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Moradi A, Pakizeh M, Ghassemi T. A review on bovine hydroxyapatite; extraction and characterization. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2021; 8. [PMID: 34879359 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac414e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
High rate of bone grafting surgeries emphasizes the need for optimal bone substitutes. Biomaterials mimicking the interconnected porous structure of the original bone with osteoconductive and osteoinductive capabilities have long been considered. Hydroxyapatite (HA), as the main inorganic part of natural bone, has exhibited excellent regenerative properties in bone tissue engineering. This manuscript reviews the HA extraction methods from bovine bone, as one of the principal biosources. Essential points in the extraction process have also been highlighted. Characterization of the produced HA through gold standard methods such as XRD, FTIR, electron microscopies (SEM and TEM), mechanical/thermodynamic tests, and bioactivity analysis has been explained in detail. Finally, future perspectives for development of HA constructs are mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moradi
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUM), Mashhad, Iran.,Orthopedic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUM), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Pakizeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hamedan University of Technology, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Toktam Ghassemi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Mashhad, Iran
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Abstract
Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V/equine bone (EB) composites fabricated by ball milling and spark plasma sintering (SPS) have been investigated. Ti-6Al-4V/EB composites were successfully fabricated by a planetary ball-milling of spherical Ti6Al4V powder and natural EB powder and SPS at 1000 °C within 15 min under 50 MPa. EB was uniformly dispersed in the Ti6Al4V matrix owing to ball-milling, and beta phase transformation temperature of 1000 °C provided phase stability. The composites containing 0.5 wt.% EB exhibit Vickers hardness and elastic modulus of 540.6 HV and 130.5 GPa, respectively. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the composites were observed using scanning electron micrograph and nanoindentation.
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Smrhova T, Junkova P, Kuckova S, Suchy T, Supova M. Peptide mass mapping in bioapatites isolated from animal bones. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2020; 31:32. [PMID: 32152749 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06371-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioapatite ceramics produced from biogenic sources provide highly attractive materials for the preparation of artificial replacements since such materials are not only more easily accepted by living organisms, but bioapatite isolated from biowaste such as xenogeneous bones also provides a low-cost material. Nevertheless, the presence of organic compounds in the bioapatite may lead to a deterioration in its quality and may trigger an undesirable immune response. Therefore, procedures which ensure the elimination of organic compounds through bioapatite isolation are being subjected to intense investigation and the presence of remaining organic impurities is being determined through the application of various methods. Since current conclusions concerning the conditions suitable for the elimination of organic compounds remain ambiguous, we used the mass spectrometry-based proteomic approach in order to determine the presence of proteins or peptides in bioapatite samples treated under the most frequently employed conditions, i.e., the alkaline hydrothermal process and calcination at 500 °C. Since we also investigated the presence of proteins or peptides in treated bioapatite particles of differing sizes, we discovered that both calcination and the size of the bioapatite particles constitute the main factors influencing the presence of proteins or peptides in bioapatite. In fact, while intact proteins were detected even in calcinated bioapatite consisting of particles >250 µm, no proteins were detected in the same material consisting of particles <40 µm. Therefore, we recommend the use of powdered bioapatite for the preparation of artificial replacements since it is more effectively purified than apatite in the form of blocks. In addition, we observed that while alkaline hydrothermal treatment leads to the non-specific cleavage of proteins, it does not ensure the full degradation thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Smrhova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Junkova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Stepanka Kuckova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Suchy
