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Takatsuka S, Kubota T, Kurashina Y, Kurihara S, Hirabayashi M, Fujioka M, Okano HJ, Onoe H. Controlled release of adeno-associated virus from alginate hydrogel microbeads with enhanced sensitivity to ultrasound. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023. [PMID: 37366284 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapy holds promise as a fundamental treatment for genetic disorders. For clinical applications, it is necessary to control AAV release timing to avoid an immune response to AAV. Here we propose an ultrasound (US)-triggered on-demand AAV release system using alginate hydrogel microbeads (AHMs) with a release enhancer. By using a centrifuge-based microdroplet shooting device, the AHMs encapsulating AAV with tungsten microparticles (W-MPs) are fabricated. Since W-MPs work as release enhancers, the AHMs have high sensitivity to the US with localized variation in acoustic impedance for improving the release of AAV. Furthermore, AHMs were coated with poly-l-lysine (PLL) to adjust the release of AAV. By applying US to the AAV encapsulating AHMs with W-MPs, the AAV was released on demand, and gene transfection to cells by AAV was confirmed without loss of AAV activity. This proposed US-triggered AAV release system expands methodological possibilities in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Takatsuka
- School of Integrated Design Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kubota
- School of Integrated Design Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuta Kurashina
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
- Division of Advanced Mechanical Systems Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Kurihara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoki Hirabayashi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Fujioka
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka James Okano
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Onoe
- School of Integrated Design Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
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2
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Marikar SN, El-Osta A, Johnston A, Such G, Al-Hasani K. Microencapsulation-based cell therapies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:351. [PMID: 35674842 PMCID: PMC9177480 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mapping a new therapeutic route can be fraught with challenges, but recent developments in the preparation and properties of small particles combined with significant improvements to tried and tested techniques offer refined cell targeting with tremendous translational potential. Regenerating new cells through the use of compounds that regulate epigenetic pathways represents an attractive approach that is gaining increased attention for the treatment of several diseases including Type 1 Diabetes and cardiomyopathy. However, cells that have been regenerated using epigenetic agents will still encounter immunological barriers as well as limitations associated with their longevity and potency during transplantation. Strategies aimed at protecting these epigenetically regenerated cells from the host immune response include microencapsulation. Microencapsulation can provide new solutions for the treatment of many diseases. In particular, it offers an advantageous method of administering therapeutic materials and molecules that cannot be substituted by pharmacological substances. Promising clinical findings have shown the potential beneficial use of microencapsulation for islet transplantation as well as for cardiac, hepatic, and neuronal repair. For the treatment of diseases such as type I diabetes that requires insulin release regulated by the patient's metabolic needs, microencapsulation may be the most effective therapeutic strategy. However, new materials need to be developed, so that transplanted encapsulated cells are able to survive for longer periods in the host. In this article, we discuss microencapsulation strategies and chart recent progress in nanomedicine that offers new potential for this area in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiya Naina Marikar
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease, Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Assam El-Osta
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease, Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Angus Johnston
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Georgina Such
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Keith Al-Hasani
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease, Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
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3
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Facklam AL, Volpatti LR, Anderson DG. Biomaterials for Personalized Cell Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902005. [PMID: 31495970 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapy has already had an important impact on healthcare and provided new treatments for previously intractable diseases. Notable examples include mesenchymal stem cells for tissue regeneration, islet transplantation for diabetes treatment, and T cell delivery for cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials have the potential to extend the therapeutic impact of cell therapies by serving as carriers that provide 3D organization and support cell viability and function. With the growing emphasis on personalized medicine, cell therapies hold great potential for their ability to sense and respond to the biology of an individual patient. These therapies can be further personalized through the use of patient-specific cells or with precision biomaterials to guide cellular activity in response to the needs of each patient. Here, the role of biomaterials for applications in tissue regeneration, therapeutic protein delivery, and cancer immunotherapy is reviewed, with a focus on progress in engineering material properties and functionalities for personalized cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Facklam
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Lisa R Volpatti
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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4
