1
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Candidate tumor suppressor B-cell translocation gene 3 impedes neoplastic progression by suppression of AKT. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1584. [PMID: 25569101 PMCID: PMC4669748 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BTG3 (B-cell translocation gene 3) is a p53 target that also binds and inhibits E2F1. Although it connects two major growth-regulatory pathways functionally and is downregulated in human cancers, whether and how BTG3 acts as a tumor suppressor remain largely uncharacterized. Here we present evidence that BTG3 binds and suppresses AKT, a kinase frequently deregulated in cancers. BTG3 ablation results in increased AKT activity that phosphorylates and inhibits glycogen synthase kinase 3β. Consequently, we also observed elevated β-catenin/T-cell factor activity, upregulation of mesenchymal markers, and enhanced cell migration. Consistent with these findings, BTG3 overexpression suppressed tumor growth in mouse xenografts, and was associated with diminished AKT phosphorylation and reduced β-catenin in tissue specimens. Significantly, a short BTG3-derived peptide was identified, which recapitulates these effects in vitro and in cells. Thus, our study provides mechanistic insights into a previously unreported AKT inhibitory pathway downstream of p53. The identification of an AKT inhibitory peptide also unveils a new avenue for cancer therapeutics development.
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2
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Satgé D, Salmeron S, Homsi T, Réthoré MO, Tredaniel J. Adenocarcinoma of the Lung in down Syndrome: First Clinical Report. TUMORI JOURNAL 2013; 99:e169-71. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161309900427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is rare in persons with Down syndrome, and the clinical presentation of the disease has not been described in adults with intellectual disability. We report the first detailed clinical observation of a 33-year-old man with Down syndrome who developed an adenocarcinoma of the lung 30 years after an acute lymphoblastic leukemia in infancy. Despite advanced disease at initial presentation and extensive tumor spreading during the course of the disease, he presented with unusually mild symptoms. The scarcity of lung cancer in people with intellectual disability, and particularly those with Down syndrome, is due, in part, to reduced tobacco use. However, cytogenetic and molecular studies suggest that genes mapping to chromosome 21 may protect against lung cancer. Numerous reports also suggest that, in persons with Down syndrome and other intellectual disability, cancers are often discovered late, leading to loss of the chance of cure and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Toufik Homsi
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hôpital St Joseph, Paris
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3
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Valles I, Pajares MJ, Segura V, Guruceaga E, Gomez-Roman J, Blanco D, Tamura A, Montuenga LM, Pio R. Identification of novel deregulated RNA metabolism-related genes in non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42086. [PMID: 22876301 PMCID: PMC3410905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Several alterations in RNA metabolism have been found in lung cancer cells; this suggests that RNA metabolism-related molecules are involved in the development of this pathology. In this study, we searched for RNA metabolism-related genes that exhibit different expression levels between normal and tumor lung tissues. We identified eight genes differentially expressed in lung adenocarcinoma microarray datasets. Of these, seven were up-regulated whereas one was down-regulated. Interestingly, most of these genes had not previously been associated with lung cancer. These genes play diverse roles in mRNA metabolism: three are associated with the spliceosome (ASCL3L1, SNRPB and SNRPE), whereas others participate in RNA-related processes such as translation (MARS and MRPL3), mRNA stability (PCBPC1), mRNA transport (RAE), or mRNA editing (ADAR2, also known as ADARB1). Moreover, we found a high incidence of loss of heterozygosity at chromosome 21q22.3, where the ADAR2 locus is located, in NSCLC cell lines and primary tissues, suggesting that the downregulation of ADAR2 in lung cancer is associated with specific genetic losses. Finally, in a series of adenocarcinoma patients, the expression of five of the deregulated genes (ADAR2, MARS, RAE, SNRPB and SNRPE) correlated with prognosis. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that changes in RNA metabolism are involved in the pathogenesis of lung cancer, and identify new potential targets for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Valles
- Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria J. Pajares
- Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Histology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Victor Segura
- Genomics & Bioinformatics Unit, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Guruceaga
- Genomics & Bioinformatics Unit, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Gomez-Roman
- Department of Pathology, Marques de Valdecilla University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - David Blanco
- Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Histology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Akiko Tamura
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis M. Montuenga
- Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Histology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- * E-mail: (RP); (LMM)
| | - Ruben Pio
- Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- * E-mail: (RP); (LMM)
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4
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Nohata N, Hanazawa T, Kinoshita T, Okamoto Y, Seki N. MicroRNAs function as tumor suppressors or oncogenes: aberrant expression of microRNAs in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Auris Nasus Larynx 2012; 40:143-9. [PMID: 22831895 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous short non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by repressing translation or cleaving RNA transcripts in a sequence-specific manner. Bioinformatic analyses predict that miRNAs regulate more than 30% of protein coding genes. To date, 1921 human mature miRNAs have been registered in miRBase release 18.0 (http://microrna.sanger.ac.uk/). A growing body of evidence suggests that miRNAs are aberrantly expressed in many human carcinomas and that they play key roles in the initiation, development and metastasis of human cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In this review, eight genome-wide miRNA expression profiles were used to selected aberrantly expressed miRNAs (up-regulated and down-regulated miRNAs) in HNSCC clinical specimens including our miRNA profiles of hypopharyngeal and maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma. We discuss recent findings on the aberrant expression of miRNAs and their contribution to human HNSCC oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijiro Nohata
