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Tao Y, Luo R, Xiang Y, Lei M, Peng X, Hu Y. Use of bailing capsules (cordyceps sinensis) in the treatment of chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis and network pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1342831. [PMID: 38645562 PMCID: PMC11026558 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1342831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The Bailing Capsule is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, its therapeutic effects and pharmacological mechanisms have not been fully explored. In this study, we integrated meta-analysis and network pharmacology to provide scientific evidence for the efficacy and pharmacological mechanism of Bailing Capsule in treating CKD. We conducted searches for randomized controlled studies matching the topic in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, and the Wanfang Database, and screened them according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Dates from the included studies were extracted for meta-analysis, including renal function indicators, such as 24-h urinary protein (24UP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (Scr), as well as inflammatory indicators like high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Network pharmacology was employed to extract biological information, including active drug ingredients and potential targets of the drugs and diseases, for network construction and gene enrichment. Our findings indicated that 24UP, BUN, and Scr in the treatment group containing Bailing Capsule were lower than those in the control group. In terms of inflammatory indicators, hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α, the treatment group containing Bailing Capsule also exhibited lower levels than the control group. Based on network pharmacology analysis, we identified 190 common targets of Bailing Capsule and CKD. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses suggested that the pharmacological mechanism of Bailing Capsule might be related to immune response, inflammatory response, vascular endothelial damage, cell proliferation, and fibrosis. This demonstrates that Bailing Capsule can exert therapeutic effects through multiple targets and pathways, providing a theoretical basis for its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Tao
- Department of Medicine Renal Division, Affiliated Hospital & Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruixiang Luo
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanbing Xiang
- Department of Medicine Renal Division, Affiliated Hospital & Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Lei
- Department of Medicine Renal Division, Affiliated Hospital & Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuan Peng
- Department of Medicine Renal Division, Affiliated Hospital & Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Hu
- Department of Medicine Renal Division, Affiliated Hospital & Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Medicine Renal Division, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Jędrejko KJ, Lazur J, Muszyńska B. Cordyceps militaris: An Overview of Its Chemical Constituents in Relation to Biological Activity. Foods 2021; 10:2634. [PMID: 34828915 PMCID: PMC8622900 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps spp. mushrooms have a long tradition of use as a natural raw material in Asian ethnomedicine because of their adaptogenic, tonic effects and their ability to reduce fatigue and stimulate the immune system in humans. This review aims to present the chemical composition and medicinal properties of Cordyceps militaris fruiting bodies and mycelium, as well as mycelium from in vitro cultures. The analytical results of the composition of C. militaris grown in culture media show the bioactive components such as cordycepin, polysaccharides, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), ergothioneine and others described in the review. To summarize, based on the presence of several bioactive compounds that contribute to biological activity, C. militaris mushrooms definitely deserve to be considered as functional foods and also have great potential for medicinal use. Recent scientific reports indicate the potential of cordycepin in antiviral activity, particularly against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bożena Muszyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Str., 30–688 Kraków, Poland; (K.J.J.); (J.L.)
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Advance in Cordyceps militaris (Linn) Link polysaccharides: Isolation, structure, and bioactivities: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:906-914. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Jhou BY, Fang WC, Chen YL, Chen CC. A 90-day subchronic toxicity study of submerged mycelial culture of Cordyceps militaris in rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:977-986. [PMID: 30310675 PMCID: PMC6116727 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00075a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) is a parasitic fungus that grows on the larvae of Lepidoptera. It is a well-known fungus with immunomodulatory activity. The study was conducted to clarify the edible safety of C. militaris mycelium for long term use. Eighty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups (10 males and 10 females in each group). Rats were orally administrated with reverse osmosis water or 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg per kg BW per day freeze dried C. militaris mycelium powder for 90 consecutive days. Clinical observation was carried out daily. The body weight and feed intake of the rats were recorded weekly. At the end of the study, all rats were sacrificed and the blood and organs were collected for hematology, clinical biochemistry and histopathological examination. All animals survived until the end of the study. During the study period, no abnormality occurred in clinical signs, body weight, feed intake, ophthalmological examination and urinalysis. There were no significant differences upon gross necropsy between the treatment and control group. Hematology, clinical biochemistry parameters and histopathological examination showed no treatment-related change. According to the results, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of C. militaris mycelium is 4000 mg per kg BW per day for male and female SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yi Jhou
