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Hayat F, Sonavane M, Makarov MV, Trammell SAJ, McPherson P, Gassman NR, Migaud ME. The Biochemical Pathways of Nicotinamide-Derived Pyridones. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031145. [PMID: 33498933 PMCID: PMC7866226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As catabolites of nicotinamide possess physiological relevance, pyridones are often included in metabolomics measurements and associated with pathological outcomes in acute kidney injury (AKI). Pyridones are oxidation products of nicotinamide, its methylated form, and its ribosylated form. While they are viewed as markers of over-oxidation, they are often wrongly reported or mislabeled. To address this, we provide a comprehensive characterization of these catabolites of vitamin B3, justify their nomenclature, and differentiate between the biochemical pathways that lead to their generation. Furthermore, we identify an enzymatic and a chemical process that accounts for the formation of the ribosylated form of these pyridones, known to be cytotoxic. Finally, we demonstrate that the ribosylated form of one of the pyridones, the 4-pyridone-3-carboxamide riboside (4PYR), causes HepG3 cells to die by autophagy; a process that occurs at concentrations that are comparable to physiological concentrations of this species in the plasma in AKI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Hayat
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (F.H.); (M.S.)
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA; (M.V.M.); (P.M.); (N.R.G.)
| | - Manoj Sonavane
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (F.H.); (M.S.)
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA; (M.V.M.); (P.M.); (N.R.G.)
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Mikhail V. Makarov
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA; (M.V.M.); (P.M.); (N.R.G.)
| | - Samuel A. J. Trammell
- Novo Nordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Pamela McPherson
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA; (M.V.M.); (P.M.); (N.R.G.)
| | - Natalie R. Gassman
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA; (M.V.M.); (P.M.); (N.R.G.)
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Marie E. Migaud
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; (F.H.); (M.S.)
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA; (M.V.M.); (P.M.); (N.R.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Sun WP, Zhai MZ, Li D, Zhou Y, Chen NN, Guo M, Zhou SS. Comparison of the effects of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide degradation on plasma betaine and choline levels. Clin Nutr 2016; 36:1136-1142. [PMID: 27567458 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM The present study was to compare the effects of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide on the plasma methyl donors, choline and betaine. METHODS Thirty adult subjects were randomly divided into three groups of equal size, and orally received purified water (C group), nicotinic acid (300 mg, NA group) or nicotinamide (300 mg, NM group). Plasma nicotinamide, N1-methylnicotinamide, homocysteine, betaine and choline levels before and 1.5-h and 3-h post-dosing, plasma normetanephrine and metanephrine concentrations at 3-h post-dosing, and the urinary excretion of N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide during the test period were examined. RESULTS The level of 3-h plasma nicotinamide, N1-methylnicotinamide, homocysteine, the urinary excretion of N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide and pulse pressure (PP) in the NM group was 221%, 3972%, 61%, 1728% and 21.2% higher than that of the control group (P < 0.01, except homocysteine and PP P < 0.05), while the 3-h plasma betaine, normetanephrine and metanephrine level in the NM group was 24.4%, 9.4% and 11.7% lower (P < 0.05, except betaine P < 0.01), without significant difference in choline levels. Similar but less pronounced changes were observed in the NA group, with a lower level of 3-h plasma N1-methylnicotinamide (1.90 ± 0.20 μmol/l vs. 3.62 ± 0.27 μmol/l, P < 0.01) and homocysteine (12.85 ± 1.39 μmol/l vs. 18.08 ± 1.02 μmol/l, P < 0.05) but a higher level of betaine (27.44 ± 0.71 μmol/l vs. 23.52 ± 0.61 μmol/l, P < 0.05) than that of the NM group. CONCLUSION The degradation of nicotinamide consumes more betaine than that of nicotinic acid at identical doses. This difference should be taken into consideration in niacin fortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Ping Sun
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Ming-Zhu Zhai
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Da Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yiming Zhou
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Na-Na Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Ming Guo
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Shi-Sheng Zhou
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China.