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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5
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Pereira PM, Marques JP, Soares AR, Carreto L, Santos MAS. MicroRNA expression variability in human cervical tissues. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11780. [PMID: 20668671 PMCID: PMC2909898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (∼22 nt) non-coding regulatory RNAs that control gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Deregulation of miRNA expression has been discovered in a wide variety of tumours and it is now clear that they contribute to cancer development and progression. Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide and there is a strong need for a non-invasive, fast and efficient method to diagnose the disease. We investigated miRNA expression profiles in cervical cancer using a microarray platform containing probes for mature miRNAs. We have evaluated miRNA expression profiles of a heterogeneous set of cervical tissues from 25 different patients. This set included 19 normal cervical tissues, 4 squamous cell carcinoma, 5 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and 9 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) samples. We observed high variability in miRNA expression especially among normal cervical samples, which prevented us from obtaining a unique miRNA expression signature for this tumour type. However, deregulated miRNAs were identified in malignant and pre-malignant cervical tissues after tackling the high expression variability observed. We were also able to identify putative target genes of relevant candidate miRNAs. Our results show that miRNA expression shows natural variability among human samples, which complicates miRNA data profiling analysis. However, such expression noise can be filtered and does not prevent the identification of deregulated miRNAs that play a role in the malignant transformation of cervical squamous cells. Deregulated miRNAs highlight new candidate gene targets allowing for a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the development of this tumour type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M. Pereira
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Ana R. Soares
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Experimental Biology and Biomedicine PhD Program, Centre for Neurosciences, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Laura Carreto
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Manuel A. S. Santos
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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6
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Yoneda M, Suzuki T, Nakamura T, Ajima R, Yoshida Y, Kakuta S, Katsuko S, Iwakura Y, Shibutani M, Mitsumori K, Yokota J, Yamamoto T. Deficiency of antiproliferative family protein Ana correlates with development of lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:225-32. [PMID: 19068083 PMCID: PMC11159387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.01030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundant in neuroepithelium area (ana) gene was originally identified as a member of the tob/btg family of antiproliferative genes. Like the other family members, Ana inhibits growth of NIH3T3 cells when overexpressed. However, whether or not Ana is involved in tumor progression has been elusive. Here, we show that expression of ana is relatively high in the lung, the expression being restricted in type II alveolar epithelial cells. We further show that ana expression is reduced in 97% of the human lung cancer cell lines examined (61/63) and 86% of clinical samples from lung adenocarcinoma patients (36/42). Long-term observation of ana-deficient (ana−/–) mice reveals that 8% of them develop lung tumors (5/66) by 21 months after birth, while 0% of wild-type mice (0/35) develop the same type of tumors. We also show that exogenously expressed ana gene product suppresses the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in lung cancer cells. Taken together, we propose that ana functions as a tumor suppressor and that its product inhibits tumor progression as well by suppressing angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Yoneda
- Division of Oncology, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Yamada H, Yanagisawa K, Tokumaru S, Taguchi A, Nimura Y, Osada H, Nagino M, Takahashi T. Detailed characterization of a homozygously deleted region corresponding to a candidate tumor suppressor locus at 21q11-21 in human lung cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008; 47:810-8. [PMID: 18523997 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequent presence of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 21q21 in lung cancer suggests the existence of putative tumor suppressor genes in this genomic region. Furthermore, the identification of a homozygous deletion in this region has lent further support for its potential involvement in pathogenesis. In the present study, extensive screening of a large panel of lung cancer cell lines resulted in the identification of a homozygous deletion at 21q21.1 in the large cell lung carcinoma cell line Calu-6. Subsequent detailed characterization allowed us to narrow down the extent of the shortest region of overlap of homozygous deletions at 21q21.1 to 3.4 Mbp. Together with existing information showing a relationship with the shortest region of overlap and LOH in lung cancer, the overlapping 1.8-Mbp region was suggested to be a prime candidate for a genomic region that may harbor putative tumor suppressor genes. We found frequent downregulation of two coding genes, SAMSN1 and USP25, as well as of three miRNA genes, miR-99a, let-7c, and miR-125b-2, which reside in the commonly deleted region in human lung cancer. In addition, initial attempts were made to investigate their potential alterations and functional involvements in the development of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Yamada
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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8