- Grape King Bio Ltd , Taoyuan City 320 , Taiwan , R.O.C . ; ; Tel: +886 3 4572121
| | - Wei-Chen Fang
- Grape King Bio Ltd , Taoyuan City 320 , Taiwan , R.O.C . ; ; Tel: +886 3 4572121
| | - Yen-Lien Chen
- Grape King Bio Ltd , Taoyuan City 320 , Taiwan , R.O.C . ; ; Tel: +886 3 4572121
| | - Chin-Chu Chen
- Grape King Bio Ltd , Taoyuan City 320 , Taiwan , R.O.C . ; ; Tel: +886 3 4572121
- Department of Food Science , Nutrition , and Nutraceutical Biotechnology , Shih Chien University , Taipei City , Taiwan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology , National Taiwan University , Taipei City , Taiwan
- Department of Bioscience Technology , Chung Yuan Christian University , Taoyuan City , Taiwan
- Insitute of Biotechnology , National Changhua University of Education , Changhua County , Taiwan
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Park NS, Lee KS, Sohn HD, Kim DH, Lee SM, Park E, Kim I, Je YH, Jin BR. Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of the Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene from the entomopathogenic fungusCordyceps militaris. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2006.11832846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Do Hoon Kim
- College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Sang Mong Lee
- Department of Sericultural and Entomological Biology, Miryang National University, Miryang 627-130, Korea
| | - Eunju Park
- Division of Life Sciences, Kyungnam University, Masan 631-260, Korea
| | - Iksoo Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Suwon 441-100, Korea
| | - Yeon Ho Je
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Byung Rae Jin
- College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
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Cross talk between miR-214 and PTEN attenuates glomerular hypertrophy under diabetic conditions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31506. [PMID: 27549568 PMCID: PMC4994004 DOI: 10.1038/srep31506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) hypertrophy is one of the earliest pathological abnormalities in diabetic nephropathy (DN), which correlates with eventual glomerulosclerosis. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic role of miRNA in diabetic glomerular MCs hypertrophy and synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM). Microarray analysis revealed a significant up-regulation of miR-214 in the renal cortex of diabetic db/db mice, which was confirmed by real-time PCR of isolated glomeruli and primary cultured human MCs. In vitro studies showed that inhibition of miR-214 significantly reduced expression of α-SMA, SM22 and collagen IV, and partially restored phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) protein level in high glucose-stimulated human MCs. Furthermore, we identified PTEN as the target of miR-214 by a luciferase assay in HEK293 cells. Moreover, overexpression of PTEN ameliorated miR-214-mediated diabetic MC hypertrophy while knockdown of PTEN mimicked the MC hypertrophy. In vivo study further confirmed that inhibition of miR-214 significantly decreased the expression of SM22, α-SMA and collagen IV, partially restored PTEN level, and attenuated albuminuria and mesangial expansion in db/db mice. In conclusion, cross talk between miR-214 and PTEN attenuated glomerular hypertrophy under diabetic conditions in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, miR-214 may represent a novel therapeutic target for DN.
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Xu J, Huang Y, Chen XX, Zheng SC, Chen P, Mo MH. The Mechanisms of Pharmacological Activities of Ophiocordyceps sinensis Fungi. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1572-1583. [PMID: 27373780 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis, formerly known as Cordyceps sinensis, has long been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of many illnesses. In recent years its usage has increased dramatically because of the improvement of people's living standard and the emphasis on health. Such demands have resulted in over-harvesting of this fungus in the wild. Fortunately, scientists have demonstrated that artificially cultured and fermented mycelial products of O. sinensis have similar pharmacological activities to wild O. sinensis. The availability of laboratory cultures will likely to further expand its usage for the treatment of various illnesses. In this review, we summarize recent results on the pharmacological activities of the components of O. sinensis and their putative mechanisms of actions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Xiang-Xiang Chen
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Shuai-Chao Zheng
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Yunnan Academy of Forestry, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Ming-He Mo
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
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Liu X, Huang Y, Chen Y, Cao Y. Partial structural characterization, as well as immunomodulatory and anti-aging activities of CP2-c2-s2 polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23612j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Kang HJ, Baik HW, Kim SJ, Lee SG, Ahn HY, Park JS, Park SJ, Jang EJ, Park SW, Choi JY, Sung JH, Lee SM. Cordyceps militarisEnhances Cell-Mediated Immunity in Healthy Korean Men. J Med Food 2015; 18:1164-72. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Joon Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Baik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Sang Jung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Seong Gyu Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Hong Yup Ahn
