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Handtke S, Brömstrup L, Hain J, Fischer F, Ossowski T, Hartwig S, Dröder K. Investigation of Recycled Expanded Polyamide Beads through Artificial Ageing and Mechanical Recycling as a Proof of Concept for Circular Economy. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1730. [PMID: 38932080 PMCID: PMC11207465 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Car manufacturers are currently challenged with increasing the sustainability of their products and production to comply with sustainability requirements and legislation. One way to enhance product sustainability is by reducing the carbon footprint of fossil-based plastic parts. Particle foams are a promising solution to achieve the goal of using lightweight parts with minimal material input. Ongoing developments involve the use of expanded particle foam beads made from engineering plastics such as polyamide (EPA). To achieve this, a simulated life cycle was carried out on virgin EPA, including mechanical recycling. The virgin material was processed into specimens using a steam-free method. One series was artificially aged to replicate automotive life cycle stresses, while the other series was not. The mechanical recycling and re-foaming of the minipellets were then carried out, resulting in an EPA particle foam with 100% recycled content. Finally, the thermal and chemical material properties were comparatively analysed. The study shows that the recycled EPA beads underwent polymer degradation during the simulated life cycle, as evidenced by their material properties. For instance, the recycled beads showed a more heterogeneous molecular weight distribution (an increase in PDI from two to three), contained carbonyl groups, and exhibited an increase in the degree of crystallization from approximately 24% to 36%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Handtke
- Volkswagen AG, Berliner Ring 2, 38440 Wolfsburg, Germany
| | - Lena Brömstrup
- Institute of Joining and Welding, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 8, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jörg Hain
- Volkswagen AG, Berliner Ring 2, 38440 Wolfsburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Fischer
- Volkswagen AG, Berliner Ring 2, 38440 Wolfsburg, Germany
| | - Tim Ossowski
- Institute of Machine Tools and Production Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19b, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Hartwig
- Institute of Joining and Welding, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 8, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klaus Dröder
- Institute of Machine Tools and Production Technology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19b, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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2
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Lahtela V, Mielonen K, Parkar P, Kärki T. The Effects of Bromine Additives on the Recyclability of Injection Molded Electronic Waste Polymers. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2300157. [PMID: 37970537 PMCID: PMC10632664 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202300157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Excessive waste amounts, such as waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and plastic waste, have increased simultaneously with the development of society. Despite the increased material amounts, the recycling rates are too low and those have a great potential to contribute actions toward a circular economy. A certain restricted factor for recycling is the heterogenous nature of materials, such as WEEE-included additives. This study investigates the effects of a WEEE polymer including bromine on recycling ability, analyzing its physical and mechanical features. The study demonstrates that polymer sorting is profitable for WEEE polymers from the material qualitative perspective, because various processability and material features are achieved in the study between material categories, and especially unidentified polymers have the weakest features in the studied tests. The separation of bromine concentration is also recommended because bromine-free materials have more advanced features that can be confirmed by statistical analyses. The achieved results support the idea that novel circular economy actions have the potential for effective, efficient WEEE polymer recycling processes with technological innovations, especially when all variables (e.g., recycling cycles and process parameters) are observed and it enables an option to reduce the need for virgin plastic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Lahtela
- SCI‐MAT Research Platform & Fiber Composite LaboratorySchool of Energy SystemsLappeenranta‐Lahti University of TechnologyYliopistonkatu 34LappeenrantaFI‐53851Finland
- Fiber Composite LaboratorySchool of Energy SystemsLappeenranta‐Lahti University of TechnologyYliopistonkatu 34LappeenrantaFI‐53851Finland
| | - Katriina Mielonen
- Fiber Composite LaboratorySchool of Energy SystemsLappeenranta‐Lahti University of TechnologyYliopistonkatu 34LappeenrantaFI‐53851Finland
| | - Prashant Parkar
- Fiber Composite LaboratorySchool of Energy SystemsLappeenranta‐Lahti University of TechnologyYliopistonkatu 34LappeenrantaFI‐53851Finland
| | - Timo Kärki
- Fiber Composite LaboratorySchool of Energy SystemsLappeenranta‐Lahti University of TechnologyYliopistonkatu 34LappeenrantaFI‐53851Finland
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3
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Hang LT, Do QV, Hoang L, Nguyen LT, Linh NPD, Doan VA. Mechanical Properties of Ternary Composite from Waste Leather Fibers and Waste Polyamide Fibers with Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112453. [PMID: 37299252 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to improve the mechanical properties of a composite material consisting of waste leather fibers (LF) and nitrile rubber (NBR) by partially replacing LF with waste polyamide fibers (PA). A ternary recycled composite NBR/LF/PA was produced by a simple mixing method and vulcanized by compression molding. The mechanical properties and dynamic mechanical properties of the composite were investigated in detail. The results showed that the mechanical properties of NBR/LF/PA increased with an increase in the PA ratio. The highest tensile strength value of NBR/LF/PA was found to have increased about 1.26 times, that is from 12.9 MPa of LF50 to 16.3 MPa of LF25PA25. Additionally, the ternary composite demonstrated high hysteresis loss, which was confirmed by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The presence of PA formed a non-woven network that significantly enhanced the abrasion resistance of the composite compared to NBR/LF. The failure mechanism was also analyzed through the observation of the failure surface using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These findings suggest that the utilization of both waste fiber products together is a sustainable approach to reducing fibrous waste while improving the qualities of recycled rubber composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Thuy Hang
