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Singh M, Lee SC, Won K. Lignin phenolation by graft copolymerization to boost its reactivity. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131258. [PMID: 38556229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant phenolic biopolymer and a renewable resource of aromatics. It can be used as a phenol substitute in the synthesis of phenolic resins. However, lignin is not as reactive as phenol, so phenolation is generally carried out to improve lignin reactivity. In this work, we suggest a solution to circumvent the limitations of traditional phenolation (e.g., high temperature, strong acids/bases, limited reactivity, and phenol toxicity). We first attempt new lignin phenolation by graft copolymerization in which polymeric phenol, instead of toxic phenol, is introduced to lignin. Organosolv lignin from hardwood was modified with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide to act as a lignin macroinitiator (L-Br). A protected phenolic monomer, 4-acetoxystyrene, was graft copolymerized onto L-Br using CuBr2/tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine as a catalyst/ligand, after which the resultant lignin copolymer was deacetylated to produce lignin grafted with poly(4-hydroxystyrene). This poly-phenolation process was conducted at room temperature without the strong acids/bases and toxic phenol required in conventional phenolation. The poly-phenolated lignin was analyzed using 1H-, 13C-, and 31P NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. This novel phenolation process enhanced the reactive sites of lignin more than tenfold. It also reduced the dark color of technical lignins significantly, thereby overcoming a serious obstacle to their applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Singh
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Cheon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Keehoon Won
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.
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Ye S, Meftahi N, Lyskov I, Tian T, Whitfield R, Kumar S, Christofferson AJ, Winkler DA, Shih CJ, Russo S, Leroux JC, Bao Y. Machine learning-assisted exploration of a versatile polymer platform with charge transfer-dependent full-color emission. Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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3
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Synthesis of branched and benzyl chlorine-free poly(4-acetoxystyrene) via living polymerization followed by Friedel–Crafts alkylation. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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4
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Yang SX, Fan ZY, Zhang FY, Li SH, Wu YX. Functionalized Copolymers of Isobutylene with Vinyl Phenol: Synthesis, Characterization, and Property. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-019-2329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Azuma K, Sun J, Choo Y, Rokhlenko Y, Dwyer JH, Schweitzer B, Hayakawa T, Osuji CO, Gopalan P. Self-Assembly of an Ultrahigh-χ Block Copolymer with Versatile Etch Selectivity. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koei Azuma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-36 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | | | - Youngwoo Choo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Yekaterina Rokhlenko
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | | | | | - Teruaki Hayakawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-36 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Chinedum O. Osuji
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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Oakdale JS, Kwisnek L, Fokin VV. Selective and Orthogonal Post-Polymerization Modification using Sulfur(VI) Fluoride Exchange (SuFEx) and Copper-Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC) Reactions. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James S. Oakdale
- The Bridge at USC and Loker Hydrocarbon
Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Luke Kwisnek
- The Bridge at USC and Loker Hydrocarbon
Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Valery V. Fokin
- The Bridge at USC and Loker Hydrocarbon
Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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7
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Sweat DP, Yu X, Kim M, Gopalan P. Synthesis of poly(4-hydroxystyrene)-based block copolymers containing acid-sensitive blocks by living anionic polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Sweat
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin 53706
| | - Xiang Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin 53706
| | - Myungwoong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin 53706
| | - Padma Gopalan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Wisconsin; Madison Wisconsin 53706
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8
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Maya F, Svec F. Porous polymer monoliths with large surface area and functional groups prepared via copolymerization of protected functional monomers and hypercrosslinking. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1317:32-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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10
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Lee TY, Lin YJ, Yu CY, Chang JF. Well-defined diblock and triblock copolymers for KrF lithography. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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11
