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Liao Y, Koelewijn SF, Van den Bossche G, Van Aelst J, Van den Bosch S, Renders T, Navare K, Nicolaï T, Van Aelst K, Maesen M, Matsushima H, Thevelein JM, Van Acker K, Lagrain B, Verboekend D, Sels BF. A sustainable wood biorefinery for low–carbon footprint chemicals production. Science 2020; 367:1385-1390. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aau1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The profitability and sustainability of future biorefineries are dependent on efficient feedstock use. Therefore, it is essential to valorize lignin when using wood. We have developed an integrated biorefinery that converts 78 weight % (wt %) of birch into xylochemicals. Reductive catalytic fractionation of the wood produces a carbohydrate pulp amenable to bioethanol production and a lignin oil. After extraction of the lignin oil, the crude, unseparated mixture of phenolic monomers is catalytically funneled into 20 wt % of phenol and 9 wt % of propylene (on the basis of lignin weight) by gas-phase hydroprocessing and dealkylation; the residual phenolic oligomers (30 wt %) are used in printing ink as replacements for controversial para-nonylphenol. A techno-economic analysis predicts an economically competitive production process, and a life-cycle assessment estimates a lower carbon dioxide footprint relative to that of fossil-based production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe Liao
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Steven-Friso Koelewijn
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Gil Van den Bossche
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Joost Van Aelst
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Sander Van den Bosch
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Tom Renders
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kranti Navare
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Nicolaï
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, KU Leuven, and Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Korneel Van Aelst
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Maarten Maesen
- Lawter bvba, Ketenislaan 1C, Haven 1520, 9130 Kallo, Belgium
| | | | - Johan M. Thevelein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, KU Leuven, and Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Karel Van Acker
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Economics and Corporate Sustainability, KU Leuven, Warmoesberg 26, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bert Lagrain
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Danny Verboekend
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Benomar S, Evans KC, Unckless RL, Chandler JR. Efflux Pumps in Chromobacterium Species Increase Antibiotic Resistance and Promote Survival in a Coculture Competition Model. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:e00908-19. [PMID: 31324628 PMCID: PMC6752006 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00908-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Chromobacterium genus include opportunistic but often-fatal pathogens and soil saprophytes with highly versatile metabolic capabilities. In previous studies of Chromobacterium subtsugae (formerly C. violaceum) strain CV017, we identified a resistance nodulation division (RND)-family efflux pump (CdeAB-OprM) that confers resistance to several antibiotics, including the bactobolin antibiotic produced by the soil saprophyte Burkholderia thailandensis Here, we show the cdeAB-oprM genes increase C. subtsugae survival in a laboratory competition model with B. thailandensis We also demonstrate that adding sublethal bactobolin concentrations to the coculture increases C. subtsugae survival, but this effect is not through CdeAB-OprM. Instead, the increased survival requires a second, previously unreported pump we call CseAB-OprN. We show that in cells exposed to sublethal bactobolin concentrations, the cseAB-oprN genes are transcriptionally induced, and this corresponds to an increase in bactobolin resistance. Induction of this pump is highly specific and sensitive to bactobolin, while CdeAB-OprM appears to have a broader range of antibiotic recognition. We examine the distribution of cseAB-oprN and cdeAB-oprM gene clusters in members of the Chromobacterium genus and find the cseAB-oprN genes are limited to the nonpathogenic C. subtsugae strains, whereas the cdeAB-oprM genes are more widely distributed among members of the Chromobacterium genus. Our results provide new information on the antibiotic resistance mechanisms of Chromobacterium species and highlight the importance of efflux pumps for saprophytic bacteria existing in multispecies communities.IMPORTANCE Antibiotic efflux pumps are best known for increasing antibiotic resistance of pathogens; however, the role of these pumps in saprophytes is much less well defined. This study describes two predicted efflux pump gene clusters in the Chromobacterium genus, which is comprised of both nonpathogenic saprophytes and species that cause highly fatal human infections. One of the predicted efflux pump clusters is present in every member of the Chromobacterium genus and increases resistance to a broad range of antibiotics. The other gene cluster has more narrow antibiotic specificity and is found only in Chromobacterium subtsugae, a subset of entirely nonpathogenic species. We demonstrate the role of both pumps in increasing antibiotic resistance and demonstrate the importance of efflux-dependent resistance induction for C. subtsugae survival in a dual-species competition model. These results have implications for managing antibiotic-resistant Chromobacterium infections and for understanding the evolution of efflux pumps outside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saida Benomar