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Koscianska E, Baev V, Skreka K, Oikonomaki K, Rusinov V, Tabler M, Kalantidis K. Prediction and preliminary validation of oncogene regulation by miRNAs. BMC Mol Biol 2007; 8:79. [PMID: 17877811 PMCID: PMC2096627 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-8-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are one of the most abundant groups of regulatory genes in multicellular organisms, playing important roles in many fundamental cellular processes. More than four hundred miRNAs have been identified in humans and the deregulation of miRNA expression has been also shown in many cancers. Despite the postulated involvement of miRNAs in tumourigenesis, there are only a few examples where an oncogene or a tumour suppressor has been identified as a miRNA target. Results Here, we present an in silico analysis of potential miRNA- oncogene interactions. Moreover, we have tested the validity of two possible interactions of miRNAs with genes related to cancer. We present evidence for the down-regulation of c-MYC, one of the most potent and frequently deregulated oncogenes, by let-7 miRNA, via the predicted binding site in the 3'UTR, and verify the suppression of BCL-2 by miR16. Conclusion In this work both bioinformatic and experimental approaches for the prediction and validation of possible targets for miRNAs have been used. A list of putative targets for different oncomirs, validation of which would be of special interest, is proposed and two such interactions have been experimentally validated.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions/genetics
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular/methods
- Computational Biology/methods
- Databases, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Targeting/methods
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor/drug effects
- Genes, bcl-2/drug effects
- Genes, bcl-2/genetics
- Genes, myc/drug effects
- Genes, myc/genetics
- Humans
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/pharmacology
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oncogenes/drug effects
- Oncogenes/genetics
- Predictive Value of Tests
- RNA Interference
- Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Koscianska
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas, PO Box 1385, GR-71110, Heraklion/Crete, Greece
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Vesselin Baev
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas, PO Box 1385, GR-71110, Heraklion/Crete, Greece
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Plovdiv 24, Tsar Assen St, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Konstantinia Skreka
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas, PO Box 1385, GR-71110, Heraklion/Crete, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Katerina Oikonomaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas, PO Box 1385, GR-71110, Heraklion/Crete, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ventsislav Rusinov
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas, PO Box 1385, GR-71110, Heraklion/Crete, Greece
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Plovdiv 24, Tsar Assen St, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Martin Tabler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas, PO Box 1385, GR-71110, Heraklion/Crete, Greece
| | - Kriton Kalantidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas, PO Box 1385, GR-71110, Heraklion/Crete, Greece
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9
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Diederichs S, Haber DA. Sequence variations of microRNAs in human cancer: alterations in predicted secondary structure do not affect processing. Cancer Res 2006; 66:6097-104. [PMID: 16778182 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Expression levels of microRNAs (miRNAs) are globally reduced in cancer compared with matched normal tissues, and miRNA function has recently been implicated in tumorigenesis. To test whether epigenetic silencing contributes to miRNA suppression in tumors, lung cancer cells were treated with inhibitors of DNA methylation or histone deacetylation. No significant alteration in miRNA expression was detected using microarray profiling. To search for tumor-associated mutations that could affect processing and expression of mature miRNAs, a panel of 91 cancer-derived cell lines was analyzed for sequence variations in 15 miRNAs implicated in tumorigenesis by virtue of their known target transcripts (let-7 family targeting oncogenic Ras) or their localization to sites of frequent chromosomal instability (miR-143, miR-145, miR-26a-1, and miR-21). No mutations were detected within any of the short mature miRNA sequences. In addition to previously reported polymorphisms, 1 sequence variant in a precursor miRNA and 15 variants in primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) transcripts were identified. Despite pri-miRNAs having dramatic changes in the predicted secondary folding structure flanking putative cleavage sites, processing and miRNA maturation were not affected in vivo. Thus, genetic variants in miRNA precursors are common in cancer cells but are unlikely to have physiologic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Diederichs
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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10
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Petersen I, Hidalgo A, Petersen S, Schlüns K, Schewe C, Pacyna-Gengelbach M, Goeze A, Krebber B, Knösel T, Kaufmann O, Szymas J, von Deimling A. Chromosomal imbalances in brain metastases of solid tumors. Brain Pathol 2006; 10:395-401. [PMID: 10885658 PMCID: PMC8098540 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2000.tb00271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastases account for approximately 50% of the malignant tumors in the brain. In order to identify structural alterations that are associated with tumor dissemination into the central nervous system we used Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) to investigate 42 brain metastases and 3 primary tumors of 40 patients. The metastases originated from lung cancer (14 cases), melanomas (7), carcinomas of breast (5), colon (5), kidney (5), adrenal gland (1) and thyroid (1). In addition, tumors of initially unknown primaries were assessed in 3 cases. The highest incidence of DNA gains were observed for the chromosomal regions 1q23, 8q24, 17q24-q25, 20q13 (>80% of cases) followed by the gain on 7p12 (77%). DNA losses were slightly less frequent with 4q22, 4q26, 5q21, 9p21 being affected in at least 70% of the cases followed by deletions at 17p12, 4q32q34, 10q21, 10q23-q24 and 18q21-q22 in 67.5% of cases. Two unusual narrow regional peaks were observed for the gain on 17q24-q25 and loss on 17p12. The incidence at individual loci can be viewed at our CGH online tumor database at http:// amba.charite.de/cgh/. The metastases of each tumor type showed a recurrent pattern of changes. In those cases with primary tumor and metastases available, the CGH pattern exhibited a high degree of conformity. In conclusion, our data suggests that specific genetic lesions are associated with tumor dissemination into the nervous system and that CGH analysis may be a useful supplementary tool for classification of metastases with unknown origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Petersen
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Campus Mitte, Berlin, FRG.
