Volatile constituents of threeSalvia species grown wild in Iran

The antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic effects of the polyphenolic extract from Salvia blancoana subsp. mesatlantica on induced diabetes in rats

Currently, several studies have demonstrated the benefits of medicinal plants in managing type 2 diabetes. In this work, we evaluated the beneficial effects of the polyphenolic extract (PESB) from Salvia blancoana subsp. mesatlantica in the management of hypercaloric-feeding and small-dose alloxan-brought type 2 diabetes in rats. We analyzed the chemical constituents of the extract, including flavones and flavonols content, to understand its biological action. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by total antioxidant action, scavenging effect of the free radical DPPH, and reducing power. The obtained results showed that the value of TFC was estimated at 31.90 ± 0.34 mgEQ/g in the PESB extract. The total antioxidant capacity was estimated at 593.51 ± 4.09 mg (EAA)/g, the value of DPPH IC50 was 7.3 ± 0.00 μg/mL, and the value of EC50 of reducing power was estimated at 6.43 ± 0.01 μg/mL. In total, 14 phenolic compounds were identified and the naringin was the most dominant (63.19%) while the vanillin was the less recorded (0.10%). Serum glucose decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in rats given PESB (100 mg/kg) after four weeks. Glibenclamide (GLB) and PESB reduced HbA1c and increased plasma insulin in diabetic rats, restoring HOMA-β and HOMA-IR levels to near-normal. Additionally, diabetic rats treated with GLB or PESB showed statistically equivalent results to those of non-diabetic rats regarding hepatic enzymes, renal and lipid markers, as well as cardiovascular indices. The weight loss was significantly lower in diabetic rats receiving a dose of PESB (100 mg/kg), and GLB compared to corresponding untreated diabetic rats (p < 0.01). PESB and GLB showed a prominent protective function in the pancreas, liver, and kidney tissues. This investigation demonstrates the capacity of extracts from leaves of S. blancoana subsp. mesatlantica to manage diabetes mellitus due to their richness in a wide range of bioactive compounds. Therefore, more investigations are required to estimate the safety of the plant use.

Chemometric Analysis Evidencing the Variability in the Composition of Essential Oils in 10 Salvia Species from Different Taxonomic Sections or Phylogenetic Clades

Essential oil (EO) of Salvia spp. has been widely used for culinary purposes and in perfumery and cosmetics, as well as having beneficial effects on human health. The present study aimed to investigate the quantitative and qualitative variations in EOs in wild-growing and cultivated pairs of samples from members in four Salvia sections or three clades, namely S. argentea L. (Sect. Aethiopis; Clade I-C), S. ringens Sm. (Sect. Eusphace; Clade I-D), S. verticillata L. (Sect. Hemisphace; Clade I-B), S. amplexicaulis Lam., and S. pratensis L. (Sect. Plethiosphace; Clade I-C). Furthermore, the natural variability in EO composition due to different genotypes adapted in different geographical and environmental conditions was examined by employing members of three Salvia sections or two phylogenetic clades, namely S. sclarea L. (six samples; Sect. Aethiopis or Clade I-C), S. ringens (three samples; Sect. Eusphace or Clade I-D), and S. amplexicaulis (five samples; Sect. Plethiosphace or Clade I-C). We also investigated the EO composition of four wild-growing species of two Salvia sections, i.e., S. aethiopis L., S. candidissima Vahl, and S. teddii of Sect. Aethiopis, as well as the cultivated material of S. virgata Jacq. (Sect. Plethiosphace), all belonging to Clade I-C. The EO composition of the Greek endemic S. teddii is presented herein only for the first time. Taken together, the findings of previous studies are summarized and critically discussed with the obtained results. Chemometric analysis (PCA, HCA, and clustered heat map) was used to identify the sample relationships based on their chemical classes, resulting in the classification of two distinct groups. These can be further explored in assistance of classical or modern taxonomic Salvia studies.