- Department of Statistics, Dongguk University Seoul, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Sang Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Sang Jong Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Sang Woon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Ji Hee Sung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Seung Min Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi, Korea
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Zhang HW, Lin ZX, Tung YS, Kwan TH, Mok CK, Leung C, Chan LS. Cordyceps sinensis (a traditional Chinese medicine) for treating chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 2014:CD008353. [PMID: 25519252 PMCID: PMC10632742 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008353.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cordyceps sinensis (Cordyceps, Dong Chong Xia Cao), a herbal medicine also known as Chinese caterpillar fungus, is one of the most commonly used ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). OBJECTIVES This review aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects and potential adverse effects of Cordyceps sinensis for the treatment of people with CKD. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Renal Group's Specialised Register to 14 April 2014 through contact with the Trials' Search Co-ordinator using search terms relevant to this review. We also searched CINAHL, AMED, Current Controlled Trials, OpenSIGLE, and Chinese databases including CBM, CMCC, TCMLARS, Chinese Dissertation Database, CMAC and Index to Chinese Periodical Literature. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing Cordyceps or its products with placebo, no treatment, or conventional treatment were considered for inclusion in the review. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed data quality and extracted data. Statistical analyses were performed using the random-effects model and the results expressed as risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous outcomes or mean difference (MD) for continuous data with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS We included 22 studies that involved 1746 participants. Among people with CKD who were not receiving dialysis, Cordyceps preparations were found to significantly decrease serum creatinine (14 studies, 987 participants): MD -60.76 μmol/L, 95% CI -85.82 to -35.71); increase creatinine clearance (6 studies, 362 participants): MD 9.22 mL/min, 95% CI 3.10 to 15.34) and reduce 24 hour proteinuria (4 studies, 211 participants: MD -0.15 g/24 h, 95% CI -0.24 to -0.05). However, suboptimal reporting and flawed methodological approaches meant that risk of bias was assessed as high in four studies and unclear in 18 studies, and hence, these results need to be interpreted with caution. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We found that Cordyceps preparation, as an adjuvant therapy to conventional medicine, showed potential promise to decrease serum creatinine, increase creatine clearance, reduce proteinuria and alleviate CKD-associated complications, such as increased haemoglobin and serum albumin. However, definitive conclusions could not be made because of the low quality of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wei Zhang
- The Chinese University of Hong KongSchool of Chinese MedicineShatin, N.T., Hong KongChina
| | - Zhi Xiu Lin
- The Chinese University of Hong KongSchool of Chinese MedicineShatin, N.T., Hong KongChina
| | - Yuk Stewart Tung
- New Territories West Cluster, Hospital AuthorityDepartment of Clinical OncologyHong KongChina
| | - Tze Hoi Kwan
- Tuen Mun HospitalDepartment of Medicine and GeriatricsTuen MunHong KongNew TerritoriesChina
| | - Chun Keung Mok
- Tuen Mun HospitalDepartment of Medicine and GeriatricsTuen MunHong KongNew TerritoriesChina
| | - Connie Leung
- Yan Oi TongMedical Services Department7/F Yan Oi Tong Jockey Club Community and Sports Centre18 Kai Man Path, Tuen MunHong KongChina
| | - Lai Sum Chan
- The Chinese University of Hong KongSchool of Chinese MedicineShatin, N.T., Hong KongChina
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Wang HJ, Pan MC, Chang CK, Chang SW, Hsieh CW. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of cordycepin from Cordyceps militaris using orthogonal experimental design. Molecules 2014; 19:20808-20. [PMID: 25514223 PMCID: PMC6271585 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191220808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports on the optimization of the extraction conditions of cordycepin from Cordyceps militaris by using ultrasonication. For this purpose, the orthogonal experimental design was used to investigate the effects of factors on the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). Four factors: extraction time (min), ethanol concentration (%), extraction temperature (°C) and extraction frequency (kHz), were studied. The results showed that the highest cordycepin yield of 7.04 mg/g (86.98% ± 0.23%) was obtained with an extraction time of 60 min, ethanol concentration of 50%, extraction temperature of 65 °C and extraction frequency of 56 kHz. It was found that the cordycepin extraction yield increased with the effect of ultrasonication during the extraction process. Therefore, UAE can be used as an alternative to conventional immersion extraction with respect to the recovery of cordycepin from C. militaris, with the advantages of shorter extraction time and reduced solvent consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Ju Wang
- Department of Hospitality Management, Mingdao University, 369 Wen-Hua Rd, Peetow, Chang-Hua 52345, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Chun Pan
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Applications, Da-Yen University, 168 University Rd, Dacun, Chang-Hua 51591, Taiwan.