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11
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Wu PF, Chiang TA, Wang TN, Huang MS, Ho PS, Lee CH, Ko AMS, Ko YC. Birth cohort effect on lung cancer incidence in Taiwanese women 1981–1998. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:1170-7. [PMID: 15911241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Revised: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer has been the main cause of cancer-related mortality in Taiwanese women since 1986. Gradual increases in both awareness of risks and use of extractor fans in kitchens should reduce the incidence of this disease. To investigate the birth cohort effect on lung cancer incidence in Taiwanese women for 1981-1998, an age-period-cohort (APC) model analysis was employed to study the effects of age, time periods, birth cohorts and histological types of lung cancer. A significant increase in lung cancer incidence among women was found for the period 1981-1998 (r=0.96, P<0.05), principally of adenocarcinoma, then squamous cell carcinoma. Age is the strongest predictor according to the APC model. The birth cohort of 1917-1926 has the highest risk of lung cancer. However, in recent cohorts, particularly those born after 1956, the incidence has fallen. The declining incidence in younger cohorts may be due to the increased use of extractor fans in kitchens reducing exposure to carcinogenic fumes from cooking oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Fen Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
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12
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Chen L, Wong MP, Cheung LK, Samaranayake LP, Baum L, Samman N. Frequent allelic loss of 21q11.1∼q21.1 region in advanced stage oral squamous cell carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 159:37-43. [PMID: 15860355 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Revised: 09/15/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A fine mapping of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was performed in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), using 12 markers on 21q11.1 approximately q21.1. We studied 43 resected primary invasive tumors and their paired normal tissues, concurrent dysplasia or carcinoma in situ in separate areas from 8 of the specimens, and 6 local recurrent carcinomas. LOH status was compared between lesions of different phases of progression within the same patient. A high frequency of LOH was observed for D21S1410, D21S120, and D21S1433 (60% each) in the primary lesions, constituting two interstitial deleted regions encompassing eight known genes. Cases showing LOH of D21S120 were significantly associated with advanced clinical stages (III and IV; P=0.02). Consistent allelic loss was observed in 64.2% of the informative cases between the precursor lesions and their corresponding invasive tumors, and in 59.5% of those between the primary lesions and their recurrent counterparts. Fewer than half of the different lesions within a given patient showed discordant allelic loss for tested markers. Our results suggest that 21q11.1 approximately q21.1 harbors tumor suppressor genes in OSCC. Genetic divergence may develop during tumor clone evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Chen
- Oral Biosciences, Dental Faculty, University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong
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13
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Pisick E, Jagadeesh S, Salgia R. Small cell lung cancer: from molecular biology to novel therapeutics. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS AND ONCOLOGY 2004; 3:305-18. [PMID: 14678519 DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-869x.2003.01103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive tumor which metastasizes early. Patients with this disease have a poor prognosis even with immediate treatment. Because of the aggressive nature of this disease, all aspects of this tumor are studied extensively. This review will provide an update of the biology of SCLC at both the molecular and cellular levels. Cellular pathways and their relationship to cellular function will also be discussed. Treatment of both primary limited- and extensive-stage diseases as well as recurrent disease will be discussed including chemotherapy, thoracic radiotherapy, and surgery. The role of novel therapeutics being investigated will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Pisick
- Tufts- New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Lee EB, Park TI, Park SH, Park JY. Loss of heterozygosity on the long arm of chromosome 21 in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 75:1597-600. [PMID: 12735585 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(02)04902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Down syndrome, the incidence of solid tumors including lung cancer is considerably lower than that of the general population. The low risk of lung cancer in individuals with Down syndrome may be related to the gene-dosage effect of the extra chromosome 21. It may suggest that tumor suppressor genes playing a role in the pathogenesis of lung cancer may be present on chromosome 21. METHODS A total of 39 surgically resected non-small cell lung cancers were analyzed using nine microsatellite markers for 21q. Loss of heterozygosity was considered to be present when the signal intensity of the allele in tumor DNA was less than 50% of that in the corresponding normal DNA. RESULTS Loss of heterozygosity for at least one locus was detected in 22 of 39 tumors (56.4%). Allelic loss was frequently detected at three distinct regions: at the locus D21S1432 on 21q21.1, the region between D21S1435 and D21S1442 on 21q21.2 to 21.3, and the region between D21S1270 and D21S1445 on 21q22.1. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that loss of heterozygosity on 21q may play an important role in the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung Bae Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Jung-gu, Daegu, Korea.
