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Landová E, Bakhshaliyeva N, Janovcová M, Peléšková Š, Suleymanova M, Polák J, Guliev A, Frynta D. Association Between Fear and Beauty Evaluation of Snakes: Cross-Cultural Findings. Front Psychol 2018; 9:333. [PMID: 29615942 PMCID: PMC5865084 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the fear module theory, humans are evolutionarily predisposed to perceive snakes as prioritized stimuli and exhibit a fast emotional and behavioral response toward them. In Europe, highly dangerous snake species are distributed almost exclusively in the Mediterranean and Caspian areas. While the risk of a snakebite is relatively low in Central Europe, Azerbaijan, on the other hand, has a high occurrence of the deadly venomous Levant viper (Macrovipera lebetina). We hypothesize that co-habitation with this dangerous snake has shaped the way in which humans evaluate snake species resembling it. For that purpose, we asked respondents from the Czech Republic and Azerbaijan to rank photographs depicting 36 snake species according to perceived fear and beauty. The results revealed a high cross-cultural agreement in both evaluations (fear r2 = 0.683, p < 0.0001; beauty: r2 = 0.816, p < 0.0001). Snakes species eliciting higher fear tend to be also perceived as more beautiful, yet people are able to clearly distinguish between these two dimensions. Deadly venomous snakes representing a serious risk are perceived as highly fearful. This is especially true for the vipers and allies (pit vipers) possessing a characteristic body shape with a distinct triangular head and thick body, which was found as the most fear evoking by respondents from both countries. Although the attitude toward snakes is more negative among the respondents from Azerbaijan, their fear evaluation is similar to the Czechs. For instance, despite co-habitation with the Levant viper, it was not rated by the Azerbaijanis as more fearful than other dangerous snakes. In conclusion, agreement in the evaluation of snake fear and beauty is cross-culturally high and relative fear attributed to selected snake species is not directly explainable by the current environmental and cultural differences. This may provide some support for the evolutionary hypothesis of preparedness to fear snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Landová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Applied Neurosciences and Brain Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
| | | | - Markéta Janovcová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Applied Neurosciences and Brain Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
| | - Šárka Peléšková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Applied Neurosciences and Brain Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
| | - Mesma Suleymanova
- Natural Historical Museum Named After Gasanbey Zardabi, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Jakub Polák
- Applied Neurosciences and Brain Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Akif Guliev
- Biology Faculty, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Daniel Frynta
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Applied Neurosciences and Brain Imaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
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Jost JT, Kruglanski AW. The Estrangement of Social Constructionism and Experimental Social Psychology: History of the Rift and Prospects for Reconciliation. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0603_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Social constructionism and experimental social psychology represent two complementary paradigms for understanding human social behavior, but over the last quarter century they have remained oddly and unnecessarily estranged from one another In this article, we trace the history of social constructionist thought and find that the intellectual lineage and guiding assumptions of these two subcultures of social psychology are essentially the same. Next, we clarify the philosophical and ideological bases of their divide to determine how wide the rift really is. Although the differences may appear to be unbridgeable, we argue that a rapprochement is both possible and desirable. At the level of metatheory, Donald Campbell and William J. McGuire have demonstrated that constructionist and empirical insights can be usefully integrated in social psychology. At the level of empirical research, studies of the situated self-concept, social identity, collective representation, attitudes as temporary constructions, communication and shared reality, and cultural psychology have progressed through the incorporation of constructionist themes. Similar opportunities await researchers who explore the contextual bases of history, ideology, and other shared systems of meaning and their implications for social psychology. Finally, we identify some substantive and stylistic complementarities of social constructionism and experimental social psychology and analyze their joint potential for contributing to a well-balanced discipline of social psychology that is worthy of both parts of its name.