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Kara C Evans
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Robert L Unckless
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Josephine R Chandler
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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Lepetit A, Drolet R, Tolnai B, Zerrouki R, Montplaisir D. Effect of acetylation on the properties of microfibrillated cellulose-LDPE composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amaury Lepetit
- Laboratoire De Chimie Des Substances Naturelles; Université de Limoges; 123 Av. Albert Thomas Limoges 87060 France
- Centre De Recherche Sur Les Matériaux Renouvelables; Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières; 3351 boul. des Forges C.P. 500 (QC) Trois-Rivières G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Richard Drolet
- Kruger Biomaterials Inc.; 3285 Bedford Road Montréal Québec H3S 1G5 Canada
| | - Balázs Tolnai
- Kruger Biomaterials Inc.; 3285 Bedford Road Montréal Québec H3S 1G5 Canada
| | - Rachida Zerrouki
- Laboratoire De Chimie Des Substances Naturelles; Université de Limoges; 123 Av. Albert Thomas Limoges 87060 France
- Centre De Recherche Sur Les Matériaux Renouvelables; Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières; 3351 boul. des Forges C.P. 500 (QC) Trois-Rivières G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Daniel Montplaisir
- Centre De Recherche Sur Les Matériaux Renouvelables; Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières; 3351 boul. des Forges C.P. 500 (QC) Trois-Rivières G9A 5H7 Canada
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Renders T, Schutyser W, Van den Bosch S, Koelewijn SF, Vangeel T, Courtin CM, Sels BF. Influence of Acidic (H3PO4) and Alkaline (NaOH) Additives on the Catalytic Reductive Fractionation of Lignocellulose. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b02906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Renders
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wouter Schutyser
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sander Van den Bosch
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven-Friso Koelewijn
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thijs Vangeel
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe M. Courtin
- Center
for Food and Microbial Technology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Water Repellence and Oxygen and Water Vapor Barrier of PVOH-Coated Substrates before and after Surface Esterification. Polymers (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/polym6112764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Snelders J, Dornez E, Benjelloun-Mlayah B, Huijgen WJJ, de Wild PJ, Gosselink RJA, Gerritsma J, Courtin CM. Biorefining of wheat straw using an acetic and formic acid based organosolv fractionation process. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 156:275-82. [PMID: 24508905 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
To assess the potential of acetic and formic acid organosolv fractionation of wheat straw as basis of an integral biorefinery concept, detailed knowledge on yield, composition and purity of the obtained streams is needed. Therefore, the process was performed, all fractions extensively characterized and the mass balance studied. Cellulose pulp yield was 48% of straw dry matter, while it was 21% and 27% for the lignin and hemicellulose-rich fractions. Composition analysis showed that 67% of wheat straw xylan and 96% of lignin were solubilized during the process, resulting in cellulose pulp of 63% purity, containing 93% of wheat straw cellulose. The isolated lignin fraction contained 84% of initial lignin and had a purity of 78%. A good part of wheat straw xylan (58%) ended up in the hemicellulose-rich fraction, half of it as monomeric xylose, together with proteins (44%), minerals (69%) and noticeable amounts of acids used during processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Snelders
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emmie Dornez
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bouchra Benjelloun-Mlayah
- Compagnie Industrielle de la Matière Végétale (CIMV), 134-142 rue Danton, 92593 Levallois Perret, France
| | - Wouter J J Huijgen
- Energy Research Centre of The Netherlands (ECN), Biomass & Energy Efficiency, Westerduinweg 3, 1755 LE Petten, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J de Wild