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Arslan-Tontul S, Erbas M. Single and double layered microencapsulation of probiotics by spray drying and spray chilling. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Ye C, Combs ZA, Calabrese R, Dai H, Kaplan DL, Tsukruk VV. Robust microcapsules with controlled permeability from silk fibroin reinforced with graphene oxide. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:5087-5097. [PMID: 25104349 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201401119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Robust and stable microcapsules are assembled from poly-amino acid-modified silk fibroin reinforced with graphene oxide flakes using layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly, based on biocompatible natural protein and carbon nanosheets. The composite microcapsules are extremely stable in acidic (pH 2.0) and basic (pH 11.5) conditions, accompanied with pH-triggered permeability, which facilitates the controllable encapsulation and release of macromolecules. Furthermore, the graphene oxide incorporated into ultrathin LbL shells induces greatly reinforced mechanical properties, with an elastic modulus which is two orders of magnitude higher than the typical values of original silk LbL shells and shows a significant, three-fold reduction in pore size. Such strong nanocomposite microcapsules can provide solid protection of encapsulated cargo under harsh conditions, indicating a promising candidate with controllable loading/unloading for drug delivery, reinforcement, and bioengineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Ye
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
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6
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Spasojevic M, Paredes-Juarez GA, Vorenkamp J, de Haan BJ, Schouten AJ, de Vos P. Reduction of the inflammatory responses against alginate-poly-L-lysine microcapsules by anti-biofouling surfaces of PEG-b-PLL diblock copolymers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109837. [PMID: 25347191 PMCID: PMC4209974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale application of alginate-poly-L-lysine (alginate-PLL) capsules used for microencapsulation of living cells is hampered by varying degrees of success, caused by tissue responses against the capsules in the host. A major cause is proinflammatory PLL which is applied at the surface to provide semipermeable properties and immunoprotection. In this study, we investigated whether application of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(L-lysine hydrochloride) diblock copolymers (PEG-b-PLL) can reduce the responses against PLL on alginate-matrices. The application of PEG-b-PLL was studied in two manners: (i) as a substitute for PLL or (ii) as an anti-biofouling layer on top of a proinflammatory, but immunoprotective, semipermeable alginate-PLL100 membrane. Transmission FTIR was applied to monitor the binding of PEG-b-PLL. When applied as a substitute for PLL, strong host responses in mice were observed. These responses were caused by insufficient binding of the PLL block of the diblock copolymers confirmed by FTIR. When PEG-b-PLL was applied as an anti-biofouling layer on top of PLL100 the responses in mice were severely reduced. Building an effective anti-biofouling layer required 50 hours as confirmed by FTIR, immunocytochemistry and XPS. Our study provides new insight in the binding requirements of polyamino acids necessary to provide an immunoprotective membrane. Furthermore, we present a relatively simple method to mask proinflammatory components on the surface of microcapsules to reduce host responses. Finally, but most importantly, our study illustrates the importance of combining physicochemical and biological methods to understand the complex interactions at the capsules' surface that determine the success or failure of microcapsules applicable for cell-encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Spasojevic
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, section of Medical Biology, division of immunoendocrinology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Genaro A. Paredes-Juarez
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, section of Medical Biology, division of immunoendocrinology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop Vorenkamp
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J. de Haan
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, section of Medical Biology, division of immunoendocrinology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arend Jan Schouten
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, section of Medical Biology, division of immunoendocrinology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Rokstad AMA, Lacík I, de Vos P, Strand BL. Advances in biocompatibility and physico-chemical characterization of microspheres for cell encapsulation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 67-68:111-30. [PMID: 23876549 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell encapsulation has already shown its high potential and holds the promise for future cell therapies to enter the clinics as a large scale treatment option for various types of diseases. The advancement in cell biology towards this goal has to be complemented with functional biomaterials suitable for cell encapsulation. This cannot be achieved without understanding the close correlation between cell performance and properties of microspheres. The ongoing challenges in the field of cell encapsulation require a critical view on techniques and approaches currently utilized to characterize microspheres. This review deals with both principal subjects of microspheres characterization in the cell encapsulation field: physico-chemical characterization and biocompatibility. The up-to-day knowledge is summarized and discussed with the focus to identify missing knowledge and uncertainties, and to propose the mandatory next steps in characterization of microspheres for cell encapsulation. The primary conclusion of this review is that further success in development of microspheres for cell therapies cannot be accomplished without careful selection of characterization techniques, which are employed in conjunction with biological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mari A Rokstad
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Prinsesse Kristinasgt. 1, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; The Central Norway Health Authority (RHA), Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Igor Lacík
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, EA11, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Berit L Strand
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Prinsesse Kristinasgt. 1, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Biotechnology, NTNU, Sem Saelandsvei 6/8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; The Central Norway Health Authority (RHA), Trondheim, Norway.