Examination of the changes in components of the volatile oil from Abyssinian sage, Musk sage and Medical sage [

This study was conducted simultaneously in different locations in Çanakkale, Balıkesir and Kütahya in order to determine the effect of location on the volatile oil components, volatile oil rate and volatile oil quality of Abyssinian sage, Musk sage and Medical sage (Salvia aethiopis L., Salvia sclarea L. and Salvia officinalis L. (hybrid)) plants from the 2015 growing season. Field experiments were carried out in 3 replicates according to the randomized block design. These plants’ volatile oils were obtained by the hydrodistillation method (GC-MS/FID) and the volatile oil rates in three different locations were measured as 0.53%, 0.21%, 0.20%, respectively. The basic components of the volatile oil were determined as follows: β-caryophyllene 36.22%, 30.46%, 35.96%, α-copaene 15.06%, 16.46%, 16.58%, germacrene-D 13.23%, 20.01%, 15.20%, β-cubebene 5.62%, 7.04%, 6.93%, α–humulene 8.68%, 7.40%, 8.54%, caryophylleneoxide 7.40%, 1.82%, 3.53%. No volatile oil was acquired from Salvia sclarea L. except for the Çanakkale location which was only 0.02% and the main components in this volatile oil were measured as germacrene-D 20.78%, and phytol 17.81%. The best volatile oil contents from Abyssinian sage and Musk sage were obtained from the Çanakkale location with 0.53% and 0.02%, respectively. The rates of volatile oils from Medical sage (Salvia officinalis L. (hybrid)) were 1.00%, 1.40% and 0.96%, respectively, in the three locations. The main components in this volatile oil were measured as α-thujone 46,00%, 44.53%, 35.78%, β-thujone 5.05%, 6.31%, 8.61%, camphor 10.73%, 19.15%, 18.68%, 1.8-cineole 8.99%, 7.23%, 5.06%, viridiflorol 1.85%, 2.28%, 4.23%. The highest volatile oil rate in Medical sage was reached at the Balıkesir location at a rate of 1.40%. As a result of this study it was found that volatile oil components are comparatively richer in terpenes and the amount of volatile oil differs according to ecological factors.

Terpenoids from Iranian Salvia Species

Apart from their common constituents (terpenoids and flavonoids) and their interesting biological activities, the genus Salvia is unusual as it is the only genus in the Labiatae that contains sesterterpenes (C25). Since these rare and interesting compounds were, for the first time, isolated and identified from Iranian Salvia species by the senior author, their NMR spectroscopic data are briefly reviewed. The terpenoid constituents of the Iranian Salvia species are also summarized.

Hundred Fifty Years of Herbarium Collections Provide a Reliable Resource of Volatile Terpenoid Profiles Showing Strong Species Effect in Four Medicinal Species of Salvia Across the Mediterranean

Herbarium samples are increasingly being recognized for their potential in answering a wide range of research questions. However, the suitability of herbarium samples for chemical analysis is largely unexplored as they are thought to be too degraded. The aim of this study was to explore terpenoid profiles across time and geographic space for four medicinal species of Salvia across the Mediterranean to assess the suitability of using herbarium specimens in chemical analyses. Herbarium samples of Salvia aethiopis, S. multicaulis, S. officinalis, and S. sclarea collected over 150 years across the Mediterranean were compared to modern samples using both targeted and untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of terpene profiles. There was no effect of collection year on chemical composition, although the total concentration of the 20 assessed standards and two individual standards significantly decreased over time. Instead, chemical profiles were defined by species, with strong species effects identified on both the targeted and untargeted chemical composition. Geographic variation was a factor in regulating the untargeted chemical compositions, suggesting some underlying environmental effects. However, there was no effect of sample altitude on either the targeted or untargeted chemical compositions. Chemical composition of four Salvia species are predominantly defined by species, and there was a substantially smaller effect of year of sampling. Given these results herbarium collections may well represent a considerably underused resource for chemical analyses that can benefit biodiversity and other studies.