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McIntyre K, Paolini S, Hewstone M. Changing people’s views of outgroups through individual-to-group generalisation: meta-analytic reviews and theoretical considerations. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2016.1201893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kylie McIntyre
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Stefania Paolini
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Miles Hewstone
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford, OX1 3UD, United Kingdom
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Paolini S, Hewstone M, Cairns E, Voci A. Effects of Direct and Indirect Cross-Group Friendships on Judgments of Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland: The Mediating Role of an Anxiety-Reduction Mechanism. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016; 30:770-86. [PMID: 15155040 DOI: 10.1177/0146167203262848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that both direct and indirect friendship with outgroup members (knowledge of ingroup members’ friendship with outgroup members) can reduce prejudice toward the outgroup. Two surveys of cross-community relationships in Northern Ireland, using a student sample (N = 341) and a representative sample of the general population (N = 735), tested whether (a) direct and indirect friendships had generalized effects on both prejudice and perceived outgroup variability and (b) reduced anxiety about future encounters with outgroup members mediated such relationships. Structural equation modeling confirmed that, in both samples, direct and indirect cross-group friendships between Catholics and Protestants were associated with reduced prejudice toward the religious outgroup and increased perceived outgroup variability, via an anxiety-reduction mechanism. It is argued that emerging generalization hypotheses help to integrate both cognition and affect and interpersonal and intergroup approaches to contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Paolini
- School of Behavioural Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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Lee A, Martin R, Thomas G, Guillaume Y, Maio GR. Conceptualizing leadership perceptions as attitudes: Using attitude theory to further understand the leadership process. LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rogers KB, Schröder T, von Scheve C. Dissecting the Sociality of Emotion: A Multilevel Approach. EMOTION REVIEW 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073913503383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, scholars have come to understand emotions as dynamic and socially constructed—the product of interdependent cultural, relational, situational, and biological influences. While researchers have called for a multilevel theory of emotion construction, any progress toward such a theory must overcome the fragmentation of relevant research across various disciplines and theoretical frameworks. We present affect control theory as a launching point for cross-disciplinary collaboration because of its empirically grounded conceptualization of social mechanisms operating at the interaction, relationship, and cultural levels, and its specification of processes linking social and individual aspects of emotion. After introducing the theory, we illustrate its correspondence with major theories of emotion construction framed at each of four analytical levels: cultural, interactional, individual, and neural.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Schröder
- Centre for Theoretical Neuroscience, University of Waterloo, Canada
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Christian J, Bagozzi R, Abrams D, Rosenthal H. Social influence in newly formed groups: The roles of personal and social intentions, group norms, and social identity. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rocca CH, Krishnan S, Barrett G, Wilson M. Measuring pregnancy planning: An assessment of the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy among urban, south Indian women. DEMOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 2010; 23:293-334. [PMID: 21170147 PMCID: PMC3001625 DOI: 10.4054/demres.2010.23.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the psychometric properties of the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy among Indian women using classical methods and Item Response Modeling. The scale exhibited good internal consistency and internal structure, with overall scores correlating well with each item's response categories. Items performed similarly for pregnant and non-pregnant women, and scores decreased with increasing parity, providing evidence for validity. Analyses also detected limitations, including infrequent selection of middle response categories and some evidence of differential item functioning by parity. We conclude that the LMUP represents an improvement over existing measures but recommend steps for enhancing scale performance for this cultural context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne H Rocca
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health, 101 Haviland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-7358, USA.; Women's Global Health Imperative (WGHI), RTI International, 114 Sansome Street, Suite 500, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA
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Abstract
Because people often say one thing and do another, social psychologists have abandoned the idea of a simple or axiomatic connection between attitude and behavior. Nearly 50 years ago, however, Donald Campbell proposed that the root of the seeming inconsistency between attitude and behavior lies in disregard of behavioral costs. According to Campbell, attitude— behavior gaps are empirical chimeras. Verbal claims and other overt behaviors regarding an attitude object all arise from one “behavioral disposition.” In this article, the authors present the constituents of and evidence for a paradigm for attitude research that describes individual behavior as a function of a person’s attitude level and the costs of the specific behavior involved. In the authors’ version of Campbell’s paradigm, they propose a formal and thus axiomatic rather than causal relationship between an attitude and its corresponding performances. The authors draw implications of their proposal for mainstream attitude theory, empirical research, and applications concerning attitudes.