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Lenglet A, Liabeuf S, Guffroy P, Fournier A, Brazier M, Massy ZA. Use of nicotinamide to treat hyperphosphatemia in dialysis patients. Drugs R D 2014; 13:165-73. [PMID: 24000048 PMCID: PMC3784056 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-013-0024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been associated with elevated cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Serum phosphate control remains a cornerstone of the clinical management of patients with CKD, in order to both attenuate the progression of secondary hyperparathyroidism or bone disease and (possibly) reduce the risk of vascular calcification. Despite technical improvements in dialysis and the use of dietary restrictions, drug therapy is often required to control phosphate levels in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Currently available medications for hyperphosphatemia in ESRD are very expensive and not always well tolerated. The discovery and development of new drugs in this indication is therefore a priority for both medical and health-economic reasons. Nicotinamide (an amide derivative of the water-soluble vitamin B3) is a potentially interesting alternative to phosphate binders. In vitro and in vivo data show that nicotinamide reduces hyperphosphatemia by inhibiting sodium-dependent phosphate co-transport in the renal proximal tubule and in the intestine. Accordingly, targeting the sodium-dependent phosphate co-transporter 2b by using nicotinamide as an alternative or adjunct to classical phosphate binders may be a therapeutic option for modulating serum phosphate in CKD. Several recent clinical studies have explored the potential value of nicotinamide in phosphate control (as well as its effects on lipid levels) in dialysis patients. However, we consider that more data on pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and safety are needed before this compound can be recommended as a treatment for hyperphosphatemia in ESRD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Lenglet
- INSERM Unit 1088, Jules Verne University of Picardie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80037 Amiens Cedex, France
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Research Centre, Amiens University Hospital and Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Sophie Liabeuf
- INSERM Unit 1088, Jules Verne University of Picardie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80037 Amiens Cedex, France
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Research Centre, Amiens University Hospital and Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Pauline Guffroy
- INSERM Unit 1088, Jules Verne University of Picardie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80037 Amiens Cedex, France
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Clinical Research Centre, Amiens University Hospital and Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Albert Fournier
- Nephrology-Internal Medicine-Dialysis-Transplantation-Intensive Care Department, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Michel Brazier
- INSERM Unit 1088, Jules Verne University of Picardie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80037 Amiens Cedex, France
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Bone Biology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Ziad A. Massy
- INSERM Unit 1088, Jules Verne University of Picardie, 1 rue des Louvels, 80037 Amiens Cedex, France
- Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, Paris Ile-de-France Ouest (UVSQ) University, 9 avenue Charles de Gaulle, 92100 Boulogne Billancourt, France
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NAD+ depletion is necessary and sufficient for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1-mediated neuronal death. J Neurosci 2010; 30:2967-78. [PMID: 20181594 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5552-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)-1 (PARP-1) is a key mediator of cell death in excitotoxicity, ischemia, and oxidative stress. PARP-1 activation leads to cytosolic NAD(+) depletion and mitochondrial release of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), but the causal relationships between these two events have been difficult to resolve. Here, we examined this issue by using extracellular NAD(+) to restore neuronal NAD(+) levels after PARP-1 activation. Exogenous NAD(+) was found to enter neurons through P2X(7)-gated channels. Restoration of cytosolic NAD(+) by this means prevented the glycolytic inhibition, mitochondrial failure, AIF translocation, and neuron death that otherwise results from extensive PARP-1 activation. Bypassing the glycolytic inhibition with the metabolic substrates pyruvate, acetoacetate, or hydroxybutyrate also prevented mitochondrial failure and neuron death. Conversely, depletion of cytosolic NAD(+) with NAD(+) glycohydrolase produced a block in glycolysis inhibition, mitochondrial depolarization, AIF translocation, and neuron death, independent of PARP-1 activation. These results establish NAD(+) depletion as a causal event in PARP-1-mediated cell death and place NAD(+) depletion and glycolytic failure upstream of mitochondrial AIF release.