| | - Chao-Kai Chang
- Department of BioIndustry Technology, Da-Yeh University, 168 University Rd, Dacun, Chang-Hua 51591, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Wei Chang
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Applications, Da-Yen University, 168 University Rd, Dacun, Chang-Hua 51591, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Wei Hsieh
- Department of Medicinal Botanicals and Health Applications, Da-Yen University, 168 University Rd, Dacun, Chang-Hua 51591, Taiwan.
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Yoon DH, Lim MH, Lee YR, Sung GH, Lee TH, Jeon BH, Cho JY, Song WO, Park H, Choi S, Kim TW. A novel synthetic analog of Militarin, MA-1 induces mitochondrial dependent apoptosis by ROS generation in human lung cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 273:659-71. [PMID: 24161344 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic Militarin analog-1[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-1,6-bis(4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenoxy) hexane-2,3,4,5-tetraol] is a novel derivative of constituents from Cordyceps militaris, which has been used to treat a variety of chronic diseases including inflammation, diabetes, hyperglycemia and cancers. Here, we report for the first time the synthesis of Militarin analog-1 (MA-1) and the apoptotic mechanism of MA-1 against human lung cancer cell lines. Treatment with MA-1 significantly inhibited the viability of 3 human lung cancer cell lines. The inhibition of viability and growth in MA-1-treated A549 cells with an IC50 of 5μM were mediated through apoptosis induction, as demonstrated by an increase in DNA fragmentation, sub-G0/G1-DNA fraction, nuclear condensation, and phosphatidylserine exposure. The apoptotic cell death caused mitochondrial membrane permeabilization through regulation of expression of the Bcl-2 family proteins, leading to cytochrome c release in a time-dependent manner. Subsequently, the final stage of apoptosis, activation of caspase-9/-3 and cleavage of poly (ADP ribose) polymerase, was induced. Furthermore, A549 lung cancer cells were more responsive to MA-1 than a bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B), involving the rapid generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. The pharmacological inhibition of ROS generation and JNK/p38 MAPK exhibited attenuated DNA fragmentation in MA-1-induced apoptosis. Oral administration of MA-1 also retarded growth of A549 orthotopic xenografts. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the new synthetic derivative MA-1 triggers mitochondrial apoptosis through ROS generation and regulation of MAPKs and may be a potent therapeutic agent against human lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok Hyo Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
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Yue K, Ye M, Zhou Z, Sun W, Lin X. The genus Cordyceps: a chemical and pharmacological review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 65:474-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Natural remedies are becoming increasingly popular and important in the public and scientific communities. Historically, natural remedies have been shown to present interesting biological and pharmacological activity and are used as chemotherapeutic agents. For centuries Cordyceps, which is a genus of more than 400 species in the family Clavicipitaceae, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine. This study highlights the chemistry and pharmacology of Cordyceps, especially Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. and C. militaris (Fr.) L. Information was obtained from Google Scholar and the journal databases PubMed and Scopus.
Key findings
Many bioactive components of Cordyceps have been extracted, such as cordycepin, cordycepic acid, ergosterol, polysaccharides, nucleosides and peptides. Studies show that Cordyceps and its active principles possess a wide range of pharmacological actions, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumour, antihyperglycaemic, antiapoptosis, immunomodulatory, nephroprotective, and hepatoprotective.