- Department of Composite and Carbon Materials, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, V Holešovičkách 41, 182 09, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Supova
- Department of Composite and Carbon Materials, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, V Holešovičkách 41, 182 09, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Harabi A, Harabi E. A modified milling system, using a bimodal distribution of highly resistant ceramics. Part 1. A natural hydroxyapatite study. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 51:206-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Jang KJ, Cho WJ, Seonwoo H, Kim J, Lim KT, Chung PH, Chung JH. Development and Characterization of Horse Bone-derived Natural Calcium Phosphate Powders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5307/jbe.2014.39.2.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Anvari-Yaz AF, Yazdani A, Talaei-Kho T, Kalantar M. Extraction and Viability Checking of Various Carbonated Hydroxyapatite by Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5567/sciintl.2013.132.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cestari TM, Granjeiro JM, de Assis GF, Garlet GP, Taga R. Bone repair and augmentation using block of sintered bovine-derived anorganic bone graft in cranial bone defect model. Clin Oral Implants Res 2009; 20:340-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2008.01659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Guizzardi S, Martini D, Bacchelli B, Valdatta L, Thione A, Scamoni S, Uggeri J, Ruggeri A. Effects of heat deproteinate bone and polynucleotides on bone regeneration: an experimental study on rat. Micron 2007; 38:722-8. [PMID: 17587587 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This experimental study evaluated the effects of polynucleotides on bone regeneration on rats. Defects with a diameter of 2mm were prepared in the thickness of cortical bone of 32 rat tibiae and filled with different compounds: polynucleotide gel (PDRN), deproteinated porcine cortical bone (HDB) obtained by high temperature heating in the form of granules and a paste made of HDB granules and PDRN gel. Bone regeneration of the gaps was histologically analysed after a treatment time ranging from 1 to 12 weeks. Both PDRN and HDB stimulated bone growth and repair, but the paste prepared combining HDB granules and PDRN showed the best performance with faster filling, better osteconductive and biocompatible properties and easier handling. This study suggests that the paste prepared combining HDB and PDRN gel induces rapid bone regeneration in different clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Guizzardi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Histology, University of Parma, Italy.
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Moharram MA, Allam MA. Application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to study the interactions of poly(acrylic acid) and mixtures of poly(acrylic acid) and polyacrylamide with bone powders and hydroxyapatites. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Moharram MA, Allam MA. Study of the interaction of poly(acrylic acid) and poly(acrylic acid-poly acrylamide) complex with bone powders and hydroxyapatite by using TGA and DSC. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Different types of bone-graft substitutes have been developed and are in the market worldwide to eliminate the drawbacks of autogenous grafting. They vary in composition, strength, osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties, mechanism and rates by which they are resorbed and remodelled. Tooth derived hydroxyapatite (THA) is a novel biomaterial. This study was performed to determine the histological properties of THA on animals. A commercial coralline HA (CHA, Proosteon 200, Interpore Cross, USA) was used as control material. 20 sheeps were used and divided into 2 groups. Human THA (Group A) and CHA (Group B) materials were implanted to the tibiae of 10 sheeps for each group. The histological examinations of surrounding bone response were done 12 weeks after implantation. There was no significant difference histologically between group A and B. All materials were found to be surrounded by new bone tissue. THA was found to be as efficient as the standard CHA on histological basis. In addition, economical production of THA should be taken into consideration. Therefore, THA may be a viable alternative on bone grafting provided that clinical trials will be completed.