- Faculty of Garment Technology and Fashion Design, Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, Hung Yen 160000, Vietnam
| | - Quoc-Viet Do
- School of Material Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Ishikawa, Nomi 923-1292, Japan
| | - Luu Hoang
- Faculty of Garment Technology and Fashion Design, Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, Hung Yen 160000, Vietnam
| | - Luc The Nguyen
- Faculty of Garment Technology and Fashion Design, Hung Yen University of Technology and Education, Hung Yen 160000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Pham Duy Linh
- Center for Polymer Composite and Paper, Hanoi University of Science of Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Vu Anh Doan
- Center for Polymer Composite and Paper, Hanoi University of Science of Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
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Wursthorn L, Beckett K, Rothbaum JO, Cywar RM, Lincoln C, Kratish Y, Marks TJ. Selective Lanthanide-Organic Catalyzed Depolymerization of Nylon-6 to ϵ-Caprolactam. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212543. [PMID: 36441664 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nylon-6 is selectively depolymerized to the parent monomer ϵ-caprolactam by the readily accessible and commercially available lanthanide trisamido catalysts Ln(N(TMS)2 )3 (Ln=lanthanide). The depolymerization process is solvent-free, near quantitative, highly selective, and operates at the lowest Nylon-6 to ϵ-caprolactam depolymerization temperature reported to date. The catalytic activity of the different lanthanide trisamides scales with the Ln3+ ionic radius, and this process is effective with post-consumer Nylon-6 as well as with Nylon-6+polyethylene, polypropylene or polyethylene terephthalate mixtures. Experimental kinetic data and theoretical (DFT) mechanistic analyses suggest initial deprotonation of a Nylon terminal amido N-H bond, which covalently binds the catalyst to the polymer, followed by a chain-end back-biting process in which ϵ-caprolactam units are sequentially extruded from the chain end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Wursthorn
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3113, USA
| | - Kristen Beckett
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3113, USA
| | - Jacob O Rothbaum
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3113, USA
| | - Robin M Cywar
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Clarissa Lincoln
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Yosi Kratish
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3113, USA
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208-3113, USA
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5
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Domingo GD, Souza AMC. PA6
/
PA66
/talc composite: Effect of reprocessing on the structure and properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo D. Domingo
- Department of Materials Engineering Centro Universitário FEI São Bernardo do Campo Brazil
| | - Adriana M. C. Souza
- Department of Materials Engineering Centro Universitário FEI São Bernardo do Campo Brazil
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Gui Y, Li Y, Wu X, Feng X, Huang G, Deng J, Wang C, Pan K. Recycling extrusion of poly(ether‐
block
‐amide) thermoplastic elastomer (
Pebax
®): the influence of chemical and crystal change on mechanical properties. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gui
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yucai Li
- De Zhou Xin Hua Run Technology Co. Ltd Dezhou China
| | - Xin Wu
- De Zhou Xin Hua Run Technology Co. Ltd Dezhou China
| | - Xinxing Feng
- Institute of Quartermaster Engineering and Technology of System Engineering Research Institute PLA Academy of Military Sciences Beijing China
| | - Guotao Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Jianping Deng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Cao Wang
- De Zhou Xin Hua Run Technology Co. Ltd Dezhou China
| | - Kai Pan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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Structure and Properties of Reactively Extruded Opaque Post-Consumer Recycled PET. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203531. [PMID: 34685290 PMCID: PMC8540998 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The recyclability of opaque PET, which contains TiO2 nanoparticles, has not been as well-studied as that of transparent PET. The objective of this work is to recycle post-consumer opaque PET through reactive extrusion with Joncryl. The effect of the reactive extrusion process on the molecular structure and on the thermal/mechanical/rheological properties of recycling post-consumer opaque PET (r-PET) has been analyzed. A 1% w/w Joncryl addition caused a moderate increase in the molecular weight. A moderate increase in chain length could not explain a decrease in the overall crystallization rate. This result is probably due to the presence of branches interrupting the crystallizable sequences in reactive extruded r-PET (REX-r-PET). A rheological investigation performed by SAOS/LAOS/elongational studies detected important structural modifications in REX-r-PET with respect to linear r-PET or a reference virgin PET. REX-r-PET is characterized by a slow relaxation process with enlarged elastic behaviors that are characteristic of a long-chain branched material. The mechanical properties of REX-r-PET increased because of the addition of the chain extender without a significant loss of elongation at the break. The reactive extrusion process is a suitable way to recycle opaque PET into a material with enhanced rheological properties (thanks to the production of a chain extension and long-chain branches) with mechanical properties that are comparable to those of a typical virgin PET sample.