Summary
More research is required to discover the full extent of the activity of Cordyceps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yue
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Meng Ye
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Zuji Zhou
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Wen Sun
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Shin S, Park Y, Kim S, Oh HE, Ko YW, Han S, Lee S, Lee CK, Cho K, Kim K. Cordyceps militaris Enhances MHC-restricted Antigen Presentation via the Induced Expression of MHC Molecules and Production of Cytokines. Immune Netw 2010; 10:135-43. [PMID: 20844738 PMCID: PMC2939358 DOI: 10.4110/in.2010.10.4.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cordyceps militarys water extract (CME) has been reported to exert antitumor and immunomodulatory activities in vivo and in vitro. However, the therapeutic mechanism has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we examined the effects of CME on the antigen presenting function of antigen presenting cells (APCs). Methods Dendritic cells (DCs) were cultured in the presence of CME, and then allowed to phagocytose microspheres containing ovalbumin (OVA). After washing and fixing the efficacy of OVA, peptide presentation by DCs were evaluated using CD8 and CD4 T cells. Also, we confirmed the protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines through western blot analysis. Results CME enhanced both MHC class I and class II-restricted presentation of OVA in DCs. In addition, the expression of both MHC class I and II molecules was enhanced, but there was no changes in the phagocytic activity of exogenous OVA. Furthermore, CME induced the protein levels of iNOS, COX-2, proinflammatory cytokines, and nuclear p65 in a concentration-dependent manner, as determined by western blot. Conclusion These results provide an understanding of the mechanism of the immuno-enhancing activity of CME on the induction of MHC-restricted antigen presentation in relation to their actions on APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulmee Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 139-742, Korea
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Das SK, Masuda M, Sakurai A, Sakakibara M. Medicinal uses of the mushroom Cordyceps militaris: current state and prospects. Fitoterapia 2010; 81:961-8. [PMID: 20650308 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is a potential harbour of bio-metabolites for herbal drugs and evidences are available about its applications for revitalization of various systems of the body from ancient times. Amongst all the species, C. militaris is considered as the oldest source of some useful chemical constituents. Besides their popular applications for tonic medicine by the all stairs of the community, the constituents of C. militaris are now used extensively in modern systems of medicine. The current survey records the mysterious potentials of C. militaris are boosting up the present herbal treatments, as well as gearing up the green pharmacy revolution, in order to create a friendly environment with reasonable safety. Evidence showed that the active principles of C. militaris are beneficial to act as pro-sexual, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant/anti-aging, anti-tumour/anti-cancer/anti-leukemic, anti-proliferative, anti-metastatic, immunomodulatory, anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-protozoal, insecticidal, larvicidal, anti-fibrotic, steroidogenic, hypoglacaemic, hypolipidaemic, anti-angiogenetic, anti-diabetic, anti-HIV, anti-malarial, anti-fatigue, neuroprotective, liver-protective, reno-protective as well as pneumo-protective, let alone their other synergistic activities, which let it be marketable in the western countries as over-the-counter medicine. A number of culture techniques for this mushroom have been noticed, for example, storage/stock culture, pre-culture, popular/indigenous culture (spawn culture, husked rice culture and saw dust culture) and, special/laboratory culture (shaking culture, submerged culture, surface liquid culture and continuous/repeated batch culture). The prospects for herbal biotechnology regarding drug discovery using C. militaris delivering what it has promised are high, as the technology is now extremely more powerful than before. This study chiefly highlights the medicinal uses of the mushroom C. militaris including its culture techniques, also aiming to draw sufficient attention of the researchers to the frontier research needs in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shonkor Kumar Das
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
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Abstract
Abstract
Cordyceps species, including C. sinensis, C. militaris, C. pruinosa and C. ophioglossoides, are prized traditional medicinal materials. The aim of this article is to review the chemical constituents and pharmacological actions of Cordyceps species. The chemical constituents include cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine) and its derivatives, ergosterol, polysaccharides, a glycoprotein and peptides containing α-aminoisobutyric acid. They include anti-tumour, anti-metastatic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, antimicrobial, hypolipidaemic, hypoglycaemic, anti-ageing, neuroprotective and renoprotective effects. Polysaccharide accounts for the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumour, anti-metastatic, immunomodulatory, hypoglycaemic, steroidogenic and hypolipidaemic effects. Cordycepin contributes to the anti-tumour, insecticidal and antibacterial activity. Ergosterol exhibits anti-tumour and immunomodulatory activity. A DNase has been characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Ng