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8
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Spasojevic M, Bhujbal S, Paredes G, de Haan BJ, Schouten AJ, de Vos P. Considerations in binding diblock copolymers on hydrophilic alginate beads for providing an immunoprotective membrane. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:1887-96. [PMID: 23853069 PMCID: PMC4232034 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Alginate-based microcapsules are being proposed for treatment of many types of diseases. A major obstacle however in the successes is that these capsules are having large lab-to-lab variations. To make the process more reproducible, we propose to cover the surface of alginate capsules with diblock polymers that can form polymer brushes. In the present study, we describe the stepwise considerations for successful application of diblock copolymer of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poly-l-lysine (PLL) on the surface of alginate beads. Special procedures had to be designed as alginate beads are hydrophilic and most protocols are designed for hydrophobic biomaterials. The successful attachment of diblock copolymer and the presence of PEG blocks on the surface of the capsules were studied by fluorescence microscopy. Longer time periods, that is, 30–60 min, are required to achieve saturation of the surface. The block lengths influenced the strength of the capsules. Shorter PLL blocks resulted in less stable capsules. Adequate permeability of the capsules was achieved with poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(l-lysine hydrochloride) (PEG454-b-PLL100) diblock copolymers. The capsules were a barrier for immunoglobulin G. The PEG454-b-PLL100 capsules have similar mechanical properties as PLL capsules. Minor immune activation of nuclear factor κB in THP-1 monocytes was observed with both PLL and PEG454-b-PLL100 capsules prepared from purified alginate. Our results show that we can successfully apply block copolymers on the surface of hydrophilic alginate beads without interfering with the physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Spasojevic
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747, AG Groningen, the Netherlands; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Medical Biology, Division of Immunoendocrinology, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700, RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Acarregui A, Murua A, Pedraz JL, Orive G, Hernández RM. A Perspective on Bioactive Cell Microencapsulation. BioDrugs 2012; 26:283-301. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03261887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Impregnation of weakly charged anionic microhydrogels with cationic polyelectrolytes and their swelling properties monitored by a high resolution interferometric technique. Transformation from a polyelectrolyte to polyampholyte hydrogel. Eur Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Ye C, Shchepelina O, Calabrese R, Drachuk I, Kaplan DL, Tsukruk VV. Robust and responsive silk ionomer microcapsules. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:4319-25. [PMID: 22050007 PMCID: PMC3404390 DOI: 10.1021/bm201246f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the assembly of extremely robust and pH-responsive thin shell LbL microcapsules from silk fibroin counterparts modified with poly(lysine) and poly(glutamic) acid, which are based on biocompatible silk ionomer materials in contrast with usually exploited synthetic polyelectrolytes. The microcapsules are extremely stable in an unusually wide pH range from 1.5 to 12.0 and show a remarkable degree of reversible swelling/deswelling response in dimensions, as exposed to extreme acidic and basic conditions. These changes are accompanied by reversible variations in shell permeability that can be utilized for pH-controlled loading and unloading of large macromolecules. Finally, we confirmed that these shells can be utilized to encapsulate yeast cells with a viability rate much higher than that for traditional synthetic polyelectrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332 (USA)
| | - Olga Shchepelina
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332 (USA)
| | - Rossella Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4, Colby street, Medford, MA 02155 (USA)
| | - Irina Drachuk
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332 (USA)
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4, Colby street, Medford, MA 02155 (USA)
| | - Vladimir V. Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332 (USA)
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12
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Weber LM, Lopez CG, Anseth KS. Effects of PEG hydrogel crosslinking density on protein diffusion and encapsulated islet survival and function. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 90:720-9. [PMID: 18570315 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The rational design of immunoprotective hydrogel barriers for transplanting insulin-producing cells requires an understanding of protein diffusion within the hydrogel network and how alterations to the network structure affect protein diffusion. Hydrogels of varying crosslinking density were formed via the chain polymerization of dimethacrylated PEG macromers of varying molecular weight, and the diffusion of six model proteins with molecular weights ranging from 5700 to 67,000 g/mol was observed in these hydrogel networks. Protein release profiles were used to estimate diffusion coefficients for each protein/gel system that exhibited Fickian diffusion. Diffusion coefficients were on the order of 10(-6)-10(-7) cm(2)/s, such that protein diffusion time scales (t(d) = L(2)/D) from 0.5-mm thick gels vary from 5 min to 24 h. Adult murine islets were encapsulated in PEG hydrogels of varying crosslinking density, and islet survival and insulin release was maintained after two weeks of culture in each gel condition. While the total insulin released during a 1 h glucose stimulation period was the same from islets in each sample, increasing hydrogel crosslinking density contributed to delays in insulin release from hydrogel samples within the 1 h stimulation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laney M Weber