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15
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Danesi R, de Braud F, Fogli S, de Pas TM, Di Paolo A, Curigliano G, Del Tacca M. Pharmacogenetics of anticancer drug sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2003; 55:57-103. [PMID: 12615954 DOI: 10.1124/pr.55.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, the process of malignant transformation is characterized by the loss or down-regulation of tumor-suppressor genes and/or the mutation or overexpression of proto-oncogenes, whose products promote dysregulated proliferation of cells and extend their life span. Deregulation in intracellular transduction pathways generates mitogenic signals that promote abnormal cell growth and the acquisition of an undifferentiated phenotype. Genetic abnormalities in cancer have been widely studied to identify those factors predictive of tumor progression, survival, and response to chemotherapeutic agents. Pharmacogenetics has been founded as a science to examine the genetic basis of interindividual variation in drug metabolism, drug targets, and transporters, which result in differences in the efficacy and safety of many therapeutic agents. The traditional pharmacogenetic approach relies on studying sequence variations in candidate genes suspected of affecting drug response. However, these studies have yielded contradictory results because of the small number of molecular determinants of drug response examined, and in several cases this approach was revealed to be reductionistic. This limitation is now being overcome by the use of novel techniques, i.e., high-density DNA and protein arrays, which allow genome- and proteome-wide tumor profiling. Pharmacogenomics represents the natural evolution of pharmacogenetics since it addresses, on a genome-wide basis, the effect of the sum of genetic variants on drug responses of individuals. Development of pharmacogenomics as a new field has accelerated the progress in drug discovery by the identification of novel therapeutic targets by expression profiling at the genomic or proteomic levels. In addition to this, pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics provide an important opportunity to select patients who may benefit from the administration of specific agents that best match the genetic profile of the disease, thus allowing maximum activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romano Danesi
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Department of Oncology, Transplants and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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16
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Storlazzi CT, Anelli L, Surace C, Rocchi M, Albano F, Pastore D, Liso V, Specchia G. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of a novel additional chromosomal aberration in blast crisis of a Ph-positive chronic myeloid leukemia. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2002; 134:109-13. [PMID: 12034521 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(01)00625-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe a novel chromosomal aberration acquired in blast crisis (BC) in a patient affected by Philadelphia-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Conventional cytogenetic studies at onset showed a classic t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) in all bone marrow cells, confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (b3a2) analysis. In BC, the malignant clone developed a new additional cytogenetic abnormality consisting of a deletion of chromosome 21. To our knowledge, this is the first case of del(21) reported in literature associated with BC CML. The use of an appropriate set of BAC/PAC clones restricted the breakpoint to an interval of approximately 100 kb. Sequence analysis did not reveal any known gene in this interval. Oncosuppressor genes distal to the breakpoint could be hypothesized to be involved in the progression of disease toward BC. Identification of new chromosome abnormalities in CML may allow further understanding of specific molecular events leading to disease evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clelia Tiziana Storlazzi
- Department of Pathologic Anatomy and Genetics, Section of Genetics, University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare 11, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
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17