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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Zhang HW, Ho YF, Lin ZX, Tung YS, Kwan TH, Mok CK, Leung C, Chan LS. Cordyceps sinensis (a Chinese medicinal herb) for treating chronic kidney disease. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Xie CY, Gu ZX, Fan GJ, Gu FR, Han YB, Chen ZG. Production of cordycepin and mycelia by submerged fermentation of Cordyceps militaris in mixture natural culture. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 158:483-92. [PMID: 19247587 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The submerged fermentation of Cordyceps militaris for cordycepin production and mycelial growth was investigated in this study. Three natural materials of brown rice paste (BRP), beerwort (B), and soybean meal juice (SMJ) were used for fermentation of C. militaris in shaking flasks. The effects of the ratio of three natural materials on dry mycelium weight (DMW) and on cordycepin yield (CY) were analyzed. D-Optional mixture design was used to optimize the ratio of these materials. Compared with the signal culture, the higher mycelial growth and cordycepin production were obtained in mixture. The analysis of Design Expert 6.0 indicated that BRP, B, and SMJ very significantly influenced (P < 0.001) DMW and CY of C. militaris, respectively. The highest DMW (18.96 g/l) and CY (2.17 mg/g) were both obtained at a ratio of 53:6:42. The experiments' results indicated that the above mixture of these natural materials by D-optional mixture design can be used as a proper medium for the growth of mycelium and the production of cordycepin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-yan Xie
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang street, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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Shimada T, Hiramatsu N, Kasai A, Mukai M, Okamura M, Yao J, Huang T, Tamai M, Takahashi S, Nakamura T, Kitamura M. Suppression of adipocyte differentiation by Cordyceps militaris through activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E859-67. [PMID: 18664595 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90373.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycelial extracts have a wide range of biological activities that modulate functions of mammalian cells. In this report, we sought to identify antiadipogenic mycelia with the use of 3T3-L1 cells and found that the extract of Cordyceps militaris exclusively suppressed differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into mature adipocytes without affecting cell viability. This inhibitory effect was dose dependent, reversible, and associated with 1) a decrease in lipid accumulation, 2) blunted induction of adipocyte markers including adiponectin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-alpha, and 3) sustained expression of a preadipocyte marker, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. C. militaris also significantly decreased accumulation of lipid and hypertrophy in mature adipocytes and preserved their response to insulin (phosphorylation of Akt) during prolonged culture. Subsequent experiments revealed that C. militaris has the potential to activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). In 3T3-L1 cells, treatment with AhR agonists including benzo[a]pyrene and 3-methylcholanthrene reproduced the antiadipogenic effect of C. militaris. Furthermore, dominant-negative inhibition of AhR abrogated the suppressive effect of C. militaris on adipocyte differentiation. These results suggest that C. militaris has the potential to interfere with adipocyte differentiation through activation of AhR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Shimada
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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Paterson RRM. Cordyceps: a traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory? PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:1469-95. [PMID: 18343466 PMCID: PMC7111646 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) are growing in popularity. However, are they effective? Cordyceps is not studied as systematically for bioactivity as another TCM, Ganoderma. Cordyceps is fascinating per se, especially because of the pathogenic lifestyle on Lepidopteron insects. The combination of the fungus and dead insect has been used as a TCM for centuries. However, the natural fungus has been harvested to the extent that it is an endangered species. The effectiveness has been attributed to the Chinese philosophical concept of Yin and Yang and can this be compatible with scientific philosophy? A vast literature exists, some of which is scientific, although others are popular myth, and even hype. Cordyceps sinensis is the most explored species followed by Cordyceps militaris. However, taxonomic concepts were confused until a recent revision, with undefined material being used that cannot be verified. Holomorphism is relevant and contamination might account for some of the activity. The role of the insect has been ignored. Some of the analytical methodologies are poor. Data on the "old" compound cordycepin are still being published: ergosterol and related compounds are reported despite being universal to fungi. There is too much work on crude extracts rather than pure compounds with water and methanol solvents being over-represented in this respect (although methanol is an effective solvent). Excessive speculation exists as to the curative properties. However, there are some excellent pharmacological data and relating to apoptosis. For example, some preparations are active against cancers or diabetes which should be fully investigated. Polysaccharides and secondary metabolites are of particular interest. The use of genuine anamorphic forms in bioreactors is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Russell M Paterson