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Danilchenko SN, Koropov AV, Protsenko IY, Sulkio-Cleff B, Sukhodub LF. Thermal behavior of biogenic apatite crystals in bone: An X-ray diffraction study. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.200510572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pasteris JD, Wopenka B, Freeman JJ, Rogers K, Valsami-Jones E, van der Houwen JAM, Silva MJ. Lack of OH in nanocrystalline apatite as a function of degree of atomic order: implications for bone and biomaterials. Biomaterials 2004; 25:229-38. [PMID: 14585710 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Using laser Raman microprobe spectroscopy, we have characterized the degree of hydroxylation and the state of atomic order of several natural and synthetic calcium phosphate phases, including apatite of biological (human bone, heated human bone, mouse bone, human and boar dentin, and human and boar enamel), geological, and synthetic origin. Common belief holds that all the studied phases are hydroxylapatite, i.e., an OH-containing mineral with the composition Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. We observe, however, that OH-incorporation into the apatite crystal lattice is reduced for nanocrystalline samples. Among the biological samples, no OH-band was detected in the Raman spectrum of bone (the most nanocrystalline biological apatite), whereas a weak OH-band occurs in dentin and a strong OH-band in tooth enamel. We agree with others, who used NMR, IR spectroscopy, and inelastic neutron scattering, that-contrary to the general medical nomenclature-bone apatite is not hydroxylated and therefore not hydroxylapatite. Crystallographically, this observation is unexpected; it therefore remains unclear what atom(s) occupy the OH-site and how charge balance is maintained within the crystal. For non-bone apatites that do show an OH-band in their Raman spectra, there is a strong correlation between the concentration of hydroxyl groups (based on the ratio of the areas of the 3572 deltacm(-1) OH-peak to the 960 deltacm(-1) P-O phosphate peak) and the crystallographic degree of atomic order (based on the relative width of the 960 deltacm(-1) P-O phosphate peak) of the samples. We hypothesize that the body biochemically imposes a specific state of atomic order and crystallinity (and, thus, concentration of hydroxyl) on its different apatite precipitates (bone, dentin, enamel) in order to enhance their ability to carry out tissue-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Dill Pasteris
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, Campus Box 1169, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA.
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Wildemann B, Schmidmaier G, Ordel S, Stange R, Haas NP, Raschke M. Cell proliferation and differentiation during fracture healing are influenced by locally applied IGF-I and TGF-beta1: comparison of two proliferation markers, PCNA and BrdU. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2003; 65:150-6. [PMID: 12632384 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.10512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors IGF-I and TGF-beta1 are known to stimulate fracture healing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of locally applied IGF-I and TGF-beta1 during the early phase of fracture healing (Days 5, 10, and 15 after fracture) on cellular processes like proliferation and differentiation in a rat model. Two different immunohistochemical markers were used to analyze cell proliferation: (1) injection of the thymidine analogue BrdU and subsequent immunohistochemical staining for BrdU-positive nuclei, and (2) the antibody against the "proliferating cell nuclear antigen" (PCNA). In comparison, both methods revealed similar results concerning the types of proliferating cells at the different time points and the two groups. Labeling indices of both methods showed very good correlation (e.g., r(s): 0.887 and p < 0.001 at day 10 in the control group without growth factors). Comparison of the callus morphology and the proliferation rate showed differences during fracture healing due to the local application of IGF-I and TGF-beta1 from coated implants. At Day 5 the callus of the group treated with growth factors displayed an earlier appearance of cartilage compared to the control group. This was accompanied by an onset of cell proliferation in chondrocytes. Likewise, at the later time points an enhanced maturation of the callus tissue and the proliferation pattern were detectable in the growth-factor group. These results indicate that local application of IGF-I and TGF-beta1 accelerates early cellular processes during fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wildemann
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, Charité, Campus Virchow, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Rogers KD, Daniels P. An X-ray diffraction study of the effects of heat treatment on bone mineral microstructure. Biomaterials 2002; 23:2577-85. [PMID: 12033606 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(01)00395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of human cortical bone specimens has been heated to temperatures up to 1200 degrees C and the mineral content examined in detail by X-ray diffraction. Line profile analysis of the diffraction data has been undertaken to characterise the microstructural (crystallite size and microstrain) features of the mineral at each temperature. Individual profile fitting of several maxima from each diffractogram has also provided precise lattice parameters of the apatite at each temperature. The apatite did not show any significant decomposition over the temperature range although CaO was increasingly formed at temperatures above 600 degrees C. Both finite crystallite size and microstrain contributed significantly to the diffraction peak broadening below 600 degrees C. When heated to > 800 degrees C, the small, rod-like mineral crystallites changed from a highly anisotropically strained state to one with significantly larger equidimensional crystals possessing little microstrain. The findings are discussed in the context of graft bone substitutes and surgical heating of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Rogers
- Department of Materials and Medical Sciences, Cranfield University, Swindon, Wiltshire, UK.
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