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Goeze A, Schlüns K, Wolf G, Thäsler Z, Petersen S, Petersen I. Chromosomal imbalances of primary and metastatic lung adenocarcinomas. J Pathol 2002; 196:8-16. [PMID: 11748636 DOI: 10.1002/path.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was used to screen 83 lung adenocarcinomas of 60 patients for chromosomal imbalances. The most common alteration was DNA overrepresentation on chromosome 1q, with a peak incidence at 1q22-q23 in 73% of the primary tumours, followed by DNA overrepresentation on chromosomes 8q and 20q, and deletions on chromosomes 3p, 4q, 6q, 9p, 9q, and 13q, in at least 60%. The generation of a difference histogram of metastasizing versus non-metastasizing tumours and a case-by-case histogram for the comparison of 23 paired samples of primary tumours and corresponding metastases suggested that deletions on chromosomes 3p12-p14, 3p22-p24, 4p13-15.1, 4q21-qter, 6q21-qter, 8p, 10q, 14q21, 17p12-p13, 20p12, and 21q, and overrepresentations on chromosomes 1q21-q25, 7q11.2, 9q34, 11q12-q13, 14q11-q13, and 17q25 are associated with the metastatic phenotype. In contrast, losses on chromosome 19 and gains on 3p, 4q, 5p, and 6q were preferentially found in non-metastasizing tumours. The analysis of the paired samples revealed considerable chromosomal instability, but indicated a clonal relationship in each case. The primary tumours often showed additional deletions, suggesting that loss of function mutations are critical in the initial phase of tumour dissemination, whereas the metastases preferentially acquired DNA gains, probably modulating the metastatic phenotype. The primary data from this study (ratio profiles, clinicopathological parameters, histograms) are also available at http://amba.charite.de/cgh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almut Goeze
- Institute of Pathology, Charité Hospital, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Yamamoto N, Noma H, Shibahara T. Allelic imbalance on the long arm of chromosome 21 in human oral squamous cell carcinoma: relationship between allelic imbalances (LOH and MSI) and clinicopathologic features. THE BULLETIN OF TOKYO DENTAL COLLEGE 2001; 42:211-23. [PMID: 11915298 DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.42.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Frequent allelic imbalances, including loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and microsatellite instability (MSI), have been found on the long arm of chromosome 21 (21q) in several types of human cancer. This study was designed to identify the tumor suppressor locus (or loci) associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) on 21q. In order to understand the details of genetic alterations on chromosome 21, we performed polymerase chain reaction analysis of microsatellite polymorphisms corresponding to ten loci on this chromosome. We examined forty primary tumor tissues, forty corresponding normal tissues, and seven lymph node metastatic tissues. We identified novel tumor suppressor loci in this region in primary oral SCCs. To further determine the role of 21q deletions in oral cavity carcinogenesis, forty oral SCCs were examined for allelic imbalances (LOH or MSI) at 21q using ten microsatellite markers. Among these forty patients, twenty-six (65%) showed LOH at one or more loci. Deletion mapping of these tumors revealed four discrete, commonly deleted regions on the chromosome arm. Furthermore, we detected MSI in seventeen of those tested cases (42.5%). We compared our results with the clinicopathologic features. A number of sites displaying LOH at 21q could be detected in early stage lesions, and the frequencies of LOH tended to be higher in later clinical stages, but no statistical correlation was observed. Our results strongly suggest that allelic imbalances on 21q are involved in the development of oral SCC and that at least four different putative tumor suppressor genes contributing to the pathogenesis of this disease are present on 21q. Furthermore, allelic loss on 21q appears to be a useful indicator for evaluating the malignancy and prognosis of oral SCC, because the LOH of recurrent cases was more frequent than that of non-recurrent ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yamamoto
- First Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
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Yamamoto N, Uzawa K, Yakushiji T, Shibahara T, Noma H, Tanzawa H. Analysis of the ANA gene as a candidate for the chromosome 21q oral cancer susceptibility locus. Br J Cancer 2001; 84:754-9. [PMID: 11259088 PMCID: PMC2363813 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on the long arm of chromosome 21 (21q) is observed in several human malignancies. We identified novel tumour suppressor loci on this region in primary oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). To further determine the role of 21q deletions in oral cavity tumorigenesis, 63 OSCCs were examined for LOH at 21q using 7 microsatellite markers. LOH was observed in 32 of 63 cases (50.8%) that were informative for at least one of the loci analysed. Two distinct deleted regions were identified at chromosomal region 21q11.1. The possible involvement of ANA (abundant in neuroepithelium area), a candidate tumour suppressor gene (TSG) located on 21q11.2--21.1, was also evaluated for 20 OSCCs and 9 OSCC-derived cell lines. 60% of tumours (12/20) and 88.9% (8/9 cell lines) showed absent or reduced mRNA gene expression; only one OSCC case had a nucleotide substitution in the ANA gene. Interestingly, the frequency of the suppressed ANA mRNA expression was greater in stage IV tumours than in earlier stages. In addition, re-expression of the ANA gene mRNA was induced in 4 cell lines after treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, a DNA demethylating agent. These findings demonstrate that there may be at least 2 distinct TSGs on 21q11.1; loss of ANA gene expression could be involved in the progression of human OSCC; and aberrant methylation of the ANA gene promoter may participate in the transcriptional silencing of the gene in oral cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yamamoto
