancy. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Murias P, Maciejewski H, Galina H. Epoxy resins modified with reactive low molecular weight siloxanes. Eur Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Chiu Y, Tsai H, Imae T. Thermal and morphology properties of various silica contents in sulfone epoxy nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yie‐Chan Chiu
- Plating Technology Development Department, Chipbond Technology Corporation, HsinChu, Taiwan 30078, Republic of China
| | - Hsieh‐Chih Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan 10607, Republic of China
| | - Toyoko Imae
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan 10607, Republic of China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607 Taiwan, Republic of China
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26
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Wang J, Zhan Y, Fang J, Gao H. Nonisothermal degradation kinetics for epoxy resin systems containing polymethylphenylsilsesquioxane. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Liu W, Wang Z. Silicon-Containing Cycloaliphatic Epoxy Resins with Systematically Varied Functionalities: Synthesis and Structure/Property Relationships. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Liu W, Wang Z, Chen Z, Li J, Zhao L. Synthesis and properties of two novel silicon-containing cycloaliphatic epoxy resins for electronic packaging application. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Gérard C, Fontaine G, Bourbigot S. New Trends in Reaction and Resistance to Fire of Fire-retardant Epoxies. MATERIALS 2010; 3:4476-4499. [PMID: 28883337 PMCID: PMC5445826 DOI: 10.3390/ma3084476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper focuses on current trends in the flame retardancy of epoxy-based thermosets. This review examines the incorporation of additives in these polymers, including synergism effects. Reactive flame-retardants—which are incorporated in the polymer backbone—are reported and the use of fire-retardant epoxy coatings for materials protection is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gérard
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-5900 Lille, France.
- ENSCL, ISP-UMET, F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
- USTL, ISP-UMET, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
- CNRS, UMR 8207, F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Gaëlle Fontaine
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-5900 Lille, France.
- ENSCL, ISP-UMET, F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
- USTL, ISP-UMET, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
- CNRS, UMR 8207, F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Serge Bourbigot
- Univ Lille Nord de France, F-5900 Lille, France.
- ENSCL, ISP-UMET, F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
- USTL, ISP-UMET, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
- CNRS, UMR 8207, F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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30
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31
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Ou CF, Shiu MC. Epoxy composites reinforced by different size silica nanoparticles. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Ren Y, Cheng B, Xu L, Jiang A, Lu Y. Fire-retardant copolymer of acrylonitrile withO,O-diethyl-O-allyl thiophosphate. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Ma S, Liu W, Su Q, Liu Y. Studies on the Thermal Properties of Epoxy Resins Modified with Two Kinds of Silanes. J MACROMOL SCI B 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00222340903340976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Songqi Ma
- a Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials for Electrons, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- b Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Weiqu Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials for Electrons, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianqian Su
- a Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials for Electrons, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- b Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials for Electrons, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- b Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
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Preparation and properties of halogen-free flame retardant epoxy resins with phosphorus-containing siloxanes. Polym Bull (Berl) 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-009-0052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Wang X, Li Y, Liao W, Gu J, Li D. A new intumescent flame-retardant: preparation, surface modification, and its application in polypropylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Liu P, Song J, He L, Liang X, Ding H, Li Q. Alkoxysilane functionalized polycaprolactone/polysiloxane modified epoxy resin through sol–gel process. Eur Polym J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Liu P, He L, Song J, Liang X, Ding H. Microstructure and thermal properties of silyl-terminated polycaprolactone–polysiloxane modified epoxy resin composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Lu T, Liang G, Peng Y, Chen T. Blended hybrids based on silsesquioxane-OH and epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Nagendiran S, Chinnakkannu Karikal Chozhan, Alagar M, Hamerton I. Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Nanocomposites involving OMMT Clay and Cyanate ester—Siloxane-modified Epoxy Resin: Thermal, Dielectric and Morphological Properties. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008307082151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic—organic hybrid nanocomposites were prepared by the following steps: (1) homogeneous dispersion of various percentages (1 to 5% w/w) of organically modified montmorollonite clay in epoxy matrix resin; (2) the resulting homogeneous epoxy—clay hybrids were modified with 10 wt.