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Beaber EF, Buist DSM, Barlow WE, Malone KE, Reed SD, Li CI. Recent oral contraceptive use by formulation and breast cancer risk among women 20 to 49 years of age. Cancer Res 2015; 74:4078-89. [PMID: 25085875 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies of oral contraceptives and breast cancer indicate that recent use slightly increases risk, but most studies relied on self-reported use and did not examine contemporary oral contraceptive formulations. This nested case-control study was among female enrollees in a large U.S. integrated health care delivery system. Cases were 1,102 women ages 20 to 49 years diagnosed with invasive breast cancer from 1990 to 2009. Controls were randomly sampled from enrollment records (n = 21,952) and matched to cases on age, year, enrollment length, and medical chart availability. Detailed oral contraceptive use information was ascertained from electronic pharmacy records and analyzed using conditional logistic regression, ORs, and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Recent oral contraceptive use (within the prior year) was associated with an increased breast cancer risk (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3-1.9) relative to never or former OC use. The association was stronger for estrogen receptor-positive (ER(+); OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2.1) than estrogen receptor-negative (ER(-)) disease (OR, 1.2, 95% CI, 0.8-1.8), although not statistically significantly different (P = 0.15). Recent use of oral contraceptives involving high-dose estrogen (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.1-6.2), ethynodiol diacetate (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.4-4.7), or triphasic dosing with an average of 0.75 mg of norethindrone (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.9-5.1; Pheterogeneity compared with using other oral contraceptives = 0.004) was associated with particularly elevated risks, whereas other types, including low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives, were not (OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.6-1.7). Our results suggest that recent use of contemporary oral contraceptives is associated with an increased breast cancer risk, which may vary by formulation. If confirmed, consideration of the breast cancer risk associated with different oral contraceptive types could impact discussions weighing recognized health benefits and potential risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth F Beaber
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington. Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Diana S M Buist
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington. Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - William E Barlow
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kathleen E Malone
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Susan D Reed
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, Washington. Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christopher I Li
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Amankwah EK, Wang Q, Schildkraut JM, Tsai YY, Ramus SJ, Fridley BL, Beesley J, Johnatty SE, Webb PM, Chenevix-Trench G, Dale LC, Lambrechts D, Amant F, Despierre E, Vergote I, Gayther SA, Gentry-Maharaj A, Menon U, Chang-Claude J, Wang-Gohrke S, Anton-Culver H, Ziogas A, Dörk T, Dürst M, Antonenkova N, Bogdanova N, Brown R, Flanagan JM, Kaye SB, Paul J, Bützow R, Nevanlinna H, Campbell I, Eccles DM, Karlan BY, Gross J, Walsh C, Pharoah PDP, Song H, Krüger Kjær S, Høgdall E, Høgdall C, Lundvall L, Nedergaard L, Kiemeney LALM, Massuger LFAG, van Altena AM, Vermeulen SHHM, Le ND, Brooks-Wilson A, Cook LS, Phelan CM, Cunningham JM, Vachon CM, Vierkant RA, Iversen ES, Berchuck A, Goode EL, Sellers TA, Kelemen LE. Polymorphisms in stromal genes and susceptibility to serous epithelial ovarian cancer: a report from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19642. [PMID: 21637745 PMCID: PMC3103497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in stromal tissue components can inhibit or promote epithelial tumorigenesis. Decorin (DCN) and lumican (LUM) show reduced stromal expression in serous epithelial ovarian cancer (sEOC). We hypothesized that common variants in these genes associate with risk. Associations with sEOC among Caucasians were estimated with odds ratios (OR) among 397 cases and 920 controls in two U.S.-based studies (discovery set), 436 cases and 1,098 controls in Australia (replication set 1) and a consortium of 15 studies comprising 1,668 cases and 4,249 controls (replication set 2). The discovery set and replication set 1 (833 cases and 2,013 controls) showed statistically homogeneous (P(heterogeneity)≥0.48) decreased risks of sEOC at four variants: DCN rs3138165, rs13312816 and rs516115, and LUM rs17018765 (OR = 0.6 to 0.9; P(trend) = 0.001 to 0.03). Results from replication set 2 were statistically homogeneous (P(heterogeneity)≥0.13) and associated with increased risks at DCN rs3138165 and rs13312816, and LUM rs17018765: all ORs = 1.2; P(trend)≤0.02. The ORs at the four variants were statistically heterogeneous across all 18 studies (P(heterogeneity)≤0.03), which precluded combining. In post-hoc analyses, interactions were observed between each variant and recruitment period (P(interaction)≤0.003), age at diagnosis (P(interaction) = 0.04), and year of diagnosis (P(interaction) = 0.05) in the five studies with available information (1,044 cases, 2,469 controls). We conclude that variants in DCN and LUM are not directly associated with sEOC, and that confirmation of possible effect modification of the variants by non-genetic factors is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest K. Amankwah
- Department of Population Health Research, Alberta Health Services-Cancer
Care, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Qinggang Wang
- Department of Population Health Research, Alberta Health Services-Cancer
Care, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joellen M. Schildkraut
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical
Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ya-Yu Tsai
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center
and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Susan J. Ramus
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, UCL EGA Institute for Women's
Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brooke L. Fridley
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester,
Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Beesley
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Brisbane
Hospital, Australia
| | - Sharon E. Johnatty
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Brisbane
Hospital, Australia
| | - Penelope M. Webb