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Hoane MR, Pierce JL, Holland MA, Anderson GD. Nicotinamide treatment induces behavioral recovery when administered up to 4 hours following cortical contusion injury in the rat. Neuroscience 2008; 154:861-8. [PMID: 18514428 PMCID: PMC2495083 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated nicotinamide (NAM), a soluble B-group vitamin, to be an effective treatment in experimental models of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, research on this compound has been limited to administration regimens starting shortly after injury. This study was conducted to establish the window of opportunity for NAM administration following controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury to the frontal cortex. Groups of rats were assigned to NAM (50 mg/kg), saline (1 ml/kg), or sham conditions and received contusion injuries or sham procedures. Injections of NAM or saline were administered at 15 min, 4 h, or 8 h post-injury, followed by five boosters at 24 h intervals. Following the last injection, blood was taken for serum NAM analysis. Animals were tested on a variety of tasks to assess somatosensory performance (bilateral tactile adhesive removal and vibrissae-forelimb placement) and cognitive performance (reference and working memory) in the Morris water maze. The results of the serum NAM analysis showed that NAM levels were significantly elevated in treated animals. Behavioral analysis on the tactile removal test showed that all NAM-treated groups facilitated recovery of function compared with saline treatment. On the vibrissae-forelimb placing test all NAM-treated groups also were significantly different from the saline-treated group. However, the acquisition of reference memory was only significantly improved in the 15-min and 4-h groups. In the working memory task both the 15-min and 4-h groups also improved working memory compared with saline treatment. The window of opportunity for NAM treatment is task-dependent and extends to 8 h for the sensorimotor tests but only extends to 4 h post-injury in the cognitive tests. These results suggest that a 50 mg/kg treatment regimen starting at the clinically relevant time point of 4 h may result in attenuated injury severity in the human TBI population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hoane
- Restorative Neuroscience Laboratory, Center for Integrative Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Department of Psychology, Life Science II, MC 6502, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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Hoane MR, Tan AA, Pierce JL, Anderson GD, Smith DC. Nicotinamide treatment reduces behavioral impairments and provides cortical protection after fluid percussion injury in the rat. J Neurotrauma 2006; 23:1535-48. [PMID: 17020488 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2006.23.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the ability of nicotinamide (vitamin B3) to improve functional outcome in a dose-dependent manner following fluid percussion injury (FPI). Injured (duration of unconsciousness mean = 85.8 sec; apnea = 9.9 sec), rats were administered nicotinamide (500 or 50 mg/kg; ip) or saline at 15 min and 24 h. Serum analysis of nicotinamide concentrations were conducted 1 h following the last injection. Sensorimotor and cognitive tests were conducted for 35 days following FPI. Both the 500 and 50 mg/kg doses of nicotinamide significantly facilitated recovery on the vibrissae-forelimb placing test compared to saline treatment, which showed chronic impairments. Both treatments also significantly improved performance on the bilateral tactile adhesive removal test. On the cognitive tests, the 500 mg/kg dose, but not the 50 mg/kg dose, improved performance on a working memory task in the Morris water maze (MWM). However, acquisition of a reference memory task in the MWM was not improved. Serum analysis showed that the 500 mg/kg dose significantly raised nicotinamide concentrations by 30-fold and the 50 mg/kg dose by 3-fold compared to the saline administration. This study demonstrated that raising nicotinamide concentrations resulted in the reduction of the behavioral impairments following FPI. In fact, the 500 mg/kg dose prevented the occurrence of the behavioral deficits on the bilateral tactile removal and working memory tests. Both doses significantly reduced tissue loss and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) expression in the cortex. The 500 mg/kg dose reduced GFAP expression in the hippocampus. This data suggests that nicotinamide has substantial preclinical efficacy for TBI, and there appears to be some differences in the ability of the doses to improve performance in the MWM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hoane
- Restorative Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA.