% of hydroxyl-terminated polydiemthyl siloxane (HTPDMS) using γ -aminopropyltriethoxysilane ( γ APS) as coupling agent in the presence of dibutyltindilaurate catalyst; and (3) the siliconized epoxy—clay prepolymers were further modified separately with 10 wt% of three different cyanate ester monomers and cured with diaminodiphenylmethane. The chemical interactions between epoxy, clay, HTPDMS and cyanate ester were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis. The values obtained from differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis showed that there was a significant loss of glass transition temperatures in the resulting hybrid epoxy nanocomposite systems compared with that of neat epoxy system. The inorganic clay mineral and the formation of thermally stable oxazolidinone structures and siloxane linkages during curing led to significant improvement in the thermal properties of the resulting nanocomposites. A decreasing trend was identified in the resulting nanocomposites from their values of dielectric constant and dielectric loss by the incorporation of clay, HTPDMS and cyanate ester in the epoxy resin. The intercalation/exfoliation structure was studied using X-ray diffraction analysis and the homogeneous/heterogeneous morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy analysis in the resulting nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ion Hamerton
- Chemistry Division, School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
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Canadell J, Mantecón A, Cádiz V. Copolymerization of a silicon-containing spiroorthoester with a phosphorus-containing diglycidyl compound: Influence on flame retardancy and shrinkage. Polym Degrad Stab 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Garrido M, Larrechi MS, Rius FX, Mercado LA, Galià M. Kinetic analysis of reactions of Si-based epoxy resins by near-infrared spectroscopy, 13C NMR and soft–hard modelling. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 583:392-401. [PMID: 17386572 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Soft- and hard-modelling strategy was applied to near-infrared spectroscopy data obtained from monitoring the reaction between glycidyloxydimethylphenyl silane, a silicon-based epoxy monomer, and aniline. On the basis of the pure soft-modelling approach and previous chemical knowledge, a kinetic model for the reaction was proposed. Then, multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares optimization was carried out under a hard constraint, that compels the concentration profiles to fulfil the proposed kinetic model at each iteration of the optimization process. In this way, the concentration profiles of each species and the corresponding kinetic rate constants of the reaction, unpublished until now, were obtained. The results obtained were contrasted with 13C NMR. The joint interval test of slope and intercept for detecting bias was not significant (alpha=5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Garrido
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Rovira i Virgili University, Marcel.lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Dasari A, Lim SH, Yu ZZ, Mai YW. Toughening, Thermal Stability, Flame Retardancy, and Scratch–Wear Resistance of Polymer–Clay Nanocomposites. Aust J Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1071/ch06418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Addition of a small percent of clay to polymers improves their stiffness, strength, dimensional stability, and thermal, optical, and barrier properties. Improvements are often attributed to the availability of large numbers of clay nanolayers with tremendous interfacial area. Despite the positive effects from the addition of clay, there are unresolved issues, such as embrittlement, thermal stability, flame retardancy, scratch–wear response of the resultant nanocomposites, and/or achieving a balance between different mechanical and physical properties. In this review, we discuss these issues and the approaches that have been adopted in the expectation of resolving and understanding them, with particular emphasis on our recent and current research.
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43
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Lu T, Chen T, Liang G. Synthesis, thermal properties, and flame retardance of the epoxy-silsesquioxane hybrid resins. POLYM ENG SCI 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Nagendiran S, Premkumar S, Alagar M. Mechanical and morphological properties of organic–inorganic, hybrid, clay-filled, and cyanate ester/siloxane toughened epoxy nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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Chen X, Hu Y, Song L. Thermal behaviors of a novel UV cured flame retardant coatings containing phosphorus, nitrogen and silicon. POLYM ENG SCI 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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46
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Canadell J, Mantecón A, Cádiz V. Novel silicon-containing spiroorthoester to confer combined flame retardancy and low shrinkage properties to epoxy resins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Mercado L, Galià M, Reina J. Silicon-containing flame retardant epoxy resins: Synthesis, characterization and properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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48
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Ananda kumar S, Denchev Z, Alagar M. Synthesis and thermal characterization of phosphorus containing siliconized epoxy resins. Eur Polym J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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49
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50
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Lu T, Liang G, Guo Z. Preparation and characterization of organic–inorganic hybrid composites based on multiepoxy silsesquioxane and cyanate resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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