- Energy Research Centre of The Netherlands (ECN), Biomass & Energy Efficiency, Westerduinweg 3, 1755 LE Petten, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J A Gosselink
- Wageningen UR Food & Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jort Gerritsma
- DSM Bio-based Products & Services B.V., DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AX Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Christophe M Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
Cellulose-enrich residue from corn husk was transformed into biodegradable plastic films. After chemical removal of lignin and bleaching the corn husk pulp with hydrogen peroxide, corn husk cellulose powder was received by acid hydrolysis. The esterification of corn husk cellulose was performed using lauroyl chloride as an esterifying agent, toluene and pyridine as solvent and catalyst, respectively. The optimum conditions for esterification were investigated in terms of reaction time and temperature. Chemical structure and solubility of modified cellulose were examined. Cellulose laurate film was obtained by casting method in chloroform solvent. The tensile strength and elongation at break of cellulose laurate film were 5.15 MPa and 6.55%, respectively. The biodegradable of cellulose laurate films in different disposal environments including landfill and wastewater treatment plant for 2 months were investigated. The biodegradation process was followed by measuring the changes in the physical appearance and tensile properties of the films.
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Op de Beeck B, Geboers J, Van de Vyver S, Van Lishout J, Snelders J, Huijgen WJJ, Courtin CM, Jacobs PA, Sels BF. Conversion of (ligno)cellulose feeds to isosorbide with heteropoly acids and Ru on carbon. CHEMSUSCHEM 2013; 6:199-208. [PMID: 23307750 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201200610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic valorization of cellulose is currently subject of intense research. Isosorbide is among the most interesting products that can be formed from cellulose as it is a potential platform molecule and can be used for the synthesis of a wide range of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and polymers. A promising direct route from cellulose to isosorbide is presented in this work. The strategy relies on a one-pot bifunctional catalytic concept, combining heteropoly acids, viz. H(4)SiW(12)O(40), and redox catalysts, viz. commercial Ru on carbon, under H(2) pressure. Starting from pure microcrystalline cellulose, a rapid conversion was observed, resulting in over 50% isosorbide yield. The robustness of the developed system is evidenced by the conversion of a range of impure cellulose pulps obtained by organosolv fractionation, with isosorbide yields up to 63%. Results were compared with other (ligno)cellulose feedstocks, highlighting the importance of fractionation and purification to increase reactivity and convertibility of the cellulose feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beau Op de Beeck
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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El Idrissi A, El Barkany S, Amhamdi H, Maaroufi AK. Physicochemical characterization of celluloses extracted from Esparto “Stipa tenacissima” of Eastern Morocco. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Cellulose esters from waste cotton fabric via conventional and microwave heating. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 87:84-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cybulska J, Vanstreels E, Ho QT, Courtin CM, Craeyveld VV, Nicolaï B, Zdunek A, Konstankiewicz K. Mechanical characteristics of artificial cell walls. J FOOD ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Barreto ES, Torres AR, Barreto MR, Vasconcelos ATR, Astolfi-Filho S, Hungria M. Diversity in antifungal activity of strains of Chromobacterium violaceum from the Brazilian Amazon. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:783-90. [PMID: 18347828 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is a free-living Gram-negative bacterium found in soil and aquatic habitats; abundantly present in the Brazilian Amazon, it is an important example of exploitable microbial diversity of the tropics. In this study, 24 strains from the Brazilian Amazon and ATCC 12472(T) were investigated for biocontrol potential of seven fungi pathogenic to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril] seed. Both cells and the supernatants of two Brazilian strains, 07-1 and 27-1, together with ATCC 12472(T) were strongly antagonistic to six out of the seven fungi. The antifungal activity of the Brazilian strains to Fusarium sp., Phomopsis sp. and Cercospora kikuchi was consistently stronger than that of ATCC 12472(T). In addition, the two Brazilian strains, but not ATCC 12472(T), were effective against Corynespora sp., and all three strains and their supernatants were equally effective against Aspergillus sp. and Colletotrichum sp. None of the strains had antifungal activity against Botroyodiplodia sp. Three potential mechanisms related to the antibiosis were investigated: violacein toxicity, cyanide production and chitinolytic activity; however, it was not possible to associate any of them with the antifungal activity. The results highlight the biotechnological potential still to be explored within the poorly characterized microbial biodiversity of the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Joly