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Pyka A. Study of lipophilicity and application of selected topological indexes in QSAR analysis of nicotinic acid derivatives. Part I. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2004. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.17.2004.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Intervening before the onset of Type 1 diabetes: baseline data from the European Nicotinamide Diabetes Intervention Trial (ENDIT). Diabetologia 2003; 46:339-46. [PMID: 12687331 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-003-1033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2002] [Revised: 11/13/2002] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS To set up a clinical trial to establish whether nicotinamide can prevent or delay clinical onset of Type 1 diabetes. METHOD The European Nicotinamide Diabetes Intervention Trial is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention trial undertaken in 18 European countries, Canada and the USA. Entry criteria were a first-degree family history of Type 1 diabetes, age 3-40 years, confirmed islet cell antibody (ICA) levels greater than or equal to 20 JDF units, and a non-diabetic OGTT; the study group was further characterised by intravenous glucose tolerance testing, measurement of antibodies to GAD, IA-2 and insulin and HLA class II genotyping. RESULTS ICA screening was carried out in approximately 30,000 first-degree relatives. A total of 1004 individuals fulfilled ICA criteria for eligibility, and 552 (288 male) were randomised to treatment. Of these, 331 were aged less than 20 years (87% siblings and 13% offspring of the proband with diabetes) and 221 were 20 years of age or more (76% parents, 21% siblings and 3% offspring). Oral glucose tolerance was normal in 500 and impaired in 52 (9.4%), and first phase insulin response in the IVGTT was below the 10(th) centile in 34%. Additional islet autoantibodies were identified in 354 trial entrants. Diabetes-associated HLA class II haplotypes were found in 84% of the younger age group and 80% of the older group. The protective haplotype HLA-DQA1*0102-DQB1*0602 was found in 10% overall. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION ENDIT has shown that a trial of an intervention designed to halt or delay progression to Type 1 diabetes can be carried out on a multinational collaborative basis, as and when potentially safe and effective forms of intervention become available. Primary screening with biochemically defined autoantibodies will substantially reduce the number of lower risk individuals to be included in future intervention trials
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Pyka A, Niestroj A, Szarkowicz A, Sliwiok J. Use of TLC and RPTLC for separation of nicotinic acid derivatives. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2002. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.15.2002.6.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Slominska EM, Smolenski RT, Szolkiewicz M, Leaver N, Rutkowski B, Simmonds HA, Swierczynski J. Accumulation of plasma N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide in patients with chronic renal failure. Mol Cell Biochem 2002; 231:83-8. [PMID: 11952169 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014445329756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular catabolism of NAD in mammalian cells occurs mainly via reaction catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) with the release of nicotinamide, which is then metabolized predominantly to N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (2PY). PARP could be activated by binding to broken DNA and is known to be involved in DNA repair mechanisms, cell stress response and regulation of apoptosis. 2PY may accumulate under disease conditions resulting in accelerated DNA damage and retention of catabolic products. Our hypothesis was that chronic renal failure would lead to elevation of 2PY and potentially to inhibition of PARP and related physiological mechanisms. In the present study we: (a) compared plasma 2PY concentration in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF); (b) evaluated the relationship between plasma 2PY concentration and the severity of CRF; (c) evaluated the effect of hemodialysis treatment and kidney transplantation on 2PY concentration. We found that the plasma 2PY concentration in healthy subjects is 0.83+/-0.18 microM but it could increase up to 40 microM in patients with CRF. A significant correlation was found in CRF between plasma 2PY and creatinine concentration. A single hemodialysis treatment was associated with significant reduction of plasma 2PY concentration after the hemodialysis, but it increased rapidly 48 h after the end of treatment. Successful kidney transplantation was associated with return of 2PY concentration to the normal range. In conclusion, our results indicated significant production of 2PY in humans. In healthy subjects 2PY is cleared from the plasma by excretion in the urine. Altered excretion by the kidney leads to increase in plasma concentration of 2PY. It is possible that 2PY may play a significant role in the development of uremic toxemia, especially as an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa M Slominska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
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