- First Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
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20
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Hattori M, Fujiyama A, Taylor TD, Watanabe H, Yada T, Park HS, Toyoda A, Ishii K, Totoki Y, Choi DK, Groner Y, Soeda E, Ohki M, Takagi T, Sakaki Y, Taudien S, Blechschmidt K, Polley A, Menzel U, Delabar J, Kumpf K, Lehmann R, Patterson D, Reichwald K, Rump A, Schillhabel M, Schudy A, Zimmermann W, Rosenthal A, Kudoh J, Schibuya K, Kawasaki K, Asakawa S, Shintani A, Sasaki T, Nagamine K, Mitsuyama S, Antonarakis SE, Minoshima S, Shimizu N, Nordsiek G, Hornischer K, Brant P, Scharfe M, Schon O, Desario A, Reichelt J, Kauer G, Blocker H, Ramser J, Beck A, Klages S, Hennig S, Riesselmann L, Dagand E, Haaf T, Wehrmeyer S, Borzym K, Gardiner K, Nizetic D, Francis F, Lehrach H, Reinhardt R, Yaspo ML. The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21. Nature 2000; 405:311-9. [PMID: 10830953 DOI: 10.1038/35012518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 700] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 21 is the smallest human autosome. An extra copy of chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome, the most frequent genetic cause of significant mental retardation, which affects up to 1 in 700 live births. Several anonymous loci for monogenic disorders and predispositions for common complex disorders have also been mapped to this chromosome, and loss of heterozygosity has been observed in regions associated with solid tumours. Here we report the sequence and gene catalogue of the long arm of chromosome 21. We have sequenced 33,546,361 base pairs (bp) of DNA with very high accuracy, the largest contig being 25,491,867 bp. Only three small clone gaps and seven sequencing gaps remain, comprising about 100 kilobases. Thus, we achieved 99.7% coverage of 21q. We also sequenced 281,116 bp from the short arm. The structural features identified include duplications that are probably involved in chromosomal abnormalities and repeat structures in the telomeric and pericentromeric regions. Analysis of the chromosome revealed 127 known genes, 98 predicted genes and 59 pseudogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hattori
- RIKEN, Genomic Sciences Center, Sagamihara, Japan
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21
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Groet J, Ives JH, Jones TA, Danton M, Flomen RH, Sheer D, Hra??an R, Paveli? K, Ni?eti? D. Narrowing of the region of allelic loss in 21q11-21 in squamous non-small cell lung carcinoma and cloning of a novel ubiquitin-specific protease gene from the deleted segment. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(200002)27:2<153::aid-gcc6>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with Down's syndrome have a greater risk of leukaemia than the general population, but reliable estimates of the age-specific risk are lacking and little is known about the risk of solid tumours. METHODS We identified 2814 individuals with Down's syndrome from the Danish Cytogenetic Register, and linked the data to the Danish Cancer Registry. The number of person-years at risk was 48453. Standardised incidence ratio (SIR) and 95% CI were calculated of the basis of cancer rates specific for age and sex in the general population. FINDINGS 60 cases of cancer were found, with 49.8 expected (SIR 1.20 [95% CI 0.92-1.55]). Leukaemia constituted 60% of cases of malignant disease overall and 97% of cases in children. The SIR for leukaemia varied with age, being 56 (38-81) at age 0-4 years and 10 (4-20) at 5-29 years. No cases of leukaemia were seen after the age of 29 years. The SIR for acute myeloid leukaemia was 3.8 (1.7-8.4) times higher than that for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children aged 0-4 years. The cumulative risk for leukaemia by the age of 5 years was 2.1% and that by 30 years was 2.7%. Only 24 solid tumours were seen, with 47.8 expected (0.50 [0.32-0.75]). No cases of breast cancer were found, with 7.3 expected (p=0.0007). Higher than expected numbers of testicular cancers, ovarian cancers, and retinoblastomas were seen but were not significant. INTREPRETATION: The occurrence of cancer in Down's syndrome is unique with a high risk of leukaemia in children and a decreased risk of solid tumours in all age-groups. The distinctive pattern of malignant diseases may provide clues in the search for leukaemogenic genes and tumour-suppressor genes on chromosome 21.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hasle
- Department of Paediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Denmark.