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8
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Development and Mechanical Properties of Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene for In-Space Manufacturing Applications. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs3030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new basalt fiber reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filament has been developed for fused filament fabrication (FFF, 3D printing) to be used in Mars habitat construction. Building habitats on Mars will be expensive, especially if all material must be shipped from earth. However, if some materials can be used from Mars, costs will dramatically decrease. Basalt is easily mined from the surface of Mars. This study details the production process of the material, experimental results from mechanical testing, and preliminary X-ray shielding characteristics. The addition of chopped 3 mm basalt fibers to standard FFF material, ABS, increased strength and stiffness of the composite material. By adding 25% (by weight) basalt fiber to ABS, tensile strength improved nearly 40% by increasing from 36.55 MPa to 50.58 MPa, while Modulus of Elasticity increased about 120% from 2.15 GPa to 4.79 GPa. Flexural strength increased by about 20% from 56.94 MPa to 68.51 MPa, while Flexural Modulus increased by about 70% from 1.81 GPa to 3.05 GPa. While compression results did not see much strength improvements, the addition of fibers also did not decrease compressive strength. This is important when considering that basalt fibers provide radiation shielding and the cost of adding basalt fibers to construction materials on Mars will be negligible compared to the cost of shipping other materials from earth. In preliminary digital radiography testing, it was shown that 77% of X-rays were shielded with 25% basalt fiber added (as compared to neat ABS). In small-scale 3D printing applications, the 25% fiber ratio seems to be the highest ratio that provides reliable FFF printing.
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9
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Agnol LD, Ceratti HL, Favero D, Rempel SP, Schiavo LDSA, Ernzen JR, Dias FTG, Bianchi O. Transurethanization reaction as an alternative for melt modification of polyamide 6. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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10
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Whitfield T, Kuboki T, Wood J, Ugresic V, Sathyanarayana S, Dagnon K. Thermal properties of glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6 composites throughout the direct long-fiber reinforced thermoplastic process. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Whitfield
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada N6A 5B9
| | - Takashi Kuboki
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada N6A 5B9
| | - Jeffrey Wood
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada N6A 5B9
| | - Vanja Ugresic
- Fraunhofer Project Centre for Composites Research; University of Western Ontario; London Ontario Canada N6M 0E1
| | | | - Koffi Dagnon
- BASF Corporation; Budd Lake New Jersey 07828 USA
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11
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Filippone G, Carroccio S, Mendichi R, Gioiella L, Dintcheva N, Gambarotti C. Time-resolved rheology as a tool to monitor the progress of polymer degradation in the melt state – Part I: Thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation of polyamide 11. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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de Sousa Mol A, Martins I, Oréfice RL. Surface-pegylated chitin whiskers as an effective additive to enhance the mechanical properties of recycled ABS. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto de Sousa Mol
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering ; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brazil
| | - Isabella Martins
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering ; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Lambert Oréfice
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering ; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brazil
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14
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Kuram E, Sarac L, Ozcelik B, Yilmaz F. Mechanical, chemical, thermal, and rheological properties of recycled PA6/ABS binary and PA6/PA66/ABS ternary blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emel Kuram
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Gebze Institute of Technology; 41400 Gebze Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Levent Sarac
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Gebze Institute of Technology; 41400 Gebze Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Babur Ozcelik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Gebze Institute of Technology; 41400 Gebze Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Faruk Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry; Gebze Institute of Technology; 41400 Gebze Kocaeli Turkey
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15
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Lee BY, Jo CW, Shim CU, Lim SJ, Kim YC. Effect of Thermal History on the Physical Properties of Nylon66. APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.14478/ace.2013.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Crespo J, Parres F, Peydró M, Navarro R. Study of rheological, thermal, and mechanical behavior of reprocessed polyamide 6. POLYM ENG SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Sarrionandia M, Lopez-Arraiza A, Aurrekoetxea J, Arostegui A. Structure and mechanical properties of a talc-filled polypropylene/ethylene-propylene-diene composite after reprocessing in the melt state. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Lee YH, Kang BK, Kim HD, Yoo HJ, Kim JS, Huh JH, Jung YJ, Lee DJ. Effect of hot pressing/melt mixing on the properties of thermoplastic polyurethane. Macromol Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03218918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Goitisolo I, Eguiazábal JI, Nazábal J. Effects of reprocessing on the structure and properties of polyamide 6 nanocomposites. Polym Degrad Stab 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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21
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Russo G, Nicolais V, Di Maio L, Montesano S, Incarnato L. Rheological and mechanical properties of nylon 6 nanocomposites submitted to reprocessing with single and twin screw extruders. Polym Degrad Stab 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Granado A, Eguiazábal JI, Nazábal J. Structure and properties of a poly(amino ether) resin after reprocessing in the melt state. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.23293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Incarnato L, Scarfato P, Acierno D, Milana MR, Feliciani R. Influence of recycling and contamination on structure and transport properties of polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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24
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Ramiro J, Eguiazábal JI, Nazábal J. Effects of reprocessing on the structure and mechanical properties of poly(trimethylene terephthalate). J Appl Polym Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/app.11245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Vallés-Lluch A, Camacho W, Ribes-Greus A, Karlsson S. Influence of water on the viscoelastic behavior of recycled nylon 6,6. J Appl Polym Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/app.10838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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