- a Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles , Faculté des Sciences et Techniques , Université de Limoges , 123, Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - R. Granet
- a Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles , Faculté des Sciences et Techniques , Université de Limoges , 123, Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - P. Krausz
- a Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles , Faculté des Sciences et Techniques , Université de Limoges , 123, Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060, Limoges Cedex, France
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Memmi A, Granet R, Gahbiche MA, Fekih A, Bakhrouf A, Krausz P. Fatty esters of cellulose from olive pomace and barley bran: Improved mechanical properties by metathesis crosslinking. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hungria M, Astolfi-Filho S, Chueire LMO, Nicolás MF, Santos EBP, Bulbol MR, Souza-Filho A, Nogueira Assunção E, Germano MG, Vasconcelos ATR. Genetic characterization of Chromobacterium isolates from black water environments in the Brazilian Amazon. Lett Appl Microbiol 2005; 41:17-23. [PMID: 15960747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2005.01724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To isolate and to characterize the diversity of Chromobacterium violaceum from the Brazilian Amazon region. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-two isolates were obtained from the waters and banks of the river Negro, in the Brazilian Amazon. All isolates were able to grow in vitro at 44 degrees C and pH 4.0, but were adversely affected by temperatures below 15 degrees C, and unable to survive at 4 degrees C, properties that may be related to the adaptation to the ecosystem. The isolates were joined at a final level of similarity of only 13% in the rep-PCR analysis. The analysis of 16S rRNA genes resulted in three main groups clustered at a final level of similarity of 97% and only three isolates were clustered with the type strain. Similar data were obtained for the 23S rRNA gene. CONCLUSIONS A high level of genetic diversity was verified with indications that the Brazilian isolates would fit into at least two new clusters besides C. violaceum species. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results show remarkable bacterial adaptability and genetic diversity of C. violaceum in the Amazon region.
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Joly N, Granet R, Branland P, Verneuil B, Krausz P. New methods for acylation of pure and sawdust-extracted cellulose by fatty acid derivatives—Thermal and mechanical analyses of cellulose-based plastic films. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.21783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Satgé C, Granet R, Verneuil B, Branland P, Krausz P. Synthesis and properties of biodegradable plastic films obtained by microwave-assisted cellulose acylation in homogeneous phase. CR CHIM 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2003.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Joly N, Granet R, Krausz P. Olefin metathesis applied to cellulose derivatives?Synthesis, analysis, and properties of new crosslinked cellulose plastic films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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The complete genome sequence of Chromobacterium violaceum reveals remarkable and exploitable bacterial adaptability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:11660-5. [PMID: 14500782 PMCID: PMC208814 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1832124100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromobacterium violaceum is one of millions of species of free-living microorganisms that populate the soil and water in the extant areas of tropical biodiversity around the world. Its complete genome sequence reveals (i) extensive alternative pathways for energy generation, (ii) approximately 500 ORFs for transport-related proteins, (iii) complex and extensive systems for stress adaptation and motility, and (iv) widespread utilization of quorum sensing for control of inducible systems, all of which underpin the versatility and adaptability of the organism. The genome also contains extensive but incomplete arrays of ORFs coding for proteins associated with mammalian pathogenicity, possibly involved in the occasional but often fatal cases of human C. violaceum infection. There is, in addition, a series of previously unknown but important enzymes and secondary metabolites including paraquat-inducible proteins, drug and heavy-metal-resistance proteins, multiple chitinases, and proteins for the detoxification of xenobiotics that may have biotechnological applications.
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