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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Lin YW, Chiang BH. Anti-tumor activity of the fermentation broth of Cordyceps militaris cultured in the medium of Radix astragali. Process Biochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2007.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sung JM, Park YJ, Lee JO, Han SK, Lee WH, Choi SK, Shrestha B. Selection of Superior Strains of Cordyceps militaris with Enhanced Fruiting Body Productivity. MYCOBIOLOGY 2006; 34:131-137. [PMID: 24039486 PMCID: PMC3769561 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2006.34.3.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In vitro fruiting bodies were produced from ten different isolates of Cordyceps militaris EFCC C-5736, EFCC C-5941, EFCC C-5976, EFCC C-6040, EFCC C-6849, EFCC C-7268, EFCC C-7342, EFCC C-7992, EFCC C-8027 and EFCC C-8549. Single ascospores were isolated from in vitro grown fruiting bodies and used for fruiting body production in brown rice medium by both intra-strain crossing and out-crossing. Length and dry wt. of stromata grown in vitro were measured. Strains producing highest dry wt. of stromata were selected. Both intra-strain crossings and inter-strain crossings of single ascospore strains were found to produce profuse fruiting bodies of C. militaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Mo Sung
- Department of Applied Biology and Entomopathogenic Fungal Culture Collection (EFCC), Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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A simple and rapid method for identification and determination of cordycepin in Cordyceps militaris by capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yu HM, Wang BS, Huang SC, Duh PD. Comparison of protective effects between cultured Cordyceps militaris and natural Cordyceps sinensis against oxidative damage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:3132-8. [PMID: 16608242 DOI: 10.1021/jf053111w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese herb DongChong-XiaCao originating from Cordyceps sinensis is widely used as a traditional medicine in China for treatment of a wide variety of diseases. The extracts of Cordyceps sinensis (CSE) and Cordyceps militaris (CME) are well-known for their biological effects. In the present study, the antioxidant efficiency of CME and CSE in protecting lipid, protein, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) against oxidative damage was investigated. CME and CSE showed weakly inhibitory effect on liposome oxidation, that of CME being superior to that of CSE. As for the protein oxidation model system, the inhibitory effect of CME on protein oxidation was inferior to that of CSE. CME and CSE at 1.0 mg/mL showed 50.5 and 67.1% inhibition of LDL oxidation, respectively. The contents of bioactive ingredients cordycepin and adenosine in CME are higher than those of CSE; however, both cordycepin and adenosine showed no significant antioxidant activity as determined by the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity method. Polyphenolic and flavonoid contents are 60.2 and 0.598 microg/mL in CME and 31.8 and 0.616 microg/mL in CSE, respectively, which may in part be responsible for their antioxidant activities. In addition, a polysaccharide present in CME and CSE displayed antioxidant activity, which suggested that the activity might be derived partly from polysaccharides of CME and CSE. The tendency to scavenge the ABTS(*)(+) free radical and the reducing ability of CME and CSE display concentration-dependent manners, suggesting that CME and CSE may be potent hydrogen donators. On the basis of the results obtained, the protective effects of CME and CSE against oxidative damage of biomolecules are a result of their free radical scavenging abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Mei Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan Hsien, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Wojcikowski K, Johnson DW, Gobe G. Herbs or natural substances as complementary therapies for chronic kidney disease: ideas for future studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 147:160-6. [PMID: 16581343 DOI: 10.1016/j.lab.2005.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasingly common condition with limited treatment options that is placing a major financial and emotional burden on the community. The use of complementary and alternative medicines (CAMS) has increased many-fold over the past decade. Although several compelling studies show renal toxicities and an adverse outcome from use of some CAMS, there is also emerging evidence in the literature that some may be renoprotective. Many nephrologists are unaware of these potential therapeutic benefits in treating CKD, or they are reluctant to consider them in research trials for fear of adverse effects (including nephrotoxicity) or deleterious interaction with co-prescribed, conventional medicines. The increased use of self-prescribed CAMS by their patients suggests that practitioners and researchers should keep abreast of the current information on these agents. A primary goal of this article was to review the available scientific evidence for the use of herbs or natural substances as a complementary treatment for patients with CKD. A further goal was to report the literature on herbs that have been reported to cause kidney failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Wojcikowski
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Mao XB, Zhong JJ. Significant effect of NH4+ on cordycepin production by submerged cultivation of medicinal mushroom Cordyceps militaris. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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28