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Mok MM, Kim J, Wong CLH, Marrou SR, Woo DJ, Dettmer CM, Nguyen ST, Ellison CJ, Shull KR, Torkelson JM. Glass Transition Breadths and Composition Profiles of Weakly, Moderately, and Strongly Segregating Gradient Copolymers: Experimental Results and Calculations from Self-Consistent Mean-Field Theory. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9009802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jungki Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
| | | | | | - Dong Jin Woo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | | | | | - Christopher J. Ellison
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | | | - John M. Torkelson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
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12
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Synthesis and characterization of amorphous octakis-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes for polymer nanocomposites. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Daugaard AE, Hvilsted S. The Influence of Pendant Carboxylic Acid Loading on Surfaces of Statistical Poly[(4‐hydroxystyrene)‐co‐styrene]s. Macromol Rapid Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Fleischmann S, Komber H, Voit B. Diblock Copolymers as Scaffolds for Efficient Functionalization via Click Chemistry. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma8007493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Fleischmann
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
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Messerschmidt M, Millaruelo M, Komber H, Häussler L, Voit B, Krause T, Yin M, Habicher WD. Synthesis of Partially Protected Block Copolymers Based on 4-Hydroxystyrene Using NMRP and a Sequence of Polymer Analogous Reactions. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma7025308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Synthesis and application of styrene/4-hydroxystyrene gradient copolymers made by controlled radical polymerization: Compatibilization of immiscible polymer blends via hydrogen-bonding effects. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Thibaud S, Moine L, Degueil M, Maillard B. Synthesis of well-defined soluble polystyrene supports: Impact of polymer chain on grafted organotin reagent activity. Eur Polym J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Woo D, Kim J, Suh MH, Zhou H, Nguyen ST, Lee SH, Torkelson JM. Styrene/4-hydroxystyrene random, block and gradient copolymers modified with an organic dye: Synthesis by controlled radical polymerization and characterization of electrorheological properties. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mendes AR, Gregório CC, Barata PD, Costa AI, Prata JV. Linear and crosslinked copolymers of p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene derivatives and styrene: New synthetic approaches to polymer-bound calix[4]arenes. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2005.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Sipos L, Som A, Faust R, Richard R, Schwarz M, Ranade S, Boden M, Chan K. Controlled Delivery of Paclitaxel from Stent Coatings Using Poly(hydroxystyrene-b-isobutylene-b-hydroxystyrene) and Its Acetylated Derivative. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:2570-82. [PMID: 16153094 DOI: 10.1021/bm050299j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene) (SIBS) triblock polymer is employed as the polymer drug carrier for the TAXUS Express2 Paclitaxel-Eluting Coronary Stent system (Boston Scientific Corp.). It has been shown that the release of paclitaxel (PTx) from SIBS can be modulated by modification of either drug-loading ratio or altering the triblock morphology by blending. In the present work, results toward achieving release modulation of PTx by chemical modification of the styrenic portion (using hydroxystyrene or its acetylated version) of the SIBS polymer system are reported. The synthesis of the precursor poly[(p-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxystyrene)]-b-isobutylene-b-[(p-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxystyrene] triblock copolymers was accomplished by living sequential block copolymerization of isobutylene (IB) and p-(tert-butyldimethylsiloxy)styrene (TBDMS) utilizing the capping-tuning technique in a one-pot procedure in methylcyclohexane/CH3Cl at -80 degrees C. This procedure involved the living cationic polymerization of IB with the 5-tert-butyl-1,3-bis(1-chloro-1-methylethyl)benzene/TiCl4 initiating system and capping of living difunctional polyisobutylene (PIB) chain ends with 1,1-ditolylethylene (DTE) followed by addition of titanium(IV) isopropoxide (Ti(OIp)4) to lower the Lewis acidity before the introduction of TBDMS. Deprotection of the product with tetrabutylammonium fluoride yielded poly(hydroxystyrene-b-isobutylene-b-hydroxystyrene), which was quantitatively acetylated to obtain the acetylated derivative. The hydroxystyrene and acetoxystyrene triblock copolymers have acceptable mechanical properties for use as drug delivery coatings for coronary stent applications. It was concluded that the hydrophilic nature of the endblocks and polarity effects on the drug/polymer miscibility lead to enhanced release of PTx from these polymers. The drug-polymer miscibility was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry and atomic force microscopy evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Sipos
- Polymer Science Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA
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Liu S, Weng LT, Chan CM, Li L, Ho NK, Jiang M. Quantitative surface characterization of poly(styrene)/poly(4-vinyl phenol) random and block copolymers by ToF-SIMS and XPS. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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