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Brisbane
Hospital, Australia
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Brisbane
Hospital, Australia
| | | | - Laura C. Dale
- Department of Population Health Research, Alberta Health Services-Cancer
Care, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Frederic Amant
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven,
Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelyn Despierre
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven,
Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ignace Vergote
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven,
Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon A. Gayther
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, UCL EGA Institute for Women's
Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandra Gentry-Maharaj
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, UCL EGA Institute for Women's
Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Usha Menon
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, UCL EGA Institute for Women's
Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center,
Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shan Wang-Gohrke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulm, Ulm,
Germany
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California
Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Argyrios Ziogas
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California
Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Thilo Dörk
- Clinics of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover,
Germany
| | - Matthias Dürst
- Department of Gynaecology, Jena University Hospital, Jena,
Germany
| | - Natalia Antonenkova
- Byelorussian Institute for Oncology and Medical Radiology Aleksandrov
N.N., Minsk, Belarus
| | - Natalia Bogdanova
- Clinics of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover,
Germany
- Byelorussian Institute for Oncology and Medical Radiology Aleksandrov
N.N., Minsk, Belarus
| | - Robert Brown
- Epigenetics Unit, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College
London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Flanagan
- Epigenetics Unit, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College
London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stanley B. Kaye
- Section of Medicine, Institute Cancer Research, Sutton, United
Kingdom
| | - James Paul
- The Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow University, Glasgow,
United Kingdom
| | - Ralf Bützow
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Haartman Insitute,
Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University, Central
Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian Campbell
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville,
Australia
| | - Diana M. Eccles
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton,
United Kingdom
| | - Beth Y. Karlan
- Women's Cancer Research Institute at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive
Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United
States of America
| | - Jenny Gross
- Women's Cancer Research Institute at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive
Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United
States of America
| | - Christine Walsh
- Women's Cancer Research Institute at the Samuel Oschin Comprehensive
Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United
States of America
| | - Paul D. P. Pharoah
- Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cancer Research United Kingdom,
Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United
Kingdom
| | - Honglin Song
- Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cancer Research United Kingdom,
Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United
Kingdom
| | - Susanne Krüger Kjær
- Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Gynecologic Clinic, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen,
Denmark
| | - Estrid Høgdall
- Danish Cancer Biobank, Copenhagen and Department of Pathology, Herlev
Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Høgdall
- Gynecologic Clinic, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen,
Denmark
| | - Lene Lundvall
- Gynecologic Clinic, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen,
Denmark
| | - Lotte Nedergaard
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen,
Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lambertus A. L. M. Kiemeney
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Health Technology
Assessment, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The
Netherlands
| | - Leon F. A. G. Massuger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Nijmegen
Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne M. van Altena
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Nijmegen
Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sita H. H. M. Vermeulen
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Health Technology
Assessment, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The
Netherlands
| | - Nhu D. Le
- Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
| | - Angela Brooks-Wilson
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser
University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Linda S. Cook
- Department of Population Health Research, Alberta Health Services-Cancer
Care, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of New Mexico,
Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Phelan
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center
and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Julie M. Cunningham
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester,
Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Celine M. Vachon
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester,
Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Vierkant
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester,
Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Edwin S. Iversen
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical
Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrew Berchuck
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical
Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ellen L. Goode
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester,
Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Sellers
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center
and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Linda E. Kelemen
- Department of Population Health Research, Alberta Health Services-Cancer
Care, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Oncology and Medical Genetics, University of Calgary,
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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