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0424, USA
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13
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Wilson JT, Chaikof EL. Challenges and emerging technologies in the immunoisolation of cells and tissues. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:124-45. [PMID: 18022728 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protection of transplanted cells from the host immune system using immunoisolation technology will be important in realizing the full potential of cell-based therapeutics. Microencapsulation of cells and cell aggregates has been the most widely explored immunoisolation strategy, but widespread clinical application of this technology has been limited, in part, by inadequate transport of nutrients, deleterious innate inflammatory responses, and immune recognition of encapsulated cells via indirect antigen presentation pathways. To reduce mass transport limitations and decrease void volume, recent efforts have focused on developing conformal coatings of micron and submicron scale on individual cells or cell aggregates. Additionally, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capabilities are being integrated into immunoisolation devices to generate bioactive barriers that locally modulate host responses to encapsulated cells. Continued exploration of emerging paradigms governed by the inherent challenges associated with immunoisolation will be critical to actualizing the clinical potential of cell-based therapeutics.
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14
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Hermanson KD, Harasim MB, Scheibel T, Bausch AR. Permeability of silk microcapsules made by the interfacial adsorption of protein. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:6442-6. [PMID: 18060175 DOI: 10.1039/b709808a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The assembly of colloidal particles at a liquid/liquid interface is a useful technique for the formation of a large variety of structures. Recently, we created a new method which uses liquid/liquid interfaces to assemble recombinant silk proteins into thin-shelled microcapsules. These microcapsules are mechanically stable and well suited to applications such as enzyme therapy and artificial cells. In this paper the permeability properties of these microcapsules are investigated using a novel measurement technique. It is found that the microcapsules are polydisperse in their permeabilities, but for all measured microcapsules the permeability is in the range required to protect encapsulants from immunoglobulin proteins, while allowing small molecules to enter the capsule freely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Hermanson
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Biophysik, E22, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85747, Garching, Germany
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15
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Albrecht DR, Underhill GH, Mendelson A, Bhatia SN. Multiphase electropatterning of cells and biomaterials. LAB ON A CHIP 2007; 7:702-9. [PMID: 17538711 DOI: 10.1039/b701306j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tissues formed by cells encapsulated in hydrogels have uses in biotechnology, cell-based assays, and tissue engineering. We have previously presented a 3D micropatterning technique that rapidly localizes live cells within hydrogels using dielectrophoretic (DEP) forces, and have demonstrated the ability to modulate tissue function through the control of microscale cell architecture. A limitation of this method is the requirement that a single biomaterial must simultaneously harbor biological properties that support cell survival and function and material properties that permit efficient dielectrophoretic patterning. Here, we resolve this issue by forming multiphase tissues consisting of microscale tissue sub-units in a 'local phase' biomaterial, which, in turn, are organized by DEP forces in a separate, mechanically supportive 'bulk phase' material. We first define the effects of medium conductivity on the speed and quality of DEP cell patterning. As a case study, we then produce multiphase tissues with microscale architecture that combine high local hydrogel conductivity for enhanced survival of sensitive liver progenitor cells with low bulk conductivity required for efficient DEP micropatterning. This approach enables an expanded range of studies examining the influence of 3D cellular architecture on diverse cell types, and in the future may improve the biological function of inhomogeneous tissues assembled from a variety of modular tissue sub-units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk R Albrecht
- Harvard-M.I.T. Division of Health Sciences and Technology/Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., E19-502D, Cambridge, MA, USA
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16