Terpenes From the Root of Salvia hypoleuca Benth

Background

The genus Salvia, with nearly 900 species, is one of the largest members of Lamiaceae family. In the Flora of Iran, the genus Salvia is represented by 58 species of which 17 species are endemic. Salvia hypoleuca Benth., is one of these species growing wildly in northern and central parts of Iran. Salvia species are well known in folk medicine and widely used for therapeutic purposes. Literature review shows that there is no report on phytochemical investigation of the roots of S. hypoleuca.

Results

The separation and purification process were carried out using various chromatographic methods. Structural elucidation was on the basis of NMR and MS data, in comparison with those reported in the literature. The isolated compounds were identified as sitosteryl oleate (1), β-sitosterol (2), stigmasterol (3), manool (4), 7α-acetoxy royleanone (5), ursolic acid (6), oleanolic acid (7), 3-epicorosolic acid (8), 3-epimaslinic acid (9) and coleonolic acid (10).

Conclusions

In the present study, three sterols, two diterpenes and five triterpenes were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the roots of S. hypoleuca. As the chemotaxonomic significance, some of the isolated compounds (1–7, 9) have not been previously reported from the species S. hypoleuca, while the triterpenes 8 and 10 are now documented from Salvia genus for the first time.

Comparative chemical composition and antiproliferative activity of aerial parts of Salvia leriifolia Benth. and Salvia acetabulosa L. essential oils against human tumor cell in vitro models

The aim of this work was to examine the chemical composition and antiproliferative activity of Salvia leriifolia Benth. and Salvia acetabulosa L. oils. S. leriifolia oil was characterized by 50 components, whereas 19 components were identified in S. acetabulosa. S. leriifolia oil was characterized by camphor (10.5%), 1,8-cineole (8.6%), camphene (6.2%), and alpha-pinene (4.7%). alpha-Pinene (52.3%), 1,8-cineole (27.7%), and camphor (6.7%) were the major components in S. acetabulosa oil. Both oils exerted a strong antiproliferative activity comparing with vinblastine against COR-L23 with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values of 7.5 and 6.5 microg/mL for S. leriifolia and S. acetabulosa, respectively. Salvia oils showed an interesting activity also on C32 (IC(50) = 6.3 and 9.1 microg/mL for S. acetabulosa and S. leriifolia, respectively). S. acetabulosa was also found to possess cytotoxic activity against renal adenocarcinoma (IC(50) = 6.8 microg/mL). The results clearly showed that for both Salvia species the antiproliferative activity could not be related to the major abundant compounds. Consequently, the minor components may be involved in some type of synergism with the other active compounds.

Chemical composition of the essential oil of Salvia multicaulis Vahl. var. simplicifolia Boiss. growing wild in Lebanon

The essential oil of aerial parts of Salvia multicaulis Vahl. var. simplicifolia Boiss. (Lamiaceae) growing wild in Lebanon was obtained by hydrodistillation and was analysed by GC and GC-MS. 67 compounds constituting 95.2% of the oil were identified, the major components being alpha-copaene (8.0%), alpha-pinene (6.6%), myrtenol (5.7%), trans-sabinyl acetate (5.3%).

Review of the analytical techniques for sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene lactones

In this paper the analytical techniques of about the last 2 decades for sesquiterpenes including their lactones are reviewed. For sesquiterpenes, methods like GC, GC-EI-MS, GC-CI-MS, GC-MS-MS, GC-FT-IR, GC-UV, GC-AES, 13C-NMR, PY-GC-MS, HPLC, HPLC-TSP, SFE, SFC, SFC-UV are available, GC combined with MS is the most widespread. Sesquiterpene lactones can be analysed by HPLC, HPLC-TSP, HPLC-APCI, HPLC-ESI, HPLC-PB, HPLC-NMR, SFC, MEKC, GC, GC-MS, TLC and OPLC. Here HPLC is the method of choice. The usefulness of the individual methods are briefly discussed.