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Petersen S, Aninat-Meyer M, Schlüns K, Gellert K, Dietel M, Petersen I. Chromosomal alterations in the clonal evolution to the metastatic stage of squamous cell carcinomas of the lung. Br J Cancer 2000; 82:65-73. [PMID: 10638968 PMCID: PMC2363206 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.1999.0878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was applied to squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the lung to define chromosomal imbalances that are associated with the metastatic phenotype. In total, 64 lung SCC from 50 patients were investigated, 25 each with or without evidence of metastasis formation. The chromosomal imbalances summarized by a CGH histogram of the 50 cases revealed deletions most frequently on chromosomes 1p21-p31, 2q34-q36, 3p, 4p, 4q, 5q, 6q14-q24, 8p, 9p, 10q, 11p12-p14, 13q13-qter, 18q12-qter and 21q21. DNA over-representations were most pronounced for chromosomes 1q11-q25, 1q32-q41, 3q, 5p, 8q22-qter, 11q13, 12p, 17q21-q22, 17q24-q25, 19, 20q and 22q. In ten cases, paired samples of primaries and at least one metastasis were analysed. The comparison revealed a considerable chromosomal instability and genetic heterogeneity; however, the CGH pattern indicated a clonal relationship in each case. The difference in histograms from the metastatic and non-metastatic tumour groups was most useful in pinpointing chromosomal imbalances associated with the metastatic phenotype, indicating that the deletions at 3p12-p14, 3p21, 4p15-p16, 6q24-qter, 8p22-p23, 10q21-qter and 21q22, as well as the over-representations at 1q21-q25, 8q, 9q34, 14q12 and 15q12-q15, occurred significantly more often in the metastatic tumour group. The comparison of the paired samples confirmed these findings in individual cases and suggested distinct genetic changes, in particular the extension of small interstitial deletions, during tumour progression. Importantly, metastasis-associated lesions were frequently detectable in the primary tumour providing a method of identifying patients at risk for tumour dissemination. Individual profiles and histograms are accessible at our web site http://amba.charite.de/cgh.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Petersen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany
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Liu J, Zabarovska VI, Braga E, Alimov A, Klein G, Zabarovsky ER. Loss of heterozygosity in tumor cells requires re-evaluation: the data are biased by the size-dependent differential sensitivity of allele detection. FEBS Lett 1999; 462:121-8. [PMID: 10580104 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01523-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Normal tissue contamination of tumors may eclipse the detection of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) by microsatellite analysis and may also hamper isolation of tumor suppressor genes. To test the potential impact of this problem, we prepared artificial mixtures of mouse-human microcell hybrid lines that carried different alleles of the same chromosome 3 marker. After performing an allele titration assay, we found a consistent difference between the LOH of a high molecular weight (H) allele and the LOH of a low molecular weight (L) allele of the same CA repeat marker. It follows that normal tissue admixtures will be less of a problem when LOH affects a H allele than with a L allele. Random screening of 100 papers published between 1994 and 1999 revealed that the loss of a L allele was recorded at about half the frequency (52%) of loss of a H allele. To avoid this bias, we have developed rules for the evaluation of LOH data. We suggest that the loss of a L allele should be given more weight than the loss of a H allele in LOH studies using microsatellite markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Box 280, Stockholm, Sweden
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van Tilborg AA, Groenfeld LE, van der Kwast TH, Zwarthoff EC. Evidence for two candidate tumour suppressor loci on chromosome 9q in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder but no homozygous deletions in bladder tumour cell lines. Br J Cancer 1999; 80:489-94. [PMID: 10408858 PMCID: PMC2362340 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The most frequent genetic alterations in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder involve loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 9p and 9q. The LOH on chromosome 9p most likely targets the CDKN2 locus, which is inactivated in about 50% of TCCs. Candidate genes that are the target for LOH on chromosome 9q have yet to be identified. To narrow the localization of one or more putative tumour suppressor genes on this chromosome that play a role in TCC of the bladder, we examined 59 tumours with a panel of microsatellite markers along the chromosome. LOH was observed in 26 (44%) tumours. We present evidence for two different loci on the long arm of chromosome 9 where potential tumour suppressor genes are expected. These loci are delineated by interstitial deletions in two bladder tumours. Our results confirm the results of others and contribute to a further reduction of the size of these regions, which we called TCC1 and TCC2. These regions were examined for homozygous deletions with EST and STS markers. No homozygous deletions were observed in 17 different bladder tumour cell lines.
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26
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Ohgaki K, Iida A, Kasumi F, Sakamoto G, Akimoto M, Nakamura Y, Emi M. Mapping of a new target region of allelic loss to a 6-cM interval at 21q21 in primary breast cancers. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199811)23:3<244::aid-gcc6>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Abstract
The PTEN/MMAC1/TEP1 gene has been isolated as a tumor suppressor gene that is altered in several types of human tumors including brain, breast, and prostate cancers. In the present study, we report PTEN/MMAC1/TEP1 alterations in human lung cancers. Intragenic homozygous deletions were detected in 6 (40%) of 15 small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cell lines and in 2 (8%) of 25 non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines. A nonsense mutation and a missense mutation were detected in 2 (8%) NSCLC cell lines. An intragenic homozygous deletion, a 1-bp frameshift mutation, and a nonsense somatic mutation were also detected in three (6%) of 47 surgical specimens. All the lung tumors with PTEN/MMAC1/TEP1 mutations were homozygous for the mutant alleles. These findings suggest that PTEN/MMAC1/TEP1 plays a role as a tumor suppressor gene in the genesis and/or progression of human lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kohno
- Biology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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