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Cunningham GB, Sartore ML. Championing Diversity: The Influence of Personal and Organizational Antecedents. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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LIV KOSNES, EMMANUEL M. POTHOS, KATY TAPPER. Increased affective influence: Situational complexity or deliberation time? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 123:29-38. [DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.123.1.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lord CG, Taylor CA. Biased Assimilation: Effects of Assumptions and Expectations on the Interpretation of New Evidence. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cavazza N, Butera F. Bending without breaking: examining the role of attitudinal ambivalence in resisting persuasive communication. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Johnson T. Controlling the effect of stimulus context change on attitude statements using michell's binary tree procedure. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00049530108255118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Johnson
- The University of Sydney
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia,
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Diekman AB, Hirnisey L. The effect of context on the silver ceiling: a role congruity perspective on prejudiced responses. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2007; 33:1353-66. [PMID: 17933733 DOI: 10.1177/0146167207303019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three studies examined role incongruity as a source of age bias in hiring decisions. Building on previous research demonstrating contextual variation in prejudice, the authors predicted that prejudiced responses emerge particularly in contexts where group stereotypes misalign with the requirements of social roles. Findings indicate that (a) older workers are particularly penalized in occupational contexts that are quickly changing, (b) older workers are perceived as less adaptable than younger workers, and (c) the tendency to prefer younger than older workers more for a dynamic than a stable company is mediated by perceptions of adaptability. Finally, adaptability perceptions better predicted hiring bias than did global evaluations of older people and levels of contact with older people. These experiments provide initial evidence that perceived fit to roles is a determinant of contextual variation in prejudiced responses.
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Kaiser FG, Schultz PW, Scheuthle H. The Theory of Planned Behavior Without Compatibility? Beyond Method Bias and Past Trivial Associations. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Lenton AP, Bryan A, Hastie R, Fischer O. We Want the Same Thing: Projection in Judgments of Sexual Intent. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2007; 33:975-88. [PMID: 17554012 DOI: 10.1177/0146167207301019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article details two studies investigating the proximal role of social projection (i.e., assumed similarity) in judgments of sexual intent. Study 1 demonstrates that men and women who have a greater desire for casual sex are more likely to perceive sexual intent in others. Study 2 replicates this finding in a more realistic context and, further, situates judgments of sexual intent squarely into the cognitive domain, as results show that projection of casual sexual motivation is more likely when the target is similar to the perceiver and when the target's motivation is relatively ambiguous to begin with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison P Lenton
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Diekman AB. Negotiating the Double Bind: Interpersonal and Instrumental Evaluations of Dominance. SEX ROLES 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-007-9198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
There is widespread concern about the health and social consequences of excessive alcohol consumption among young men. Interventions to reduce alcohol-related harm will be affected by ambivalence toward alcohol, because ambivalent attitudes are worse predictors of behaviour than are homogeneous attitudes. It is therefore important to identify aspects of alcohol consumption about which young men are not ambivalent. In-depth interviews were conducted with a socioeconomically diverse sample of 31 men, aged 18-21 living in London, UK. Ambivalence toward alcohol was widespread. None of the drinkers who were interviewed had uncomplicated positive evaluations of drinking: all mentioned compelling reasons not to drink. Most motives for drinking were also identified as reasons for not drinking if consumption became excessive. However, three motives for not drinking were not also motives for drinking: violence, alcoholism, and cost. These findings should be considered during the design of interventions to reduce the health and social consequences of excessive alcohol consumption amongst young men.
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Aikman SN, Crites SL. Hash browns for breakfast, baked potatoes for dinner: Changes in food attitudes as a function of motivation and context. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bagozzi R, Moore D, Leone L. Self-Control and the Self-Regulation of Dieting Decisions: The Role of Prefactual Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Resistance to Temptation. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1207/s15324834basp2602&3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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22
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Lay theories in affective forecasting: The progression of affect. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Walton GM, Banaji MR. Being What You Say: The Effect of Essentialist Linguistic Labels on Preferences. SOCIAL COGNITION 2004. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.22.2.193.35463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Smith ER, Semin GR. Socially Situated Cognition: Cognition in its Social Context. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2601(04)36002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Oishi S, Schimmack U, Colcombe SJ. The contextual and systematic nature of life satisfaction judgments. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Betsch T, Hoffmann K, Hoffrage U, Plessner H. Intuition Beyond Recognition: When Less Familiar Events Are Liked More. Exp Psychol 2003. [DOI: 10.1027//1618-3169.50.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In a laboratory experiment, we compare the relative impact of two possible determinants of intuitive evaluative judgments: ease of recognition and total value of prior encounters with a target. Participants encode daily return values of shares on the stock market while watching videotaped ads on the computer screen. This dual-task procedure ensures that participants subsequently lack relevant event memories and thus have to rely on their intuition when evaluating the targets. In the presentation, the share appearing least frequently produced the highest sum of returns. In contrast, the share appearing most frequently produced the lowest sum of returns. Evaluative judgments reveal a preference for the share with the highest sum of returns, although, as evident from recognition latencies, it was the one that was more difficult to recognize. The results provide evidence for the value-account model of implicit attitude formation ( Betsch, Plessner, Schwieren, & Gütig, 2001 ), which predicts that intuitive evaluative judgments reflect the total value of prior encounters.