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Mao XB, Eksriwong T, Chauvatcharin S, Zhong JJ. Optimization of carbon source and carbon/nitrogen ratio for cordycepin production by submerged cultivation of medicinal mushroom Cordyceps militaris. Process Biochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Won SY, Park EH. Anti-inflammatory and related pharmacological activities of cultured mycelia and fruiting bodies of Cordyceps militaris. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 96:555-561. [PMID: 15619578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2004] [Revised: 09/11/2004] [Accepted: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate pharmacological activities of Cordyceps militaris. The 70% ethanolic extracts of cultured mycelia (CME) and fruiting bodies (FBE) of Cordyceps militaris were prepared. CME was able to directly scavenge the stable free radical diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), indicating its antioxidant activity. Both CME and FBE showed topical anti-inflammatory activity in the croton oil-induced ear edema in mice. CME was found to contain acute anti-inflammatory activity, which was evaluated using the carrageenin-induced edema, and also strong antinociceptive activity in writhing test. CME and FBE contain potent inhibitory activity on the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. Cordycepin, a metabolite of Cordyceps militaris, appeared to be at least partly responsible for its anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activities. CME concentration-dependently inhibited the NO production and iNOS expression upon stimulation by lipoposaccharide in RAW 264.7, a murine macrophage cell line. In brief, we demontrate that Cordyceps militaris possesses anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activites, and related antioxidant, anti-angiogenic, and NO production-inhibitory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Young Won
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, South Korea
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Buenz EJ, Bauer BA, Osmundson TW, Motley TJ. The traditional Chinese medicine Cordyceps sinensis and its effects on apoptotic homeostasis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 96:19-29. [PMID: 15588646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2004] [Revised: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cordyceps sinensis is a medicinal fungus of Traditional Chinese Medicine. While there are a wide range of reported uses of Cordyceps sinensis in the literature, the reports that extracts of this fungus may alter apoptotic homeostasis are most intriguing. However, there are significant challenges regarding research surrounding Cordyceps sinensis, such as the difficulty identifying the various species of Cordyceps and the many conflicting reports of pharmacological function in the literature. In this review we outline what is known about the ability of Cordyceps sinensis to alter apoptotic homeostasis, attempt to reconcile the differences in reported function, identify the challenges surrounding future Cordyceps sinensis research, and delineate options for overcoming these critical hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Buenz
- Complementary and Integrative Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Yu KW, Kim KM, Suh HJ. Pharmacological activities of stromata of Cordyceps scarabaecola. Phytother Res 2003; 17:244-9. [PMID: 12672154 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The chemical components of freeze-dried stromata from Cordyceps scarabaecola were examined. The stromata consisted of crude carbohydrates (55.1%) and crude proteins (14.2%). The stromata were also composed of a low content of crude ash (6.6%) and fat (1.5%). The composition of the carbohydrate in the stromata included a large quantity of glucose (46.6%), mannose (35.4%) and galactose (18.0%). The acidic amino acids such as glutamic acid (32.1 mg/g) and aspartic acid (24.7 mg/g) were present in a large quantity. The extracts of stromata did not reveal any inhibitory activity for AChE in vitro. It was observed that a hot-water extract (HW) of the stromata contributed significantly to the anticoagulant activity (60 s coagulating time) and anticomplementary activity (62% of ITCH50 value). The MeOH-soluble fraction (M) from the freeze-dried stromata inhibited TPA-induced O2- generation as effectively as the positive control, genistine 27%. The hot-water extract (HW) showed the most potent intestinal immune system modulation activity and the MeOH-soluble fraction (M) had intermediate activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Yu
- Department of Kimchi and Food Science, Chongju National College of Science and Technology, Jeungpyung 367-701, Korea
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Nan JX, Park EJ, Yang BK, Song CH, Ko G, Sohn DH. Antifibrotic effect of extracellular biopolymer from submerged mycelial cultures of Cordyceps militaris on liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation and scission in rats. Arch Pharm Res 2001; 24:327-32. [PMID: 11534766 DOI: 10.1007/bf02975101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The antifibrotic effects of hot water extract (WEC), intracellular biopolymer (IPC) and extracellular biopolymers (EPC) from mycelial liquid culture of Cordyceps militaris on liver fibrosis were studied. Liver fibrosis was induced by a bile duct ligation and scission (BDL/S) operation, duration of 4 weeks in rats. In BDL/S rats, the levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin in serum and hydroxyproline content in liver were dramatically increased. The WEC or IPC treatment (30 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks, p.o.) in BDL/S rats reduced the serum AST, ALT and ALP levels significantly (p<0.01). The EPC treatment (30 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks, p.o.) reduced the serum ALT, AST and ALP levels significantly (p<0.01). Malondialdehyde contents in liver treated with WEC, IPC or EPC were significantly reduced (p<0.05). But Liver hydroxyproline content was decreased only in EPC treated BDL/S rats to 55% that of BDL/S control rats (p<0.01). The morphological characteristics and expression of alpha smooth muscle like actin in fibrotic liver, which appeared in BDL/S control group were improved in EPC treated fibrotic liver. These results indicate that EPC (30 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks, p.o.) has an antifibrotic effect on fibrotic rats induced by BDL/S.
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Affiliation(s)
- J X Nan
- Medicinal Resources Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Cheonbuk, S-Korea
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