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Ponce S, Orive G, Hernández R, Gascón AR, Pedraz JL, de Haan BJ, Faas MM, Mathieu HJ, de Vos P. Chemistry and the biological response against immunoisolating alginate–polycation capsules of different composition. Biomaterials 2006; 27:4831-9. [PMID: 16766026 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Implantation of microencapsulated cells has been proposed as a therapy for a wide variety of diseases. An absolute requirement is that the applied microcapsules have an optimal biocompatibility. The alginate-poly-L-lysine system is the most commonly applied system but is still suffering from tissue responses provoked by the capsule materials. In the present study, we investigate the biocompatibility of microcapsules elaborated with two commonly applied alginates, i.e. an intermediate-G alginate and a high-G alginate. These alginates were coated with poly-L-lysine (PLL), poly-D-lysine (PDL) and poly-L-ornithine (PLO). The main objective of this study is to determine the interaction of each alginate matrix with the different polycations and the potential impact of these interactions in the modulation of the host's immune response. To address these issues the different types of microcapsules were implanted into the peritoneal cavity of rats for I month. After this period the microcapsules were recovered and they were evaluated by different techniques. Monochromatised X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performance and the degree of capsular recovery, overgrowth on each capsule, and the cellular composition of the overgrowth were evaluated by histology. Our results illustrate that the different observed immune responses are the consequence of the variations in the interactions between the polycations and alginates rather than to the alginates themselves. Our results suggest that PLL is the best option available and that we should avoid using PLO and PDL in its present form since it is our goals to produce capsules that lack overgrowth and do not induce an immunological response as such.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ponce
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Tam SK, Dusseault J, Polizu S, Ménard M, Hallé JP, Yahia L. Physicochemical model of alginate–poly-l-lysine microcapsules defined at the micrometric/nanometric scale using ATR-FTIR, XPS, and ToF-SIMS. Biomaterials 2005; 26:6950-61. [PMID: 15975648 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate (APA) microcapsules are currently being investigated as a means to immuno-isolate transplanted cells, but their biocompatibility is limited. In this study, we verified the hypothesis that poly-L-lysine (PLL), which is immunogenic when unbound, is exposed at the APA microcapsule surface. To do so, we analysed the microcapsule membrane at the micrometric/nanometric scale using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. The results indicate that PLL and alginate molecules interact within the membrane. PLL exists in considerable amounts near the surface, contributing to the majority of the carbon within the outermost 100 Angstroms of the membrane. PLL was also detected at the true surface (the outermost monolayer) of the microcapsules. The exposure of PLL does not appear to result from defects in the outer alginate coating. This physicochemical model of APA microcapsules could explain their immunogenicity and will play an important role in the optimization of the microcapsule design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Tam
- Groupe de Recherche en Biomatériaux/Biomécanique, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, succ. Centre-ville, Qué., Canada
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Robitaille R, Dusseault J, Henley N, Desbiens K, Labrecque N, Hallé JP. Inflammatory response to peritoneal implantation of alginate–poly-l-lysine microcapsules. Biomaterials 2005; 26:4119-27. [PMID: 15664639 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 10/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A thorough understanding of the mechanisms involved in the host reaction to alginate-poly-L-lysine microcapsules (HRM) is important to design methods for the evaluation, selection, and development of biocompatible biomaterials and microcapsules or treatments to control this reaction. The objective of this study was to identify those immune cells and cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of the HRM. The total and differential cell counts were evaluated, and the mRNA expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and TGF-beta1 was measured in peritoneal washings at 3, 17, 48, 96 and 168 h after saline or microcapsule injections. Neutrophil number and IL-1beta and IL-6 m-RNA expression presented an early transient increase, with no differences between saline and microcapsule injections, suggesting a reaction to the procedure. Macrophages, lymphocytes and TNF-alpha were significantly more activated over a longer period of time, after microcapsule implantation than saline injection. They are likely involved in transforming the reaction into a chronic inflammatory process. TGF-beta1 and IL-1beta presented a late (day 7) significant increase after microcapsule but not saline injections. They are likely involved in transforming the reaction into a fibrogenic process. These results suggest that macrophages, lymphocytes, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and TGF-beta1 play a role in the pathogenesis of the HRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Robitaille
- Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche Guy-Bernier, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, 5415 boulevard de l'Assomption, Montréal, Qué., Canada H1T 2M4
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Literature alerts. J Microencapsul 2000; 17:789-99. [PMID: 11063426 DOI: 10.1080/02652040050161783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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