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Holland RW, Verplanken B, Van Knippenberg A. On the nature of attitude-behavior relations: the strong guide, the weak follow. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Marsh KL, Johnson BT, Scott-Sheldon LAJ. Heart Versus Reason in Condom Use: Implicit Versus Explicit Attitudinal Predictors of Sexual Behavior. Exp Psychol 2001. [DOI: 10.1026//0949-3946.48.2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. We test the hypothesis that explicit and implicit measures of attitudes would differentially predict deliberate versus spontaneous behavior in the domain of condom use. Students completed explicit attitudinal and thought-listing measures about using condoms and implicit measures using attitude priming and Implicit Association Test (IAT) procedures. An attitude IAT measured the association between condom images and affective images; a self-identity IAT measured association of condoms with the self. We predicted and found that condom use with main partners was predicted by explicit measures but not implicit measures; the opposite was true for condom use with casual partners. Although the attitude priming measure was not positively correlated with casual condom use, the IATs were. The patterns of relations, however, were unexpectedly complex, due to a strong decrease in IAT effects over time, and different IATs assessing unique attitudinal dimensions.
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Kühnen U, Schießl M, Bauer N, Paulig N, Pöhlmann C, Schmidthals K. How Robust is the IAT? Measuring and Manipulating Implicit Attitudes of East-and West-Germans. Exp Psychol 2001. [DOI: 10.1026//0949-3946.48.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. We investigated consequences of priming East-West-German related self-knowledge for the strength of implicit, ingroup-directed positive evaluations among East- and West-Germans. Based on previous studies we predicted opposite effects of self-knowledge priming for East- and West-Germans. Since in general the East-German stereotype is regarded as more negative than the West-German one, bringing to mind East-West-related self-knowledge (relative to neutral priming) was expected to attenuate ingroup favoritism for East-Germans, but to increase it for West-Germans. After having fulfilled the priming tasks, participants worked on an IAT-version in which the to be classified stimuli were East- or West-German city names (dimension 1) and positive or negative adjectives (dimension 2). Results of Experiment 1 showed (a) that East- and West-German students implicitly evaluated their ingroups as more positive than the outgroups and (b) confirmedthe predictions of the priming influence. Experiment 2 replicated these findings with more representative samples from East- and West-Germany. The results are discussed with regard to underlying processes of implicit attitudes in intergroup contexts.
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Jonas K, Broemer P, Diehl M. Experienced Ambivalence as a Moderator of the Consistency Between Attitudes and Behaviors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1024//0044-3514.31.3.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Summary: Two studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that stronger degrees of ambivalence attenuate the attitude-behavior correspondence. We also tested the hypothesis that the weaker attitude-behavior correspondence at higher levels of ambivalence may be due to the lower temporal stability of highly ambivalent attitudes. To ensure that these hypotheses be adequately tested, both studies had a prospective design. After assessing their attitudes toward certain behaviors and ambivalence, participants recorded how often they performed these behaviors during the subsequent 14-day period. The investigated behaviors included everyday behaviors such as consuming fast food, preparing classes, and watching entertaining programs on TV. To assess attitudinal stability, attitudes were measured again after the 14-day period. As the results show, the expected moderating effect of experienced ambivalence on the attitude-behavior correspondence was obtained, however, only for a minority of the investigated behaviors. As predicted, experienced ambivalence was related to decreased attitudinal stability in each of these cases. A meta-analytic summary of the two studies revealed that, across different behaviors, a weak but reliable moderating effect of ambivalence on attitude stability and the correspondence between attitudes and behaviors exists.
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